Weibull-Distributed Ground Clutter

Weibull-distributed ground clutter of cultivated land was measured using an L-band long-range air-route surveillance radar (ARSR) having a 3.0 ?s pulsewidth and a 1.23° beamwidth at very low grazing angles between 0.21° and 0.32°. It is shown that the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution varied from c = 1.507 to c = 2.0, corresponding to the Rayleigh distribution.     

Atmospheric Lens Effect; Another Loss for the Radar Range Equation

A small additional loss for radar range calculations at low grazing angles is described. This loss results because the variation in atmospheric refraction versus altitude makes the atmosphere act like a lens, causing thinning of radar signal energy to and from the target, independent of frequency. The magnitude of loss is derived and is plotted versus grazing angle and range. The maximum two-way loss, occurring at zero degrees grazing angle and a range well beyond the atmosphere, is 2.9 dB.     

地基单站GPS探测大气折射环境

基于地基单站双频GPS接收机,提出了实时遥感探测大气折射环境（包括对流层折射率剖面与电离层电子密度剖面）的方法,并经过实验验证可行。在对流层方面,改进精密单点定位技术使得对流层低仰角斜延迟可以实时解算,然后利用相关向量机方法反演得到对流层折射率剖面;在电离层方面,采用Kalman滤波技术消除硬件延迟得到电离层TEC,基于IRI模型,利用遗传算法反演得到电离层电子密度剖面。此研究为大气折射环境的实时、高效、低成本探测提供了一种新手段。     

A model for target detection with over-the-horizon radar

The effects of including Faraday rotation and multipath on the probability of detecting low-flying, distant, fluctuating and nonfluctuating targets immersed in Rayleigh noise plus clutter are studied. The effect of ionospheric fluctuations is also considered. It is found that both multipath and Faraday rotation strongly influence the detection statistics, with the effect being greatest for linearly polarized targets and less marked for symmetric targets     

单脉冲雷达测量的电离层折射修正的研究

当目标在电离层飞行时,单脉冲雷达的测量电波会受到电离层的折射影响。由于电离层是一种磁离子介质,与低层大气介质的物理特性不一致,对电波造成的折射影响也不同。本文首先介绍电离层折射误差的计算方法,然后分析雷达测量仰角和目标高度造成的折射误差,并比较不同的电子浓度剖面对雷达测量的影响。     

A Novel Method for Measuring the Polarization Angle of Satellite Radio Waves

One of the most important parameters for the study of the physics of the ionosphere is the columnar electron content. This can be obtained indirectly by measuring the Faraday rotation of signals emitted from satellites. Many different types of polarimeters have been developed for this purpose. Efforts to develop a new type of polarimeter, suitable for extensive network operation, led to a novel technique for measuring the polarization angle.     

CCRS C/X-airborne synthetic aperture radar: An Rand D tool for the ERS-1 time frame

The airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) system developed for the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) is described. It consists of two radars, at C-band and X-band. Each radar incorporates the following features: dual-channel receivers and dual-polarized antennas; a high quality, 7-look, real-time processor; a sensitivity time control for range-dependent gain control; a motion-compensation system for antenna steering in azimuth and elevation; and baseband I and Q signal phase rotation. The system also uses a high-power transmitter with a low-power back-up. The SAR maps to either side of the aircraft, at high or low resolution, at incidence angles which in high resolution span 0° to 80°. Radar operating parameters, data products, key specifications and the motion compensation scheme used are presented. Properties of the real-time imagery are discussed and examples of C-band SAR data in the three operating modes are given     

Further Results on Multipath Angle Error Reduction Using Multiple-Target Methods

The two-target technique proposed by the author in an earlier paper [1] for reducing radar multipath angle tracking errors has been simulated on a digital computer assuming an actual closed-loop system. When tracking with noise, the technique provides angle error performance which compares quite favorably with the expected performance given in [1] Furthermore, the large bias errors usually encountered in normal monopulse systems at low elevation angles are removed. Results of typical tracks are given, both for the method of [1], and for a modified version of the method which applies primarily to shipboard radar systems. Some results on loss of lock are also presented.     

高旋转数下不同通道转角梯形带肋回转通道的换热特性

为研究截面形状和旋转效应对高压涡轮动叶内部冷却通道换热的影响,对雷诺数为10000～50000,旋转数为0~209,通道转角为0°、225°、45°的带直肋双流程梯形截面通道换热特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:静止状态下,在第一通道,梯形通道后缘换热强于前缘;在第二通道,前、后缘换热区别不大,后缘的换热略强于前缘。旋转状态下,对0°通道转角,随旋转数的增大,第一通道的后缘面换热仍强于前缘面和外侧面,且差异更明显;第二通道前缘换热相对后缘增强。在较高旋转数（旋转数大于1）时,0°通道转角工况的换热最强,45°转角最弱。      

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere

The Martian ionosphere has for the first time been probed by a low frequency topside radio wave sounder experiment (MARSIS) (Gurnett et al., 2005). The density profiles in the Martian ionosphere have for the first time been observed for solar zenith angles less than 48 degrees. The sounder spectrograms typically have a single trace of echoes, which are controlled by reflections from the ionosphere in the direction of nadir. With the local density at the spacecraft derived from the sounder measurements and using the lamination technique the spectrograms are inverted to electron density profiles. The measurements yield electron density profiles from the sub-solar region to past the terminator. The maximum density varies in time with the solar rotation period, indicating control of the densities by solar ionizing radiation. Electron density increases associated with solar flares were observed. The maximum electron density varies with solar zenith angle as predicted by theory. The altitude profile of electron densities between the maximum density and about 170m altitude is well approximated by a classic Chapman layer. The neutral scale height is close to 10 to 13 km. At altitudes above 180 km the densities deviate from and are larger than inferred by the Chapman layer. At altitudes above the exobase the density decrease was approximated by an exponential function with scale heights between 24 and 65 km. The densities in the top side ionosphere above the exobase tends to be larger than the densities extrapolated from the Chapman layer fitted to the measurements at lower altitudes, implying more efficient upward diffusion above the collision dominated photo equilibrium region.     

Multipath Limitations on Low-Angle Radar Tracking

This paper investigates the problem of tracking targets at a low elevation angle in the presence of specular and diffuse multipath. Quantitative estimates are derived of the elevation angles, and hence, range, at which targets of specified height can be accurately tracked. A parametric approach is followed in which the long-standing uncertainty of how terrain forward-scatters at low grazing angles is recognized at the outset. Particular attention is given to the effects of target motion which permit rejection of multipath components falling outside the radar tracker's passband. The results are presented in a form which can be readily applied to a spectrum of radar trackers with differing requirements. The limited experimental ental data on the specular and diffuse scattering parameters for several generic types of terrain are applied to estimate the significance of multipath under different situations and to indicate specific areas in which additional experimental data are critically needed.     

高亚音速压气机静子串列叶栅试验研究

本文给出了C型串列叶栅（其叶型近似于C-4叶型）和双圆弧叶型串列叶栅,在高亚音速（Ma₁=0.55～0.57）下进行试验的一些结果。试验结果以气流转角Δβ,静压上升系数cp和总压损失系数随进口气流攻角Ⅰ（-5°～+7.5°）变化的特性线表示,并获得性能最佳值。      

The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) Instrument Aboard New Horizons

The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on New Horizons will measure the interaction between the solar wind and ions created by atmospheric loss from Pluto. These measurements provide a characterization of the total loss rate and allow us to examine the complex plasma interactions at Pluto for the first time. Constrained to fit within minimal resources, SWAP is optimized to make plasma-ion measurements at all rotation angles as the New Horizons spacecraft scans to image Pluto and Charon during the flyby. To meet these unique requirements, we combined a cylindrically symmetric retarding potential analyzer with small deflectors, a top-hat analyzer, and a redundant/coincidence detection scheme. This configuration allows for highly sensitive measurements and a controllable energy passband at all scan angles of the spacecraft.     

小宽高比钢桁架悬索桥颤振稳定气动措施的试验研究

以某主跨730m、宽高比小于4的钢桁架加劲梁悬索桥为研究对象,通过风洞试验考察了上中央稳定板、下中央稳定板、下横梁稳定板、导流板、双中央稳定板、双下稳定板等气动措施对主梁颤振临界风速的影响。结果表明：选取一定的尺寸（或角度）,上中央稳定板能大幅提高0°和3°迎角下的颤振临界风速;下中央稳定板能大幅提高0°和-3°迎角下的颤振临界风速;下横梁稳定板对颤振临界风速的影响较小;主梁两侧栏杆上的稳定板能在一定程度上提高颤振临界风速;在桥面上下同时安装中央稳定板对于各个迎角均能大幅提高颤振临界风速;在下横梁上布置双稳定板,能在一定程度上提高0°和-3°迎角下的颤振临界风速,但同时降低3°迎角下的颤振临界风速。     

A chirp scaling approach for processing squint mode SAR data

Image formation from squint mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is limited by image degradations caused by neglecting the range-variant filtering required by secondary range compression (SRC). Introduced here is a nonlinear FM chirp scaling, an extension of the chirp scaling algorithm, as an efficient and accurate approach to range variant SRC. Two methods of implementing the approach are described. The nonlinear FM filtering method is more accurate but adds a filtering step to the chirp scaling algorithm, although the extra computation is less than that of a time domain residual compression filter. The nonlinear FM pulse method consists of changing the phase modulation of the transmitted pulse, thus avoiding an increase in computation. Simulations show both methods significantly improve resolution width and sidelobe level, compared with existing SAR processors for squint angles above 10 deg for L-band and 20 deg for C-band     

基于CAD二次开发的飞行器隐身性能计算方法

在飞行器同雷达对抗时的不同威胁情况下,分析了在雷达仰视照射下飞行器的隐身性能。通过绘制雷达仰角图,得到了目标飞行器在某典型雷达照射下的暴露与隐身区域,从而量化了目标飞行器的隐身性能。通过CATIA二次开发技术实现了CAD模型的便捷修改,为优化外形隐身特性提供支持。最后通过一个具体算例验证种方法的效果,并说明方法具有实用意义。     

Spectrum Distortion Due to Frequency Instabilities in a Two-Way Coherent Doppler Radar

The power spectral density of the intermediate frequency signal in a coherent Doppler navigation radar is derived. The effects of antenna parameters, periodic frequency instabilities, signal two-way transit time, and transmitter frequency modulation noise are considered Several examples based on the measured frequency modulation noise of a solid-state source transmitter are presented. The results indicate the degree of loss in signal-to-noise ratio, and spectrum broadening due to an increase in signal transit time and/or frequency modulation noise.     

安装角对压气机叶栅气动噪声特性的影响

 基于大涡模拟(LES)和边界元方法对轴流压气机叶栅湍流流场以及流场诱导的噪声进行计算,在不同叶栅安装角下研究来流攻角和来流雷诺数对叶栅气动噪声产生、辐射的影响。研究表明:来流雷诺数不变时,同一安装角下,随着来流攻角从-5°~20°变化,叶栅监测曲线上的声压级先减小后增大,在0°来流攻角下声压级达到最小。安装角为45°时,外场总声压级随来流攻角的分布与30°安装角变化趋势相近。但安装角为60°时,总声压级的变化则明显变缓。在0°来流攻角下,总声压级比安装角为30°和45°时增加了近6 dB,但在其他正来流攻角下,变化并不明显。叶栅的最小声压值出现在弦线方向附近,安装角改变时,最小声压级出现的位置也不同。安装角不变,随着来流雷诺数的增大,叶栅表面的分离减小,损失降低。但叶栅表面的压力脉动随着来流雷诺数的增大而增大,使外场辐射噪声增加。     

A nonlinear helicopter tracker using attitude measurements

Extended-Kalman-filter-based trackers are discussed for maneuvering helicopters that use body angle and rotor tip-path-plane angle measurements in addition to the usual radar position measurements. Improvements were found in tracker performance when the body rotation and rotor tip-path-plane degrees of freedom were modeled within the extended Kalman filter. Tracker performance was further improved when measurements of body angles and rotor tip-path-plane angles were made available to the tracker