自由流单位Re数对边界层转捩的影响

利用激波管实验原理和实验技术,在截面为94 ×94mm~2的激波管实验段中,测量了自由流单位Re数单一变化时壁面边界层转捩Re数的变化规律。为此研制了一种可直接显示边界层从层流向湍流过渡全过程的热电模拟网络。根据大量测量结果,并以自由流单位Re数为自变量,整理出预测平板边界层转捩Re数的经验公式。     

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

低雷诺数下尾迹与分离边界层的相互作用研究

 用有压力梯度平板模拟典型后加载负荷分布形式下低压涡轮吸力面边界层的发展，研究尾迹与分离边界层的相互作用，并对比了雷诺数变化的影响，还分析了在很低雷诺数下尾缘脱落旋涡和分离区的相互作用。结果表明，在相同出口马赫数下，随着雷诺数降低，壁面等熵马赫数发生变化，峰值马赫数有所降低。尾迹与分离区的相互作用，通过在分离区诱导卷起的旋涡，产生湍流以及Calmed区，抑制边界层分离。当雷诺数很低时，分离区与尾缘脱落旋涡的非定常现象需要在涡轮设计中给予关注。     

来流马赫数对附面层的影响

本文从附面层积分方程出发, 定性地分析了当表面压力系数 C_p分布相同时, 在保证Re数相等的条件下进口 Ma数对附面层发展的影响。并且用数值方法进行了模拟。与此同时用数值方法对由于表面曲率和自由流紊流度所引起的影响作出估计。结果表明; 在表面压力系数分布和 Re相同的情形下, 进口Ma数, 直到临界值附近时, 所引起的附面层的变化量是很小的, 一般在工程允许的误差范围之内。表面曲率所引起的变化同马赫数引起的变化相近, 而进口自由流紊流度引起的变化较之前两者较为明显。      

应用GAO-YONG湍流模式数值模拟三维激波/湍流边界层干扰

应用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式数值模拟了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰算例之一——单鳍流动.攻角20°,来流马赫数2.93,雷诺数9.8×105.对流项和扩散项分别采用Roe格式和二阶中心差分格式计算.Runge-Kutta显示时间推进方法求解了半离散的控制方程.包括壁面压力分布,边界层内流动偏移角等在内的计算值与试验数据进行了比较.准确地预测出了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰流场的主要流动特性——λ波结构,主分离涡核,膨胀区,滑移线等.计算与Alvi等提出的单鳍流动的理论模型符合很好,得到了平板表面压力以及分离线、再附线等在单鳍流动中所独有的半圆锥特性.      

来流湍流度对超高负荷低压涡轮附面层流动控制手段的影响

实验研究了表面粗糙度耦合上游尾迹的流动控制技术,分析了来流湍流度（FSTI）在流动控制过程中对叶片吸力面附面层分离、转捩特性的影响.实验发现:在速度峰值点至分离点之间布置粗糙高度与弦长之比为1.05×10-4的粗糙条带可以在来流湍流度为0.4%与2.2%的低雷诺数范围内降低叶型损失.在雷诺数为85000的状态下,FSTI影响了尾迹通过区、尾迹诱导转捩区及自然转捩区的附面层动量厚度,造成了叶型损失的差异,但FSTI对抑制区的影响较小.      

温度梯度对平板边界层转捩影响的数值模拟

为了研究温度梯度对边界层转捩的影响,在对有/无压力梯度的T3系列平板转捩实验进行数值模拟获得满意结果的基础上,对原型实验进行重新设计,以在平板边界层内形成不同温度梯度并进行数值模拟。计算结果表明随着温度梯度的增大,转捩位置向下游推延发生,平板相同位置边界层的形状参数和壁面切应力系数也相应大幅增高,边界层湍流脉动得到抑制,这是因为温度梯度形成的密度分层,湍流能量为了克服因为密度分层形成的法向浮力而被逐渐耗散,但是温度梯度对转捩影响与其它流动特性对转捩的影响相比较弱。     

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

A three-equation transition model with mechanical considerations

A three-equation transition model based on the transition V-model is proposed for subsonic flows in this study. Considering the mechanical approximation of the generation process of the pre-transitional vorticities, the value of laminar Reynolds shear stress related to the mean shear deformation was calculated in the original transition V-model. Then a new transition model, named V-SA model, was proposed, which considered the phenomenological process of transition and presented great results for flows with and without pressure gradient. It is well-known that the baseline Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model shows excellent performance of accuracy and robustness in plentiful flow cases, but it is important to predict boundary layer transition. The current model (V-SST) successfully couples the V-model to the SST turbulence model by introducing the effective turbulent viscosity and additional correction terms into the transport equations. A thorough evaluation of its ability to predict transition features is performed versus the well-documented flat plate of ERCOFTAC, including T3A and T3B without pressure gradient, T3L2 and T3L3 with semi-circular leading edge, the three-dimensional 6:1 prolate-spheroid under two angles of attack, and the NLR-7301 airfoil under different Mach numbers. Numerical results show that the current model has an attractive and superior performance in the simulation of boundary layer transition processes     

微吹气对湍流平板边界层流动特性的影响及其减阻机理

微吹气技术能够改变平板湍流流场结构,减小平板表面的摩擦阻力。采用直接数值模拟方法,计算了来流马赫数0.7条件下,流场流过光滑平板和NASA-PN2多孔平板表面两种情况,通过对比这两个算例的相关流场特征,验证了微吹气控制减阻的有效性,局部最大减阻率达到了45%,并且由于微吹气控制的"记忆"功能,减阻效果在微吹气流域下游仍会持续一段距离,增加了减阻区域的流向面积。壁湍流摩擦减阻的原因在于近壁区域出现了一个低速的"湍流斑",黏性底层厚度增加,速度型曲线被抬升。但与此同时,边界层内湍流速度脉动也得到了增强。进一步对流向脉动涡演化规律分析,发现微吹气对流向脉动涡发挥着多重作用。在增加流向脉动涡强度的同时,还使得流向涡团向远离壁面抬升,这样减小了流向涡与壁面之间直接作用。此外,微吹射流产生的冲击作用会在流向涡表面留下凹痕,使得流向涡分散成相对小的涡团结构。     

Prediction of Boundary Layer Transition Based on Modeling of Laminar Fluctuations Using RANS Approach

This article presents a linear eddy-viscosity turbulence model for predicting bypass and natural transition in boundary layers by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The model includes three transport equations, separately, to compute laminar kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate in a flow field. It needs neither correlations of intermittency factors nor knowledge of the transition onset. Two transition tests are carried out: flat plate boundary layer under zero ...     

后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展

应用激光测速仪对后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展进行了测量,得到时均流速、流向湍流度、平坦系数和偏斜系数等沿程分布。依据时均流速分布特性,得到分离区边界及再附点位置ｘ＿ｒ＝５．２ｈ＿ｓ（ｈ＿ｓ为台阶高度）,再附后湍流边界层恢复速度型相似的位置ｘ＿Ｔ＝１３．５ｈ＿ｓ。在详细分析湍流边界层区域时均及紊动特性的基础上,与光滑平板湍流边界层进行了比较。结果表明,除流速分布对数公式中积分常数较大外,无其它差别。此外,湍流边界层区存在尾流律,尾流参数π＝０．２９。     

来流湍流度及端壁效应对涡轮叶片上对流换热的影响

利用大尺寸低速开式叶栅风洞对涡轮叶片表面的对流换热进行了实验测量,叶片高度方向布置了3个测量位置,距端壁距离分别为5mm,30mm及150mm.重点对比研究了高来流湍流度、端壁效应及来流雷诺数对涡叶片中部及根部区的过渡起始点、过渡区长度及换热的影响。实验参数范围是:来流湍流度Tu=0.75～13.5%,来流雷诺数Re=60000～240000.      

Steady and unsteady numerical investigation of transitional shock-boundary-layer-interactions on a fan blade

The present numerical study was performed to investigate the impact of both the Reynolds number variation and the used turbulence model to capture the boundary layer development on the characteristic of a BR710 fan blade. A one-equation model of Spalart Allmaras with an optional semi-empirical transition model of Abu-Ghanam Shaw has been applied. The transition model allows the boundary layer development from a laminar to a turbulent behaviour to be taken into account. This is of particular importance at low Reynolds numbers and thus high operating altitudes of airplanes when the transition location moves further downstream to the trailing edge. Therefore the interaction between the shock waves of the transonic fan blade row and the boundary layer leads to a significant change of the characteristic. The steady numerical studies of the 3-D blade passage have been carried out with the commercial 3-D Navier–Stokes solver NUMECA. Additionally an unsteady calculation has been applied to explain the penalty in efficiency on high operating altitudes.     

湍流度和粗糙度对边界层转捩影响的研究

工程上计算边界层转捩位置,常用以线性稳定性理论为基础的e~N方法。实际上,层流边界层转捩受坏境因素(如湍流度T,粗糙度k和压力梯度等)影响较大。所以作为e~N方法的补充,须寻求一种能同时计算坏境因素影响的方法。现只有湍流模型方法能满足这种要求。     

Reynolds number effect on compressible cylindrical cavity flow

Presence of a cavity changes the mean and fluctuating pressure distributions inside and near the cavity. For cylindrical cavity flow, the diameter-to-depth ratio is the dominant factor. In this study, flow is naturally developed along a flat plate with two different lengths, resulting in different incoming boundary layer thicknesses ahead of the cavity. The effect of Reynolds number based on incoming boundary layer thickness on characteristics of mean and fluctuating pressure distributions is addressed. Pressure sensitive paint was also used to visualize the mean surface pressure patterns. The effect of Reynolds number on the classification of compressible cylindrical cavity flow and self-sustained oscillating frequency is not significant. An increase in Reynolds number results in a reduction in the value of differential pressure or momentum flux near the rear edge.     

壁面湍流模型对湍流分离流动数值模拟的影响

本文用三种近壁湍流模型计算了二个二维的湍流分离流动：单包流动和多包流动。结果表明：二层模型和低Reynolds数模型具有类似的特性。它们基本上给出合理的分离流动结构。壁函数的方法由于对数律的假定基本上不适合于计算湍流的分离流动。     

模型的转捩流动计算分析简

 为了在黏性流动数值模拟中实现边界层转捩的自动预测,将γ-Re_θt转捩模型引入到三维非结构混合网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程求解程序（HUNS3D）。该转捩模型由两个依赖当地变量定义的关于间歇因子和当地化转捩起始动量厚度雷诺数的输运方程组成,其数值求解算法与流场求解程序中湍流模型的求解方法相同。为了考察和验证HUNS3D程序中γ-Re_θt转捩模型对航空工程中的常见附面层自由转捩问题的预测精度,对低速平板流动、Aerospatial-A翼型、NLR 7301超临界翼型和NASA Trap wing 高升力构型等典型外形的自由转捩流动进行了计算,并将计算结果与相关试验结果进行了对比分析。算例结果表明：γ-Re_θt转捩模型对于转捩位置具有很好的敏感性,能比较准确地预测自然转捩和分离转捩,可以有效提高HUNS3D程序对实际流动的模拟能力和预测精度。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES OF LAMINAR SEPARATION FLOW OVER A BACKWARD FACING STEP

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＩＮＶＥＳＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＴＵＲＢＵＬＥＮＴＣＯＨＥＲＥＮＴＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＬＡＭＩＮＡＲＳＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＦＬＯＷＯＶＥＲＡＢＡＣＫＷＡＲＤＦＡＣＩＮＧＳＴＥＰＷａｎｇＪｉｎｊｕｎ；ＬｉａｎＱｉｘｉａｎｇ...     

GAO-YONG湍流模型对湍流传热的数值模拟

将GAO-YONG湍流模型应用于湍流传热的研究,分别计算了平板剪切湍流和二维平面冲击射流的湍流传热问题.边界层剪切湍流流动与换热的计算表明:与传统的湍流模型不同,GAO-YONG湍流模型不需要对近壁区域做任何特殊处理(比如壁面函数、低Reynolds数修正等)即可模拟出从壁面到主流区的全部流动与传热情况;另外,对于冲击射流Nusselt数的模拟也得到了与实验符合较好的计算结果,准确地捕捉到了2种冲击高度下流场换热的不同特征,表明了GAO-YONG湍流模型能够较高精度地计算湍流换热.