半导体发光条辐射定标源辐照场均匀性的研究

文章研究了半导体发光条辐射定标源辐照场均匀性，从辐射度学的基本原理出发，计算了计半导体发光条在焦面处产生的辐照度及其空间均匀性，并实际测试了辐照度空间均匀性，实验结果和计算结果相符，表明这种半导体发光条在均匀性方面满足轻小型卫星遥感器的星载辐射定标要求。     

超光谱成像仪的实验室定标

星载超光谱成像仪是一种空间调制型干涉光谱成像仪,文章研究了一套适用于干涉成像光谱仪、具有一定精度的实验室定标方法,满足了超光谱成像仪的实验室定标要求。采用激光光源进行光谱定标,光谱定标精度优于2nm。用远距点光源光路进行CCD探测器像元响应不均匀性修正,并进一步用天空背景光或均匀平行光进行全系统光能传输不均匀修正,实现了干涉图平场,相对定标精度达到2.46%。采用太阳模拟光源和均匀平行光路,用光谱辐射度计（ASD）实现标准辐射亮度的传递进行光谱辐射度定标,绝对定标精度达到8.21%。     

中波红外面阵遥感相机相对辐射定标方法研究

为了促进中波红外面阵遥感相机遥感数据的应用,提出了一种在轨相对辐射定标方法。该方法根据两点定标原理,以中波红外面阵遥感图像数据为基础,利用在轨其他卫星数据获得相机入瞳处辐亮度,计算出非均匀性系数,从而实现在轨相对辐射定标。它为同类红外面阵遥感相机在轨相对辐射定标提供了一种新的思路,同时也可作为星上黑体标的一种校验手段。     

卫星红外遥感器辐射定标光机系统 热-结构耦合变形分析

辐射定标光机系统在模拟空间环境下的热变形直接影响定标光学系统成像质量,并决定星载遥感器辐射定标试验精度。文章建立的辐射定标光机系统有限元模型,以某卫星多光谱扫描仪辐射定标试验中的实测温度变化作为温度载荷,计算和研究了该系统在真空低温环境下的热-结构耦合变形的分布情况和分布规律。结果表明:在非均匀稳态低温环境下,该系统光学支架热变形使主镜及主反射镜发生刚性位移,引起垂轴方向位移、倾斜,黑体的离焦和光学系统焦距变化;反射镜表面畸变RMS值均为1/40波长以下,可以满足实际光学系统的面形准确度要求。     

航天遥感器辐射定标精度计算方法研究

针对航天遥感器进行辐射定标工作的定标精度评估时,并没有形成统一计算方法的问题,文章对工作在不同谱段遥感器的多种辐射定标精度计算方法进行了实例计算与研究。研究结果表明定标精度计算结果一般同具体的定标点选取相关。文章进而提出在比较不同遥感器辐射定标精度时需要明确精度计算的约束条件,这样才能增加精度对比的横向可比性,也能为客观的评价辐射定标工作提供更好的参考。     

空间CCD相机辐射校正算法分析

空间 CCD 相机对均匀景物响应的不一致在图像中表现为条带现象,相对辐射校正可以减弱或消除条带效应。相对辐射校正可以使用不同的算法,但效果不同。文章选取了某空间 CCD 相机的实验室辐射定标数据,采用基准的归一化系数法和最小二乘法,分别计算该相机的3组相对辐射校正系数,并对实验室原始辐射定标数据进行相对辐射校正,验证3种算法的校正效果。通过相对辐射校正后的图像和3种算法的辐射校正残余误差分析,认为以所有辐亮度DN（digital number）均值为基准的归一化系数法的校正效果在多数辐亮度级下好于最小二乘法。最后分析了相机像元响应线性度和算法辐射校正残余误差的关系。     

环境-1A超光谱成像仪相对辐射定标方法应用研究

介绍了环境-1A卫星上装载的新型有效载荷超光谱成像仪的工作原理。指出我国使用超光谱干涉仪尚处于试验阶段,对在轨数据处理方法还需要完善。文章针对干涉仪的数据立方体特性提出一种空间维的基于统计方法的在轨干涉数据相对辐射定标处理方法,并通过对卫星实际在轨数据的对比处理来验证其处理效果。结果表明,相对辐射定标处理可以修正CCD响应的不均匀性和入射光场的不均匀性,减小非线性相位偏移,提高复原光谱的精度。     

基于空间光学探测的空间目标星等特性分析研究

利用STK对空间目标的轨道特性分析,模拟了太阳与空间目标观测面的夹角,空间目标 在光照区的时间和空间光学望远镜与空间目标的夹角。利用黑体辐射定律,计算太阳在可见 光区域的能流密度,通过建立平面目标可见光辐照度模型,推导了空间目标到达空间光学望 远镜的辐照度模型,建立了一种计算空间目标等效星等模型。通过建立的模型可以对正常工 作的卫星和失效卫星判断区分。     

基于实验室定标和均匀景统计的相对辐射定标方法

提出了一种基于实验室定标和均匀景统计的定标方法,并应用于CBERS-02卫星遥感图像相对辐射校正。首先分析宽视场成像仪(Wide Field Imager,WFI)实验室基础定标系数;然后结合均匀景的定标方法,生成一组新的相对辐射定标系数;最后评价WFI图像相对辐射校正的效果。结果表明:文章提出的定标方法有效,可以较好地解决宽幅遥感图像辐射校正问题,同时为遥感卫星相对辐射校正提供了一种新的途径。     

地表分辨率对空间目标辐射照度影响

根据辐射传递原理构建了用于计算地表对空间目标辐射照度的模型,该模型以辐射传输软件计算的地表等效辐射亮度作为输入,通过对比不同地表分辨率下空间目标接收到的地球辐射照度差异,确定了在模拟仿真过程中最适合用于仿真的地表分辨率。然后,利用辐射传输软件统计分析了不同大气模式、季节、地表温度和地表类型的环境下,地表辐射亮度及其差距。利用该数据并结合模型进行了辐照度仿真计算。结果表明,当空间目标处在地表环境差异较大的地区,地表分辨率对目标接收到的辐射照度计算结果有影响,根据目标与地表的距离选择相应的地表分辨率进行仿真计算能够在保证精度的前提下减少模型计算量。     

镁铝贫氧推进剂的能量分析

利用冲压发动机热力计算程序，对镁铝中能贫氧推进剂的能量特性进行了系统研究，并探讨了高能级分对该类贫氧推进剂能量性能的影响，研究结果表明，在镁铝中能贫氧推进剂中增加镁粉含量（或减少铝粉含量）贫氧推进剂的比冲下降，在一定空燃比范围内，增加空燃比有助于提高冲压发动机的比冲。提高贫氧推进剂中ＣＬ－２０和硼粉含量，可以显著提高共能量，而采用叠氮类含能粘合剂取代惰性粘合剂时贫氧推进剂的比冲降低。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

Optimization of the Flight of a Spacecraft with a Solar Sail from the Earth to Mars with a Perturbation Maneuver near Venus

The trajectories of the fastest flight of a spacecraft (SC) with a solar sail from the Earth's sphere of activity to the Martian sphere of activity including the section of a perturbation maneuver near Venus are investigated. The planetary spheres of activity are assumed to be point-like; i.e., the maneuver section and the initial and final positions of the SC coincide with the corresponding positions of the planets. The initial velocity of the SC is assumed to be equal to the Earth's velocity, so that no leveling of the velocities of the SC and Mars in the final point of the flight is required. The perturbation maneuver is considered as a jump of the heliocentric velocity of the SC at the point of its contact with Venus, which does not change the magnitude of its Venus-centric velocity. The orbits of planets are assumed to be circular and coplanar; the SC trajectory lies at the plane of these orbits. The sail is planar with a specularly reflecting surface. The trajectories of optimum flights are determined as a result of solving the boundary value problem of the Pontryagin maximum principle. The families of solutions to this problem depending on the initial angular positions of Venus and Mars are constructed by the method of continuation over a parameter.     

Spacecraft dynamics with regard to elastic gravitational stabilizer deployment

The present paper deals with the study the dynamics of the spacecraft with gyro-gravitational system of stabilization. The deployment of the boom of the gravitational stabilizer commences after placing the spacecraft into the orbit and completion of the preliminary damping, when the gyroscopes are uncaged. Primarily the boom is the pre-stressed tape wound on the special drum. When the drum starts deploying the tape, it turns into the elastic cylindrical rod with the mass at its tip. The objective of the study is the creation of the generalized mathematical model and the conducting of the computer modelling of the spacecraft dynamics. The equations of motion are worked out with the use of the Lagrangian formalism. The numerical simulation of typical modes of system functioning is conducted. It is shown that the folding and the following deployment of the boom result in the turn of the spacecraft by 180° about the axis of the pitch. The results illustrate the behaviour of the main system variables.     

The Use of Quaternions in the Optimal Control Problems of Motion of the Center of Mass of a Spacecraft in a Newtonian Gravitational Field: I

The problem of optimal control is considered for the motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft in a central Newtonian gravitational field. For solving the problem, two variants of the equations of motion for the spacecraft center of mass are used, written in rotating coordinate systems. Both the variants have a quaternion variable among the phase variables. In the first variant this variable characterizes the orientation of an instantaneous orbit of the spacecraft and (simultaneously) the spacecraft location in this orbit, while in the second variant only the instantaneous orbit orientation is specified by it. The suggested equations are convenient in the respect that they allow the general three-dimensional problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass to be considered as a composition of two interrelated problems. In the first variant these problems are (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of a spacecraft orbit and the spacecraft location in this orbit. The second variant treats (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and the orbit location of the spacecraft and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of the spacecraft orbit. The use of quaternion variables makes this consideration most efficient. The problem of optimal control is solved on the basis of the maximum principle. Several first integrals of the systems of equations of the boundary value problems of the maximum principle are found. Transformations are suggested that reduce the dimensions of the systems of differential equations of boundary value problems (without complicating them). Geometrical interpretations are given to the transformations and first integrals. The relation of the vectorial first integral of one of the derived systems of equations (which is an analog of the well-known vectorial first integral of the studied problem of optimal control) with the found quaternion first integral is considered. In this paper, which is the first part of the work, we consider the models of motion of the spacecraft center of mass that employ quaternion variables. The problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass is investigated on the basis of the first variant of equations of motion. An example of a numerical solution of the problem is given.     

固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室构型的影响分析

针对不同补燃室结构参数对固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室掺混燃烧性能的影响进行研究,分析各级燃烧室的长度与扩张角度对补燃室性能的影响。采用基于密度的二阶迎风格式对补燃室掺混燃烧进行模拟,湍流模型和燃烧模型分别采用SST k-ω模型和涡团耗散模型。结果表明,提高燃烧效率与降低总压损失是相互矛盾的;燃烧效率随燃烧室长度的增加而增大,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而减小;总压恢复系数随燃烧室长度的增加而减小,随燃烧室扩张角度的增加而增大;一级燃烧室的结构参数对燃烧效率与总压恢复系数的影响最大。当补燃室的总长与出口面积一定时,以发动机的总体性能参数作为补燃室构型的优化目标,对一、二级燃烧室长度与一、三级燃烧室扩张角度进行优化。     

Determination of kinematic state of an orbiting multibody using GNSS signals

Precise attitude determination of the members of a free-flying multibody system is a not so immediate task, due essentially to the large motion of its appendages coupled with their relevant flexibility effects. In fact, sensors used to this aim in current projects, such as optical encoders usually positioned near the joints of each arm, are almost blind to these effects, and clusters of specific redundant sensors should, therefore, be required in order to reconstruct both elastic deformations and rigid motion.Satellite navigation systems (GNSS) offer a suitable and reliable solution to this problem. To exploit the phase of the signal, instead of the traditional pseudo random code, ensures a very high accuracy of the order of magnitude of centimeter. Such a process requires the solution of an initial ambiguity problem, related to the number of integer wavelength included in the length of the member.The aim of the paper is to investigate the capability of this GNSS based technique to reconstruct the kinematics of a flexible multibody system orbiting around the Earth. This analysis requires a simulation including both the multibody dynamics and the navigation system constellation to define the satellites lines-of-sight at each time step.Concerning multibody equations of motion, a Newtonian formulation is adopted in this work. A special attention is required about the choice of the state variables. As the internal forces are associated to the relative displacements between the bodies, which are small fractions of the distance of the multibody spacecraft from the center of the Earth, the task of obtaining these forces from inertial coordinates could be impossible from a numerical point of view. So, the problem is reformulated in such a way that the equation of motion of the system contains global equations, with no internal forces, and local equations, with internal forces. In the latter, only quantities of the same order of the spacecraft dimensions are present.Accuracies achievable in LEO orbit with current GPS and upcoming Galileo systems are evaluated to show the interest of the proposed technique.     

Generalized restricted circular three-body problem as a model for dynamics of binary asteroids

Exploration of the Solar System has recently revealed the existence of a large number of asteroids with satellites, which has stimulated interest in studying the dynamics of such systems. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the relative motion of a binary asteroid. The conditions of existence of such a system (i.e., when its components do not run away) are derived in the Introduction. Then it is assumed that the satellite has no significant effect on the motion of the main asteroid, the latter being modeled as a dumbbell-like precessing solid body. The equations of motion of this system are a two-parameter generalization of the corresponding equations of the restricted circular three-body problem. It is demonstrated that in the system under consideration there exist steady-state motions in which the small asteroid is equidistant from attracting centers at the ends of the dumbbell (an analog to triangle libration points). The conditions of existence of such motions are derived, and the positions with respect to the dumbbell are analyzed in detail. Examination of the stability of the triangle libration points is reduced to investigation of a characteristic equation of the sixth degree. The stability conditions are derived in the case when the main asteroid executes near-planar motion.     

Uncontrolled Attitude Motion of the Foton-12 Satellite and Quasi-Steady Microaccelerations onboard It

The results of determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the Foton-12 satellite (placed in orbit on September 9, 1999, terminated its flight on September 24, 1999) are presented. The determination was carried out by the onboard measurement data of the Earth's magnetic field strength vector. Intervals with a duration of several hours were selected from data covering almost the entire flight. On each such interval the data were processed simultaneously using the least squares method by integrating the satellite's equations of motion with respect to the center of mass. The initial conditions of motion and the parameters of the mathematical model employed were estimated in processing. The results obtained provided for a complete representation of the satellite's motion during the flight. This motion, beginning with a small angular velocity, gradually sped up. The growth of the component of the angular velocity with respect to the longitudinal axis of the satellite was particularly strong. During the first several days of the flight this component increased virtually after every passage through the orbit's perigee. As the satellite's angular velocity increased, its motion became more and more similar to the regular Euler precession of an axisymmetric rigid body. In the last several days of flight the satellite's angular velocity with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s and the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had a magnitude of approximately 0.15 deg/s. The deviation of the longitudinal axis from the normal to the orbit plane did not exceed 60°. The knowledge of the attitude motion of the satellite allowed us to determine the quasi-steady microacceleration component onboard it at the locations of the technological and scientific equipment.     

空间太阳能电站姿态运动-结构振动耦合建模与分析

针对多旋转关节空间太阳能电站构型，利用基于能量等效原理的连续体等效方法将其等效为柔性梁模型，并考虑重力梯度影响，建立了姿态运动与结构振动的耦合动力学模型；结合Runge-Kutta 法和Newmark法的优点，提出了适用于求解姿态运动与结构振动耦合动力学方程的改进算法，相比于经典Runge-Kutta 法大幅提高了效率；利用改进算法得到了不同参数下的动力学响应。在此基础上，推导了结构振动量级随结构尺寸的六次方量级增加的规律，仿真结果表明尺寸过大引发不稳定现象；分析了姿态运动和重力梯度对结构振动频率和振幅的影响；发现了姿态运动周期受结构柔性影响而增大的现象，这种现象在低轨以及大初始姿态角下影响更为明显。