Communications and radio determination system using twogeostationary satellites. I. System and experiments

We developed two types of hybrid terminals that can provide both satellite communication and position determination services in one system. One terminal uses the single channel per carrier (SCPC) technique and the other uses the spread spectrum (SS) technique. To evaluate the performance of the two systems, we carried out experiments in Japan and in the Pacific Ocean using two geostationary satellites, ETS-V (150°E) and Inmarsat (180°E). The ranging accuracy between the mobile terminals and the base station via the satellites was found to be about 200 m using the SCPC system and about 10 m using the SS system. The measured positioning accuracy was about 1 km in the SCPC system and about 600 m in the SS system when experiments were carried out near Japan. The experimental results show that the positioning errors were mainly caused by the orbital determination errors of the two satellites. Presented here are the configurations and features of the SCPC and SS terminals, the experimental system, and the experimental results     

Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

High-speed avionic optical fiber CDMA networks

With applications of systems integration technology to advanced aircrafts, high-speed and high-capacity optical fiber communication networks should be employed to support airborne broadband communication services. To guarantee real-time multiuser communications over a network, the selection of medium-access schemes is critical for avionics applications. In this paper, we briefly discuss the issues on high-speed multiple-access techniques and their applicability. Then we focus on the design and operation aspects of avionic optical fiber code-division multiple access (CDMA) networks. Some practical considerations on implementing such a CDMA network are also addressed and further improvement is pointed out. It is shown that avionic optical fiber CDMA networks can find a use in real-time avionic sensor data distribution, data exchange, and computer interconnects     

Interference between FM Carriers and a Digitally Modulated SCPC Circuit

The interference from the digital single channel per carrier (SCPC) circuits into frequency-modulated carrier systems has been calculated by convolving the desired and the interfering spectra extending the previously published works. Resulting interference noise power in FDM/FM systems covering a wide range of modulation indices and basebands has been presnted. Also plots of interference noise power as a function of the number of SCPC circuits have been presented for various values of carrier power to interference power ratios.     

基于改进的克隆选择算法的多用户检测技术

 根据克隆选择原理的免疫机理，提出了一种改进的克隆选择算法(CSA),进而设计了2种码分多址（CDMA） 多用户检测器：一种方法是混合Hopfield神经网络和克隆选择算法；另一种方法是把多阶段检测器MSD嵌入到克隆选择算法的每一代中。通过混合MSD到克隆选择算法中，可以加快克隆选择算法的收敛速度，减少计算复杂度。另外，克隆选择算法所提供的好的初值可以改善MSD的性能，嵌入的MSD还改善了克隆选择算法的性能。仿真结果证明了该方法无论抗多址干扰能力和抗远近效应能力都优于传统方法和一些应用优化算法的多用户检测器。     

Classification of radar targets using synthetic neural networks

Radar target classification performance of neural networks is evaluated. Time-domain and frequency-domain target features are considered. The sensitivity of the neural network algorithm to changes in network topology and training noise level is examined. The problem of classifying radar targets at unknown aspect angles is considered. The performance of the neural network algorithms is compared with that of decision-theoretic classifiers. Neural networks can be effectively used as radar target classification algorithms with an expected performance within 10 dB (worst case) of the optimum classifier     

Cross-Correlation Interference Effects in Multiaccess Optical Communications

The effects of the cross correlation between user codes in an opticalcode-division multiple-access communication system are investigated. The system model is a multiaccess satellite repeater in which the uplink and downlink channels are direct-detection, optical-polarization modulation links. The error probability is derived in terms of the cross correlation between the intended and interfering user codes. It is shown that the system error rate can be minimized by using code sequences in which the normalized second moment of the cross correlation between codes is small. The signalto- noise ratio (SNR) on the uplink is shown to be proportional to 1/K while the SNR on the downlink is proportional to 1/K1/2, where K is the number of users which are simultaneously accessing the system.     

星间链路数量受限的导航卫星网络链路分配问题

对星间链路数量非常有限、需要同时满足星间测距和星间通信需求的导航卫星网络的链路分配问题进行了研究。首先,分析了导航卫星网络的特点,并设计了一种基于有限状态自动机(FSA)的拓扑处理机制。然后,将星间测距需求作为一个约束,以星间通信的延时性能为优化目标,将导航卫星网络的链路分配问题建模为一个多目标优化问题。最后,针对建立的多目标优化问题,分别提出一种基于首次改善(FI)的本地搜索算法和基于模拟退火(SA)的启发式优化算法以对链路分配问题进行求解,并提出一种基于分支交换策略的新链路分配生成方法。仿真结果表明,通过FI算法和SA算法获得的优化链路分配的网络延时性能均得到了改进,且SA算法的性能要优于FI算法;同时,FSA的状态持续时间的减小有利于获得网络延时性能好的链路分配。     

Networks of low-Earth orbit store-and-forward satellites

A slotted multiaccess protocol is proposed for networks of low-Earth orbit store-and-forward communications satellites. Networks of this type would provide communication between low cost geographically distributed Earth stations, and would be particularly attractive in areas where conventional terrestrial communications systems were not available. Applications of this type include data acquisition and remote process monitoring. The proposed protocol incorporates time division multiplexing (TDM) on the downlink, slotted Aloha with collision resolution on the uplink, and an automatic repeat request (ARQ) algorithm. Since the network connectivity is intermittent, analysis of networks of this type is difficult. Nevertheless, relationships among the performance parameters for a general network are deduced, and performance of three particular network configurations is studied via simulation     

利用试验设计法建立翼型气动特性的人工神经网络模型

建立了翼型气动特性预测的BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型,重点研究了3种选取训练样本的试验设计(DOE)法:完全析因法、正交设计法和均匀设计法,对BP神经网络预测精度的影响,利用所建立的BP神经网络对FX63-137翼型几何型线进行了优化设计。研究结果表明:在因素数和水平数较少时,完全析因法、正交设计法及均匀设计法的平均测试误差分别为0.002%、0.029%、0.023%;在因素和水平数较多时,完全析因法的样本规模太大而不再适合,正交设计法和均匀设计法的平均测试误差分别为0.42%和0.15%,均匀设计法的预测精度更高,更适合于翼型气动特性预测的人工神经网络模型。优化后翼型的升阻比在迎角为0°~18°范围内均高于原始翼型,在迎角为1°、4°和15°时升阻比分别提高了4.38%、1.38%和5.51%。该研究方法及成果可以应用于翼型的多参数优化设计。     

基于多令牌协议航电WDM光环网波长分配方法

 针对航空电子光网络的实时性问题,建立了航空电子波分复用(WDM)环网模型,以实时消息流矩阵作为网络的输入,依据静态光网络最小化波长数目的优化目标,提出了一种基于多令牌协议的光网络波长分配方法,并推导了航电光网络中光通道的端到端传输时延计算公式。通过对理论计算和仿真结果的分析,此协议下的波长分配方法在网络中可以实现波长重用,比传统环网的波长数目平均降低了58.1%,优化了波长数目,并且多令牌控制协议满足航空电子网络对消息实时性的要求。此方法对于航空电子光网络的设计与性能分析具有参考价值。     

低成本捷联惯导不对称动态误差的神经网络补偿

 针对低成本捷联惯导系统(SINS)中陀螺动态误差的不对称性在角振动条件下造成姿态漂移的问题,设计了多层前向神经网络的补偿模型。在标定模型参数时,为降低对外部参考信号测量精度的要求,提出用姿态解算的最终误差作为网络优化目标的训练方法。由于最终的姿态误差不是网络的期望输出,无法采用有导师的训练方法,为此采用了微粒群优化算法。仿真实验结果表明:补偿后的陀螺动态误差的不对称度减小了一个数量级。     

不同尺度范围的监测网对星基增强服务性能的影响分析

区域监测站提供的星基增强完好性监测服务在民用航空等生命安全领域发挥着重要作用。为了分析利用不同尺度监测网估计的完好性信息对用户服务性能影响,使用等效钟差方法分别实现三种不同尺度的监测网完好性参数估计,并进行增强定位验证。从增强卫星数目、用户测距误差、定位精度和保护级包络特性方面研究不同尺度的监测网对用户服务性能评估的影响,结果表明:与小尺度和中等尺度区域相比,大尺度区域增强卫星数目分别增加了50.7%、33.7%。与广播星历伪距单点定位相比,基于小、中等和大尺度区域监测网估计的改正数增强定位在水平方向定位精度分别提升了33.08%、33.59%和32.54%,垂直方向定位精度分别提升了36.56%、41.07%和43.86%。三种尺度估计的平均用户测距误差均优于0.3 m,保护级水平对定位误差的包络均能达到95%。研究成果可为区域星基增强监测网的选择提供理论支撑和应用依据。     

Security, Internet connectivity and aircraft data networks

Internet connectivity which was in experimental stages only a few years ago is a reality today. Current implementations allow passengers to access Internet for pleasure and in some cases secure VPN access is provided to corporate networks. Several researchers are looking at the possibility of the existence of a total of three networks: passenger network (PN); crew network (CRN); and the control network (CON). Researchers envision an architecture where these three networks will co-exist in an airplane. The available Internet connectivity can be utilized for transporting flight critical information like cockpit flight data recorder (CFDR) data, digital flight data recorder (DFDR) data, cockpit voice recorder (CVR) data, and controller pilot data link communication. In addition, the Internet connectivity could also be used for other safety mechanisms like video surveillance and remote control of the flight. Security is one of the major concerns that affect the successful deployment of aircraft data networks (ADN) and other safety features. Several studies have been carried out to secure the network using firewalls and intrusion detection system but so far no study has focused on securing the communication channel (between the aircraft and the ground station) and its impact on the ADN. The scope of this research is to determine the viability and need of a security mechanism. The research also focuses on the performance of different security architectures and determine their usability in the framework of an ADN.     

40G以太网在航电系统中的应用初探

随着飞机整体性能的提升，航电系统的发展日新月异，对总线网络提出了越来越高的要求。基于远端内存直接访问技术传输机制的以太网以其高带宽、低延时以及生态开放性的特点，在航电系统总线中逐渐得到推广。本文介绍了航电总线网络的发展，对典型的航电总线进行了对比分析，开展了10G/40GE交换工程样机的研制和测试工作，为下一代航电系统总线网络的选型提供了参考。     

几种压电网络用于叶盘结构减振的机理分析

针对几种有望用于叶盘结构等循环对称结构减振的压电网络技术开展机理研究。为说明能量耗散及能量平衡两种不同的机理对减振、抑振效果的影响,基于集总参数模型对带有分支、并联网络、串联网络3类电路的叶盘结构开展了数值研究。对比了3类电路在谐调和失谐叶盘上所能达到的最佳减振效果及其随着失谐强度变化的规律,展示压电网络中能量耗散机理的作用。在非周期压电网络中加入了电阻,讨论了两种机理的共同作用。还给出了非周期压电网络最佳连接方式选择的定性建议。研究发现:将所有压电片连接到同一个网络并不能显著增加阻尼性能。在失谐叶盘上找到了无任何电路元件且只含少量叶片的非周期压电网络的最佳连接形式,说明了能量分配机理的作用。可以做到只将少数叶片连入网络(例如24个叶片中的2个或4个),无需加入任何电路元件就可以达到降低失谐响应放大效应的作用。     

The Upgraded CARISMA Magnetometer Array in the THEMIS Era

This review describes the infrastructure and capabilities of the expanded and upgraded Canadian Array for Realtime InvestigationS of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA) magnetometer array in the era of the THEMIS mission. Formerly operated as the Canadian Auroral Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study (CANOPUS) magnetometer array until 2003, CARISMA capabilities have been extended with the deployment of additional fluxgate magnetometer stations (to a total of 28), the upgrading of the fluxgate magnetometer cadence to a standard data product of 1 sample/s (raw sampled 8 samples/s data stream available on request), and the deployment of a new network of 8 pairs of induction coils (100 samples per second). CARISMA data, GPS-timed and backed up at remote field stations, is collected using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite internet in real-time providing a real-time monitor for magnetic activity on a continent-wide scale. Operating under the magnetic footprint of the THEMIS probes, data from 5 CARISMA stations at 29–30 samples/s also forms part of the formal THEMIS ground-based observatory (GBO) data-stream. In addition to technical details, in this review we also outline some of the scientific capabilities of the CARISMA array for addressing all three of the scientific objectives of the THEMIS mission, namely: 1. Onset and evolution of the macroscale substorm instability, 2. Production of storm-time MeV electrons, and 3. Control of the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling by the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause. We further discuss some of the compelling questions related to these three THEMIS mission science objectives which can be addressed with CARISMA.     

ATS-6 Technical Aspects of the Health/Education Telecommunications Experiment

The Health/Education Telecommunications (HET) Experiment involved six different experiments conducted under the auspices of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) with technical assistance from NASA. The HET Experiment on ATS-6 was operated and controlled from a network coordination center in Denver, Colo., which included a 4-and 6-GHz Earth station. The HET Experiment used remote Earth terminals with 3-m-diameter dishes having a 35 dB gain at 2.5 GHz. In addition, comprehensive terminals operating at both C-band and S-band were used for communications with Alaska. The total network involved a complex of satellite and land links at C-band, S-band, and very high frequency (VHF), using the ATS-1, ATS-3, and ATS-6 satellites. The network performance exceeded expectations with remote terminal operations exhibiting a peak-to-peak signal to weighted rms noise ratio of 49 dB at least 99 percent of the time. The remote site operators performed well and were well motivated although they had little previous technical experience.     

空中交通相依网络的脆弱性研究

机场、航路和管制扇区构成空中交通相依网络,节点在受到扰动时,网络运输性能下降,引发网络脆弱性。提出一种空中交通相依网络脆弱性的度量方法,首先构建机场网络、航路网络和管制扇区网络3个层网络,基于空中交通管理规则与层网络间的逻辑连接关系,建立空中交通相依网络模型。在随机扰动和蓄意扰动节点两种不同失效模式下,采用最大连通度和结构熵两个指标,并给出了相应算法,分析相依网络的结构脆弱性;创建流量熵和交通流损失比指标,设计了相应算法,研究相依网络的功能脆弱性。研究结果表明,随机扰动对空中交通相依网络影响更大;网络的结构脆弱源与功能脆弱源是机场网络;网络的脆弱性与层网络间的连接方式和层网络的交通量不匹配有关。     

基于IPSO Elman神经网络的航空发动机故障诊断

为提高航空发动机故障诊断的精度,提出改进粒子群优化的Elman神经网络对航空发动机故障诊断的方法。利用MIV(平均影响值)对神经网络的输入端自变量进行筛选,降低输入维度;采用改进粒子群优化算法对Elman神经网络的权值和阀值进行优化,并对优化的神经网络进行训练;用训练好的神经网络对航空发动机故障进行诊断并与常规的BP（back propagation）、Elman神经网络、GM（1,n）、SVM (support vector machines)进行对比。仿真结果表明:IPSO Elman(improved particle swarm optimization Elman neural network)神经网络的诊断误差在不同数量训练样本时都小于其他方法,并且在参选故障诊断的性能参数不同时,其诊断误差相近,展现出较强的适应能力。