叶片内部气膜孔附近壁面局部换热特性

对叶片弦中区内部“冲击-气膜出流”冷却方式中气膜孔附近壁面的换热特性进行了实验研究。取气膜孔前后三倍气膜孔径范围为研究对象，重点研究了冲击间距及冲击孔与气膜孔沿流向相对位置对其换热的影响规律。研究发现：对气膜孔前后局部范围，存在最佳的冲击间距与气膜孔径比；同样，对气膜孔前局部范围，也存在最佳的冲击、气膜孔沿流向相对距离与气膜孔径比；随着冲击孔与气膜孔相对距离的增大，冲击对气膜孔局部换热影响变小，气膜“溢流效应”突出，越靠近孔的地方换热越强。     

直径比对冲击气膜组合冷却流动与换热的影响

 通过数值模拟,研究了涡轮叶片弦中区所采用的新型双层腔冷却结构的冷却特性,系统分析了冲击气膜组合冷却的流动与换热特性,讨论了冷气进口雷诺数Re、吹风比M以及气膜孔与冲击孔的直径比D/d对组合冷却效果的影响。计算参数范围是：冷气进口雷诺数Re＝2 000～5 000,吹风比M＝0.6～2.0。计算结果表明, 冷气进口Re,M以及D/d对双层腔结构冷却效果的影响非常明显,在计算范围内:（1）Re和M越高,冷却效果越好;（2）当冲击孔直径一定时,增加气膜孔的直径,冷却效果会随之增加;（3）当冲击孔直径一定时,增加气膜孔的直径,流阻系数会随之减小。     

窄通道内冲击冷却局部换热特性的瞬态液晶测量

 为了深入了解涡轮叶片中冲击窄通道内的换热特性,采用热色液晶瞬态测量技术测量了冲击窄通道内全表面换热系数,获得了不同冲击雷诺数Re、相对冲击孔间距S/d以及有无气膜孔出流时通道内各表面的换热系数分布规律。结果表明：冲击通道内各个面的换热系数均随雷诺数的增加而增加,其中冲击靶面的平均换热系数最大,在雷诺数较大时,冲击面的平均换热系数要比冲击侧面的大;气膜孔出流和相对冲击孔间距增大均会使冲击侧面和冲击面的平均换热系数明显减小,而对冲击靶面平均换热系数的影响却较小;各个面上受气流直接冲击的区域换热系数最大,同时冲击孔和气膜孔附近区域的换热系数也很大。     

稀疏气膜冷气侧局部换热特性实验

涡轮叶片弦中区的冷却为冲击带初始横流和气膜孔溢流的复杂流动换热,通过实验的方法,研究了涡轮叶片弦中区沿流向局部换热特性和靶板平均换热特性随冲击雷诺数、横流射流密流比、气膜出流与横流密流比以及冲击腔高度与冲击孔直径之比的变化规律,并通过气膜出流与横流密流比对局部换热效果、区域平均换热效果以及靶板整体平均换热效果的影响规律揭示气膜的介人对冷气侧换热带来的影响.     

双向扩张孔出口宽度对气膜冷却特性影响

采用窄带液晶瞬态测温技术,研究了圆柱孔和不同出口宽度双向扩张孔气膜冷却特性。主流雷诺数为6500,吹风比为1.0和2.0。双向扩张孔入口宽度为1.5倍孔径,出口宽度分别为1.5倍、2.0倍和2.5倍孔径。结果表明:吹风比为1.0时,出口宽度对气膜冷却效率和换热系数二维分布影响较小。吹风比2.0时,增加出口宽度不仅改变了气膜冷却效率和换热系数分布,还增大了径向平均冷却效率值,减小了径向平均换热系数值。双向扩张孔出口宽度增大到2.5倍孔径时,面平均冷却效率较圆柱孔增加118.2%,面平均换热系数降低14.3%。吹风比为2.0时,与圆柱孔相比,出口宽度增加逐渐改变了气膜冷却效率和换热系数二维分布。双向扩张孔出口宽度增大到2.5倍孔径时,面平均冷却效率增加了219.4%,面平均换热系数降低了27.2%。     

带单排气膜孔的叶片前缘气膜冷却换热实验

针对叶片前缘结构的特点,建立了前缘气膜冷却实验台,实验模型由半圆柱面和两个平板组成,在距离滞止线2倍孔间距位置布置了1排气膜孔。详细地测量了主流湍流度,二次流与主流密度比以及动量比对前缘径向平均换热系数和换热系数比的影响。二次流与主流密度比为1和1.5。动量比变化范围为0.5~4。主流在前缘位置的湍流度分别为0.4%和8%。结果表明,随着动量比的增加,径向平均换热系数增加。无二次流时,湍流度的增加使换热显著增强,有二次流时,湍流度增加使换热增强的幅度较小。密度比对径向平均换热系数的影响非常小。随着孔间距的增加,径向平均换热系数略有减小。径向角对径向平均换热系数的影响较小。在高湍流度下,前缘位置的径向平均换热系数比沿着流动方向是逐渐降低的。在低湍流度下,前缘位置的径向平均换热系数比在x/d=4.5的位置出现了一个峰值。     

U形管内含水航空燃油流动及换热特性数值模拟

为探究航空发动机燃油管路内流动及换热特性,建立发动机外部U形燃油管路含水燃油离散相模型（DPM）进行数值模 拟。结果表明：体积含水率（≤10%）越高,U形管全管段的压降梯度越大,换热系数越高;流动分离、迪恩涡、离心力作用和油水两 相相互作用导致流动阻力增大,是弯管段压降梯度明显大于一般直管的主要原因。不同流量条件下：迪恩涡引起的燃油横向输运 和二次流流速分布对弯管段的周向换热不均现象影响较大,弯管内、外侧的换热系数大小关系可以根据弯管段迪恩数判定。环境 温度不变,流量越大,U形管全管段压降越高,沿程换热系数越大,且含水率越高,流量对压降梯度的影响越明显;流量不变,环境 温度越低,U形管全管段压降越高,沿程换热系数越小。     

气膜出流对叶片各内表面换热系数的影响

利用数值计算的方法研究了气膜出流对叶片前腔内各表面冷气对流换热系数的影响。研究的重点是气膜孔间距比和进气雷诺数等因素的影响规律。文章分别就叶片前缘和叶盆区域以及叶背区域的局部和平均换热系数的变化做了讨论,计算表明,在计算所取的参数范围内,随气膜孔间距比和进气雷诺数的增加,叶盆内表面的平均换热系数增加可达一倍以上,但由于气膜出流导致叶背边内表面的平均换热系数有所下降。本文的研究工作只限于不可压层流。      

双层壳型冲击/气膜结构内表面换热特性实验

以双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却结构的平壁模型作为研究对象,进行了该种结构典型冷却单元的放大模型实验研究。通过改变冲击Re数(10 000~40 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.17~2.0),冲击孔和气膜孔间距与冲击孔直径之比P/D(0~5.0)等参数,利用热膜法研究了该典型冷却单元结构中内表面的换热特性。研究结果表明:参数Re,H/D,P/D对内表面局部换热系数的影响呈现出复杂的关联性。在本文的实验工况参数条件下,随着冲击Re数的增加,内表面换热效果逐步增强;并且存在一个最佳的H/D和P/D范围使得内表面换热效果最佳。综合分析实验结果,当H/D=0.67,P/D=3时,双层壳型冲击/气膜冷却结构内表面能达到最佳的换热效果。     

基于瞬态液晶测量技术的收缩-张形孔气膜冷却特性

采用一种进行全表面测量的瞬态液晶测量技术测量了新型气膜孔（收缩-张形孔）的气膜冷却特性,研究了动量比对冷却效率和换热系数的影响,并与传统的圆柱形孔气膜冷却特性进行了对比,结果表明：收缩-扩张形孔中心线附近区域的冷却效率相对较低,而两孔之间区域的冷却效率相对较高,与圆形孔分布规律相反;在上游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近区域较高,而在下游区域,两孔中间区域的换热系数比相对孔中心线附近又较低,与圆形孔相比也有较大不同。相对于圆柱形孔,收缩缝形孔的平均换热系数比在上游较高,在下游较低;收缩-扩张形孔喷出气膜对下游壁面区域的有效覆盖率远大于圆柱形孔,其展向平均冷却效率明显高于圆柱形孔;收缩-扩张形孔在动量比为2时的平均冷却效率最高。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

航空发动机管路测量数据分割方法

 为了提高航空发动机管路测量数据的反求建模效率,提出了一种区域增长分割算法。该方法主要是利用管路表面在曲面索引系数映射、主曲率映射、高斯映射上的特性,并基于均值漂移算法和遗传算法提出了区域分割算法中种子区域的选择策略。然后利用区域增长分割方法实现了对管路测量数据的分割。经过仿真和实测数据验证,所提管路分割算法具有较好的分割质量和效率。     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

Optimization Design System for Composite Structures Based on Grid Technology

To solve the topology optimization of complicated multi-objective continuous/discrete design variables in aircmit structure design, a Parallel Pareto Genetic Algorithm （PPGA） is presented based on grid platform in this paper. In the algorithm, the commercial finite element analysis （FEA） software is integrated as the calculating tool for analyzing the objective functions and the filter of Pareto solution set based on weight information is introduced to deal with the relationships among all objectives. Grid technology is utilized in PPGA to realize the distributed computations and the user interface is developed to realize the job submission and job management locally/remotely. Taking the aero-elastic tailoring of a composite wing for optimization as an example, a set of Pareto solutions are obtained for the decision-maker. The numerical results show that the aileron reversal problem can be solved by adding the limited skin weight in this system. The algorithm can be used to solve complicated topology optimization for composite structures in engineering and the computation efficiency can be improved greatly by using the grid platform that aggregates numerous idle resources.