A SAR processor based on two-dimensional FFT codes

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processor approach based on two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) codes coupled with an asymptotic evaluation of the unit response function is presented. For the latter, no approximation is made to the distance function, so that the full range of geometric aberrations is analytically considered, enabling an effective reference filter to be designed. The two-dimensional FFTs were designed as to run on computers of very limited memory: the required FFT is computed by means of FFTs of lower order. Two FFT codes were considered: one is faster and allows full or reduced (quick look or multilook) resolution performance to be obtained easily; the second is slower but allows the use of a space-varying filter and/or investigations on limited portions (zoom) of the image. Both codes are suited to parallel processing, e.g. by a transputer net. A full discussion on computer memory and time requirements is presented as well as first examples of image processing results     

An efficient algorithm for multisensor track fusion

An efficient algorithm for track-to-track fusion by incorporating cross-covariance between tracks created by dissimilar sensors is described. An analytical solution of this problem is complicated if cross-correlation between sensors tracking the same target is taken into account. An explicit solution of the cross-covariance matrix at steady state is derived in terms of an integral. It is shown that solution of this integral involves inversion of a matrix whose elements are functions of parameters of individual trackers. Structure of this matrix is analyzed. An efficient analytical solution for inversion of this matrix is obtained. For fusion of similar sensors, it is shown that this matrix is reduced to the Routh-Hurwitz matrix which arises in the study of steady state stability of linear systems. Numerical results showing the amount of reduction of fused track covariance by taking into account the effects of cross-correlation between candidate tracks for fusion is also presented     

An efficient method of passive emitter location

The problem of locating a stationary emitter from passive bearing and frequency measurements taken by a moving and autonomously operating sensor along its trajectory is considered. The estimation procedure based on bearings only is quite different from that based on frequency measurements. From the Cramer-Rao (CR) analysis of the single-measurement case, the characteristic features of each method become transparent and an intuitive understanding of both methods is provided. One of the major results is that the orientation of the error ellipses of the bearings method (BM) and frequency method (FM) differ significantly. From this a considerable integration gain in accuracy results, when processing the combined set of bearing and frequency measurements. The results of the theoretical CR analysis are verified in a numerical simulation based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation. The simulations demonstrate that a combined method is definitely superior to BM and FM with respect to the bias and the size of the error ellipses     

Space systems general-purpose processor

The requirements for this processor were established using the experience of the hardware and software designers in the APL Space Department. The use of commercial hardware and software products, combined with an error- and fault-tolerant architecture, resulted in a low-cost design without adversely affecting overall reliability. The processor's architecture and mechanical design, and hardware and software test and validation methods are described.     

An efficient algorithm of data smoothing in real-time calculations

We propose an algorithm for real-time data smoothing due to considerable reduction and simplification of computations by employing the recursive least mean squares technique. The efficiency of algorithms is shown by an example of determining the flight airspeed and altitude based on the data of pressure sensors.     

水滴撞击特性的高效计算方法

针对拉格朗日方法计算水滴撞击特性效率低、通用性差等问题,发展了一种水滴撞击特性的高效计算方法。在求解绕流流场的基础上,结合逐级结构化管理的边界信息存储方式,采用目标扩散追踪方法对水滴所在网格单元进行快速计算,并插值得到该点处的流场信息,逐个求解水滴运动方程得到各水滴的运动轨迹,从而确定水滴撞击极限、收集系数等撞击特性参数。通过对NACA0012翼型、GA-W(1)两段翼型和某三段翼型的计算得到不同状态下的水滴撞击特性,计算结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比具有计算效率高、结果可靠、通用性好等优点。     

An efficient active ripple filter for use in DC-DC conversion

When low ripple is required from a switched mode dc-dc converter, dissipative active filters offer an alternative to passive LC and coupled inductor filters. Analytical and experimental results are presented for a simple active ripple filter. The filter employs a pair of current transformers as sensors for feedforward and feedback control and two metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) as cancellation current drivers. Measurements demonstrate good ripple attenuation up to 5 MHz, more than 70 dB being obtained at 100 kHz, the switching frequency of a test converter. The overall efficiency was measured as 95%, with room for further improvement. The filter is suitable for input and output smoothing in dc-dc converters for aerospace and other critical applications     

An improved imaging algorithm for spaceborne MAPs sliding spotlight SAR with high-resolution wide-swath capability

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR) systems cannot achieve both highresolution and wide-swath imaging simultaneously.This problem can be mitigated by employing multiple-azimuth-phases(MAPs) technology for spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR systems.However, traditional imaging algorithms have met challenges to process the data accurately, due to range model error, MAPs data reconstruction problem, high-order cross-coupling phase error and variation of Doppler parameters along the azimuth direction.Therefore, an improved imaging algorithm is proposed for solving the above problems.Firstly, a modified hyperbolic range equation(MHRE) is proposed by introducing a cubic term into the traditional hyperbolic range equation(THRE).And two curved orbit correction methods are derived based on the proposed range model.Then, a MAPs sliding spotlight data reconstruction method is introduced, which solves the spectral aliasing problem by a de-rotation operation.Finally, high-order cross-coupling phases and variation of Doppler parameters are analyzed and the corresponding compensation methods are proposed.Simulation results for point-target scene are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Design of a space-based radar signal processor

Space-based radar (SBR) is capable of providing flexible wide-area coverage of air, land, and sea targets. Numerous studies have been carried out in the United States and Canada in recent years to investigate different concepts for SBR. The design of a suitable radar signal processor (RSP) is challenging due to the effects caused by the moving platform on target integration and clutter spectral spread. A candidate RSP is described that uses a corporate fed array (CFA) antenna as its primary radar sensor. The algorithmic definitions of the signal processing functions are provided; the relationships between these functions and the reasons for their location in the signal processing chain are also discussed. In addition, techniques for reducing the computational requirements are also presented     

An efficient uncertainty propagation method for nonlinear dynamics with distribution-free P-box processes

The distribution-free P-box process serves as an effective quantification model for time-varying uncertainties in dynamical systems when only imprecise probabilistic information is avail-able.However,its application to nonlinear systems remains limited due to excessive computation.This work develops an efficient method for propagating distribution-free P-box processes in nonlin-ear dynamics.First,using the Covariance Analysis Describing Equation Technique(CADET),the dynamic problems with P-box processes are transformed into interval Ordinary Differential Equa-tions(ODEs).These equations provide the Mean-and-Covariance(MAC)bounds of the system responses in relation to the MAC bounds of P-box-process excitations.They also separate the pre-viously coupled P-box analysis and nonlinear-dynamic simulations into two sequential steps,including the MAC bound analysis of excitations and the MAC bounds calculation of responses by solving the interval ODEs.Afterward,a Gaussian assumption of the CADET is extended to the P-box form,i.e.,the responses are approximate parametric Gaussian P-box processes.As a result,the probability bounds of the responses are approximated by using the solutions of the inter-val ODEs.Moreover,the Chebyshev method is introduced and modified to efficiently solve the interval ODEs.The proposed method is validated based on test cases,including a duffing oscillator,a vehicle ride,and an engineering black-box problem of launch vehicle trajectory.Compared to the reference solutions based on the Monte Carlo method,with relative errors of less than 3％,the pro-posed method requires less than 0.2％calculation time.The proposed method also possesses the ability to handle complex black-box problems.     

SAR imaging of moving targets

A method of forming synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of moving targets without using any specific knowledge of the target motion is presented. The new method uses a unique processing kernel that involves a one-dimensional interpolation of the deramped phase history which we call keystone formatting. This preprocessing simultaneously eliminates the effects of linear range migration for all moving targets regardless of their unknown velocity. Step two of the moving target imaging technique involves a two-dimensional focusing of the movers to remove residual quadratic range migration errors. The third and last step removes cubic and higher order defocusing terms. This imaging technique is demonstrated using SAR data collected as part of DARPA's Moving Target Exploitation (MTE) program     

一种基于STL文件的LBM前处理高效算法

LBM是一种计算流体数值方法,计算过程中需要确定流场格点属于流体点还是固体点,通过前处理获得格点类型信息.其中一种方法是通过STL文件格式描述的物体模型判断格点在物体内外信息来确定格点类型,从而实现STL几何信息到LBM计算模型信息的重构.为了能够快速重构计算模型,本文提出了一种快速生成计算模型算法.该算法根据面三角形...     

Development of a SAR digital system

A data acquisition system for an airborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) was designed and implemented. DSP is used for the first time in the implementation of a SAR data acquisition system. A novel precision programmable timer using the DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) technique was designed, built, and successfully tested to provide increased flexibility, reliability and stability     

Adaptive nulling of SAR sidelobe discretes

By using adaptive subarrays for crossrange imaging we have developed a computationally simple method that removes any image degradation caused by strong, discrete clutter located in the crossrange sidelobes of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. The procedure is based on the minimization of the mean interference power with the constraint that the image of a desired scatterer is undistorted. The applicability of the approach has been illustrated by simulation     

High-resolution SAR imaging with angular diversity

We propose to use the APES (amplitude and phase estimation) approach for the spectral estimation of gapped data and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with angular diversity. A relaxation-based algorithm, referred to as GAPES (Gapped-data APES), is proposed, which includes estimating the spectrum via APES and filling in the gaps via a least squares (LS) fitting. For SAR imaging with angular diversity data fusion, we perform one-dimensional (1-D) windowed fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) in range, use the GAPES algorithm to interpolate the gaps in the aperture for each range, apply 1-D inverse FFTs (IFFTs) and dewindow in range, and finally apply the two-dimensional (2-D) APES algorithm to the interpolated matrix to obtain the 2-D SAR image. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm     

The ERIM interferometric SAR: IFSARE

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) and Horizons, Inc. have completed the development, calibration and evaluation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)/US Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) funded IFSARE (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Digital Terrain Elevations) system. This system rapidly produces geocoded SAR imagery and digital terrain elevation data. The dual-channel, X-band SAR is installed in the ERIM Learjet 36. The ground processor was developed in collaboration with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The system produces 1.5 to 3.0 meters (1 sigma) absolute accuracy three-dimensional terrain elevation data over large areas without the use of ground control points. Several examples from recent data collections are presented     

SAR干扰效果研究

研究了对干扰前不同图像质量的合成孔径雷达(SAR)的干扰效果问题。从干扰前SAR图像质量指标积分旁瓣比(ISLR)入手,提出等效信干比的概念,建立积分旁瓣比与等效信干比的关系,分析等效信干比与发现概率、错误概率的关系,最后确定不同图像质量所对应的所需信干比。     

VLSI architecture for SAR data compression

As a step towards a real-time signal aperture radar (SAR) correlator, custom very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures are developed. Considering the extremely short word length of the data, we derive three architectures with massive parallelism in bit space. Unlike frequency methods, no. degradation is introduced during convolution. Optimized for time and space, they are highly suited to VLSI implementation, and a small architecture with 80 taps operating at 10 MHz has been built using an FPGA