Beispiele für den einsatz von Radar in der satelliten-fernerkundung

(Examples of the application of radar to remote sensing via satellite) Europe, the United States of America, Canada and Japan are planning future space missions which will carry Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems as key sensors for remote sensing purposes. These systems are dedicated to application areas which cover nearly all Earth sciences from oceanography to agriculture.This paper introduces the measurement principles. The main emphasis is put on the usefulness and limitations of these techniques. Examples from airborne measurements as well as space-borne missions much as SEASAT and SIR A (Shuttle Imaging Radar) are presented.     

Instrumentenentwicklungen für anwendungsaufgaben der fernerkundung photogrammetrie,geophysik und geodäsie

(Instrument Developments for Applications in Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, Geophysics and Geodesy) The Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Seanner MOMS-01, a CCD camera using the push-broom scanner principle, is presented in this paper in its flight configuration. This instrument will be the first European-built spaceborne unaging system for remote sensing applications (launch with Shuttle flight No. 7).Follow-on developments of this initial two-channel version are oriented to an extension of capabilities by a panchromatic high-resolution stereoscopic module for thematic mapping and two additional spectral channels in the reflective IR (up to 2.3 μm) offering a high interpretation potential for future earth resources exploration missions. Furthermore the subjects of advanced laser technology studies are introduced: A picosecond pulse laser system for detection of tectonic motions and for geodetic application, a CO laser for ultra precise range rate determination (Earth potential and Geoid) and a laser range finder for intersatellite distance measurements.     

Trajectories of in-plane periodic solutions of tethered satellite system projected on van der Pol planes

In this paper, in-plane periodic solutions for a dumbbell model in elliptic orbits are searched using bifurcation, and their trajectories are projected on the van der Pol planes. The trajectories projected on the van der Pol plane will be employed as a tool to predict when the control of delayed feedback control will need to act to maintain the periodic motions.     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.     

Biochemical and morphological stress-reactions in humans and animals in microgravity

This article is a literary review focused on the problem of the stress-effect of microgravity. Based on the all-round analysis of data from manned missions and space experiments with rats it is concluded that microgravity as a permanent factor of space flight does not produce an intense chronic stress in either humans or animals. On the other hand, microgravity is responsible for deconditioning of a number of vital systems and of the organism as a whole. On return to Earth, the deconditioned bodies of humans and animals exaggerate the usual terrestrial loads due to gravity forces and respond by acute gravitational stress.     

Voluntary head stabilization in space during trunk movements in weightlessness

The ability to voluntarily stabilize the head in space during lateral rhythmic oscillations of the trunk has been investigated during parabolic flights. Five healthy young subjects, who gave informed consent, were examined. The movements were performed with eyes open or eyes closed, either during phases of microgravity or phases of normal gravity. The main result to emerge from this study is that the head may be stabilized in space about the roll axis under microgravity conditions with, as well as without vision, despite the reduction of the vestibular afferent and the muscle proprioceptive inputs. Moreover, the absence of head stabilization about the yaw axis confirms that the degrees of freedom of the neck can be independently controlled, as it was previously shown [1]. These results seem to indicate that voluntary head stabilization does not depend crucially upon static vestibular afferents. Head stabilization in space may be in fact organized on the basis of either dynamic vestibular afferents or a postural body scheme.