Statistics of Focused and Defocused Radar Maps

Coherent high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar systems achieve their range resolution by pulse compression and azimuth resolution by compression of naturally generated FM coding due to Doppler shifts as the aircraft flies by the target. If the data is left unprocessed, it is, in effect, a defocused map of the terrain. As such, it should exhibit less dynamic range than if the data is compressed. This paper describes an experimental study to verify the above conjecture. The results of this study indicate that if dynamic range of the data link is a problem, the radar data should be transmitted in its unprocessed form. This might very well be the case for planetary mapping by means of satellites.     

一种提高距离分辨率的FMCW SAR RD成像算法

调频连续波合成孔径雷达（FMCW SAR）是一种新近提出来的成像雷达体制,它结合调频连续波与合成孔径成像技术,具有体积小、重量轻、成本低、分辨率高等一系列优点。从频谱的角度进行分析,FMCW SAR的距离分辨率取决于频率测量分辨率。文章研究了一种FMCW SAR高距离分辨率成像算法——利用FFT得到差频信号谱峰的粗略范围,再对这一范围进行ChirpZ变换,从而实现距离高精度估计,并且避免了大的计算量。仿真结果表明该方法的有效性。     

Tracking considerations in selection of radar waveform for rangeand range-rate measurements

The conventional approach for tracking system design is to treat the detection and tracking subsystems as completely independent units. However, the two subsystems can be designed jointly to improve system (tracking) performance. It is known that different radar signal waveforms result in very different resolution cell shapes (for example, a rectangle versus an eccentric parallelogram) in the range/range-rate space, and that there are corresponding differences in overall tracking performance. We develop a framework for the analysis of this performance. An imperfect detection process, false alarms, target dynamics, and the matched filter sampling grid are all accounted for, using the Markov chain approach of Li and Bar-Shalom. The role of the grid is stressed, and it is seen that the measurement-extraction process from contiguous radar "hits" is very important. A number of conclusions are given, perhaps the most interesting of which is the corroboration in the new measurement space of Fitzgerald's result for delay-only (i.e., range) measurements, that a linear FM upsweep offers very good tracking performance     

基于高分辨距离间隔像的频率步进单脉冲雷达测角技术研究

 频率步进雷达合成高分辨距离像时对速度补偿的精度要求很高,而采用高分辨距离间隔像处理则可以大大降低这种要求。首先分析了高分辨距离间隔像成像的一些问题;然后阐述了基于高分辨距离间隔像的单脉冲雷达测角机理,并且提出了3 种过采样条件下的单脉冲雷达距离间隔像测角算法,进行了计算机仿真,结果表明距离间隔像交叉项选大测角方法性能优于其它两种方法。     

一种基于单部雷达的飞行器脱靶量测试方法

对单部雷达测量飞行器脱靶量所涉及到的雷达分辨力和多目标信息获取及处理进行了分析;结合实际靶场应用介绍了脱靶量数据处理方法;分析了脱靶量的测量误差,并给出了分析结果;本方法可最大限度地补偿掉系统误差,脱靶量测量误差主要来源于雷达本身测量精度。     

Measurement of Distributed Targets with the Random Signal Radar

A model of a distributed target as a collection of independent, Poisson distributed point scatterers or scattering centers in a range-velocity target space is introduced and is characterized by a deterministic function called the ?scatterer density function.? This function is the density of the point scatterers in the range-velocity space and can be estimated in a relatively straightforward manner by any radar having adequate resolution in both range and velocity and no ambiguities in the region occupied by the distributed target. The use of the random signal radar with a correlator receiver is considered here and the statistical properties of the correlator output, when the return signal is from a distributed target, are derived. It is shown that the spectral density is simply related to the scatterer density function. The technique is illustrated by an example in which the target is a tornado modeled as a cylinder with constant angular velocity. The example suggests that is a possible to remotely estimate the radar cross section per unit volume as a function of distance from the center of the tornado.     

Hard Limiting in Synthetic Aperture Signal Processing

In synthetic aperture radar a large linear phased array is formed from the rapid movement of a single element through each position in the array. Storage and coherent combining of the successive radar echoes are central to the array-forming process. Optical processing is the most common technique because of the efficiency with which Fourier transformation may be accomplished with simple optics. Real-time operation, however, requires all-electronic processing, which is difficult to accomplish because of the huge quantity of data to be manipulated. Dynamic range compression by hard limiting may ease the problem by reducing the number of bits per frame. The effects of hard limiting are analyzed in this paper. It is shown that large targets simultaneously illuminated by the radar antenna will produce image targets or ghosts displaced in angle. Statistically homogeneous clutter will "linearize" the hard-limited receiver and suppress the ghosts without loss in contrast, as does thermal noise if it is larger than the target echoes. Pulse compression reduces the probability of images from prominent targets. Judicious choice of the pulse-compression waveform is a powerful tool for destroying coherent buildup of images from all large targets not in the same range resolution cell. Linear FM, the most common choice, unfortunately does not exhibit this desirable property.     

Moving target detection via airborne HRR phased array radar

We study moving target detection in the presence of temporally and spatially correlated ground clutter for airborne high range resolution (HRR) phased array radar. We divide the HRR range profiles into large range segments to avoid the range migration problems that occur in the HRR radar data. Since each range segment contains a sequence of HRR range bins, no information is lost due to the division and hence no loss of resolution occurs. We show how to use a vector autoregressive (VAR) filtering technique to suppress the ground clutter. Then a moving target detector based on a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detection strategy is derived. The detection threshold is determined according to the desired false alarm rate, which is made possible via an asymptotic statistical analysis. After the target Doppler frequency and spatial signature vectors are estimated from the VAR-filtered data as if a target were present, a simple detection variable is computed and compared with the detection threshold to render a decision on the presence of a target. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed moving target detection algorithm     

A chirp scaling approach for processing squint mode SAR data

Image formation from squint mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is limited by image degradations caused by neglecting the range-variant filtering required by secondary range compression (SRC). Introduced here is a nonlinear FM chirp scaling, an extension of the chirp scaling algorithm, as an efficient and accurate approach to range variant SRC. Two methods of implementing the approach are described. The nonlinear FM filtering method is more accurate but adds a filtering step to the chirp scaling algorithm, although the extra computation is less than that of a time domain residual compression filter. The nonlinear FM pulse method consists of changing the phase modulation of the transmitted pulse, thus avoiding an increase in computation. Simulations show both methods significantly improve resolution width and sidelobe level, compared with existing SAR processors for squint angles above 10 deg for L-band and 20 deg for C-band     

A technique for enhanced slant range resolution for SAR systems inknowledge-based environment

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an airborne (or spaceborne) radar mapping technique for generating high resolution maps of surface target areas including terrain. High resolution is achieved by coherently combining the returns from a number of radar transmissions. The resolution of the images is determined by the parameters of the emissions, with more data giving greater resolution. A requirement of the Microwave Radar Division's SAR radar is to provide classification of targets. This paper presents a technique for enhancing slant range resolution in SAR images by dithering the carrier centre frequency of the transmitted signal. The procedure controls the radar waveforms so they will optimally perform the classification function, rather than provide an image of best quality. It is shown that a Knowledge-Based engineering approach to determining the waveform of the radar gives considerably improved performance as a classifier of targets (of large radar cross-section), even though the corresponding image is degraded     

海面舰船目标雷达距离高分辨特性测量

雷达距离高分辨特性,即目标的一维高分辨距离像特性,能够体现目标的形状及结构信息,且易获取,有利于对目标进行准确识别,这已成为目前雷达目标识别领域的一个重要研究方向。开展目标一维高分辨特性研究的一个重要基础是测量,因而通过测量目标的一维高分辨距离像并分析目标特性,对目标识别具有重大理论意义与实际应用价值。基于此,文章利用实验室现有全相参新体制雷达导引头目标测量平台,对海面舰船目标的距离高分辨特性进行了初步实测,获取了海面舰船的米级高分辨距离像,为今后深入开展海面舰船目标识别研究奠定了坚实基础。     

Radar target classification of commercial aircraft

With the increased availability of coherent wideband radars there has been a renewed interest in radar target recognition. A large bandwidth gives high resolution in range which means target discrimination may be possible. Coherence makes cross-range resolution and radar images possible. Some of the problems of classifying high resolution range profiles (HRRPs) are examined and simple preprocessing techniques which may aid subsequent target classification are investigated. These techniques are applied to HRRP data acquired at a local airport using the Microwave Radar Division (MRD) mobile radar facility It is found that Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 aircraft can be reliably distinguished over a range of aspect angles. This augers well for future target classification studies using HRRPs     

Ultrawideband radar special features & terminology

UWB radar has evolved in the fifteen years since DARPA proposed the present frequency-based definition. We suggest the UWB radar definition should reflect the physical features and practical applications. We propose a revised definition: an ultra wideband radar is a radar set which has a range resolution (/spl Delta/r) much smaller than the target length L along the radiated direction.     

FM Laser Noise Effects on Optical Doppler Radar Systems

A detailed analytical study is made of the effect of FM noise on a laser carrier frequency which is used in a Doppler radar. Both long-term drift and short-term FM noise are considered. The case of high modulation index of the noise is permitted by the theory. Forward as well as slanted beams are examined. Curves have been calculated for each case to allow rapid estimates of the bandwidth requirements to accomodate the laser noise. This, in turn, will give the resolution limit of the radar caused by that noise. A summary of the results is given.     

Models for Radar Scatterer Density in Terrain Images

Statistical models for the density of strong scatterers detected in high resolution radar images of rural terrain are presented. The probability distribution of the density of these natural terrain detections was found to be negative binomial. The variance of the negative binomial depended strongly on the window size used to measure the density. This dependence indicates that these detections, like those of a Poisson process, are locally uncorrelated, but have a slowly varying mean density whose correlation distance is 1 km or more. Negative binomial parameters were computed using over 200 km2 of terrain image for densities measured using windows sized from 75 m × 75 m to 375 m × 375 m. Average terrain detection densities of 10-3 and 10-4 per resolution cell were evaluated on images with resolutions of 7 and 28 ft.     

The untold Pearl Harbor radar story

Ever wonder what happened to the radar set that detected the Japanese aircraft before the raid on Pearl Harbor? This article reveals the fate of that SCR-270 radar set; describes some of the radar development background; and includes typical results of a World War II command, control and communications system that used the SCR-270 as its backbone radar. The SCR-270 was a radio-echo detection and direction finding set for locating aircraft. It operated by transmitting a short-duration pulse of high frequency radio waves, which would be reflected or re-radiated by any metallic or conducting surface within the field of the directive transmitting antenna; therefore, one or more aircraft within the antenna field appeared as a source of reflected radio waves. Rotating the antenna which also served as the receiving antenna, provided a means for determining the azimuth or direction of aircraft. The system measured the time it took a blip or reflected return from the target to appear on a cathode ray tube indicator, to give the distance or range to the detected aircraft. The maximum range of the radar was about 250 miles up to 50,000 feet under all atmospheric conditions including rain, mist, smoke or fog, and during daylight or darkness. The azimuth and range data supplied by the set permitted the plotting of the location of detected aircraft on maps. Major performance characteristics of the radar are provided in the included table     

自寻的导弹攻击机动目标的最优制导规律的研究及实现

提出一种适用于红外和雷达自寻的制导导弹的适应性强、制导精度高、易实现的最优制导规律。为解决工程实现的关键问题,提出了目标机动加速度模型。根据该模型并利用导弹导引头的AGC信号或雷达测距信号,给出了目标机动加速度、导弹与目标相对距离和距离变化率的估计算法。     

Removing autocorrelation sidelobes by overlaying orthogonal coding on any train of identical pulses

A coherent train of identical linear FM (LFM) pulses is used extensively in radar because of its good range and Doppler resolution. Its relatively high autocorrelation function (ACF) sidelobes are sometimes reduced through spectrum shaping (e.g., nonlinear FM, or intrapulse weighting on receive). We show how to completely remove most of the ACF sidelobes about the mainlobe peak, without any increase to the mainlobe width, by diversifying the pulses through overlaying them with orthonormal coding. A helpful byproduct of this design is reduced ACF recurrent lobes. The overlaid signal also results in reduced Doppler tolerance, which can be considered as a drawback for some applications. The method is applied to several trains of identical pulses (LFM and others) using several orthonormal codes. The effect on the three important properties of the radar signal: ACF, ambiguity function (AY), and frequency spectrum is presented. The effect on Doppler tolerance is studied, and implementation issues are discussed. The new design is also compared with complementary and sub-complementary pulse trains and is shown to be superior in many aspects.     

频率步进雷达数字信号处理

综述了频率步进雷达系统设计与信息处理中的主要问题,包括系统参数设计、目标抽取算法、与Chirp子脉冲的兼容性、与圆锥扫描体制的兼容性等等,并论述了不同情况下多普勒效应的影响及其解决方法,提出了相应的数字信号处理方案。     

一种基于高分辨率距离像自动目标识别新方法

提出了一种基于高分辨率距离像的联合对准与识别新方法。该方法结合功率变换的使用，在利用8米雷达目标实测数据进行的识别实验中，获得了较高的正确识别率。