Fluid and electrolyte alterations during prolonged hypokinesia

The physiological and biochemical systems that regulate the level of each electrolyte in blood and other endogenous fluids, and the balance between the consumption and loss of fluid and electrolytes and the total fluid and electrolyte content of the body are significantly affected during hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement). Among the known effects of HK, the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has drawn a great interest due to the higher fluid and electrolyte deficiency with higher than lower fluid and electrolyte consumption. The impossibility of the body to use fluid and electrolytes, after the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has been established, has drawn the greatest interest. The fluid shifting to the thoracic region and the daily body rehydration are considered as the most effective methods to counteract fluid and electrolyte changes. To this end, the objective of this review was to report some of the findings in the fluid and electrolyte deficiency and fluid and electrolyte loss with fluid and electrolyte deficiency during prolonged HK.     

Effect of fluid and salt supplementation on body hydration of athletes during prolonged hypokinesia

Body hydration decreases significantly during hypokinesia (HK) (diminished movement), but little is known about the effect of fluid and salt supplements (FSS) on body hydration during HK. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of FSS on body hydration during HK. Studies were done during 30 days pre HK period and 364 days HK period. Thirty male athletes aged 24.5 +/- 6.6 yr were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHKS) and supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHKS). Hypokinetic subjects were limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km day-1. The SHKS group took daily 30 ml of water/kg body weight and 0.1 g of sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body weight. Control subjects experienced no changes in their professional training and routine daily activities. Plasma volume (PV), urinary and plasma sodium (Na) and potassium (K), plasma osmolality, plasma protein, whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), plasma renin activity (PRA) plasma aldosterone (PA) levels, physical characteristics, food and fluid intakes were measured. Plasma osmolality, plasma protein, urinary and plasma Na and K, whole blood Hct and Hb, PRA and PA levels decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01), while PV and body weight increased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in the SHKS group when compared with the UHKS group and did not change when compared with the UACS group. Plasma osmolality, plasma protein, urinary and plasma Na and K, PRA and PA, whole blood Hb and Hct levels increased significantly (p < or = 0.01), while PV body weight, food and fluid intakes decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in UHKS group when compared with the SHKS and UACS groups. The measured parameters did not change in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values. It was shown that during HK body hydration decreased significantly, while during HK and FSS body hydration increased significantly. It was concluded that daily intake of FSS prevents the decrease of PV and blunts the increase of activity of the PRA and PA during prolonged HK.     

Effect of potassium and calcium loading on healthy subjects under hypokinesia and physical exercise with fluid and salt supplements

The objective of this investigation was to determine the acute responses to the electrolyte challenges under hypokinesia and physical exercise (PE) of different intensities with fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies were performed on 12 physically healthy male volunteers aged 19-24 years under 364 days of hypokinesia (decreased number of steps per day) with a set of PE with FSS. The volunteers were divided into two equal groups. The first group was subjected to a set of intensive PE and the second group was submitted to a set of moderate PE. Both groups of subjects consumed daily water and salt supplements that aimed to increase the body hydration level. For simulation of the hypokinetic effect all subjects were kept under an average of 3000 steps per day. Functional tests with a potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium lactate (Cal) load were performed during the hypokinetic period of 364 days and the 60-day, prehypokinetic period that served as control, while both groups of subjects consumed daily calcium and potassium supplements. The concentration of electrolyte and hormone levels in the blood and their excretion rate in urine were determined. Renal excretion of calcium and potassium and the blood concentration thereof increased markedly in both groups of subjects. With the potassium chloride load tests the increased potassium excretion was accompanied by higher aldosterone and insulin blood levels, and with the calcium lactate load tests the increased calcium excretion was accompanied by a decreased parathyroid content in the blood. FSS and PE, regardless of intensity, failed to attenuate calcium and potassium losses. Additional intake of KCl and Cal also failed to normalize potassium and calcium abnormalities. It was concluded that during the KCl and Cal loading tests, the increased losses of potassium and calcium in the hypokinetic subjects were due to the inability of their bodies to retain these electrolytes, and that electrolyte abnormalities could not be reversed by PE or rehydration in individuals subjected to prolonged restriction of motor activity.     

发动机点火过程中压强振荡对人工脱粘的冲击分析

针对固体火箭发动机点火过程,采用流固耦合的方法数值模拟了点火过程中发动机内流场以及药柱人工脱粘附近应力应变的变化情况.计算表明,点火初期发动机内部出现激波,并在药柱通道内振荡传播,随时间减弱为压强振荡.压强波动时人工脱粘缝隙的冲击会影响脱粘缝内流场的分布和应力应变,人工脱粘层尖端应力变化与升压梯度变化存在对应关系.激波对人工脱粘缝隙的冲击会引起装药明显变形,但是不会使缝隙增大.     

同心筒发射过程燃气射流冲击效应研究

为研究导弹发射过程中燃气射流对同心筒和弹体的热冲击和动力冲击效应,基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法,使用域动分层动网格方法,对同心筒发射过程含Al2O3颗粒的气-固两相流场进行了数值计算,得到了发射过程中流场的温度和压强分布情况,计算结果与试验数据的相对误差在允许范围内,表明文中所用计算模型是可靠的.发射过程中燃气射流对后盖的冲...     

Investigations of gravity effect on crystal growth. Achievements and prospects

Studies of growth of semiconductors and some other materials in microgravity are reviewed over the past 2 or 3 years.     

潜入喷管背部容腔对点火初期压强振荡影响的数值研究

为深入了解点火初期药柱表面的压强振荡情况,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对固体火箭发动机喷管堵盖打开前的点火增压过程进行了轴对称数值计算,探讨了潜入喷管背部容腔对压强振荡的影响.计算结果表明,发动机头部和背部容腔内压强振荡最为剧烈,压强峰值和升压梯度峰值随容腔体积的增加而递减.结论可为药柱裂纹的扩展研究及固体火箭发动...     

Changes in prevalence of subjective fatigue during 14-day 6° head-down bed rest

The present study examines the prevalence of subjective fatigue in young healthy males during 14 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) by using a multidimensional questionnaire. Forty-one subjects completed the Subjective Fatigue Scale questionnaire to assess the fatigue-related complaints and symptoms. The questionnaire is composed of three sections, with 10 items each. The sections measured drowsiness and dullness (Section 1), difficulty in concentration (Section 2), and the projection of physical disintegration (Section 3). The subjects answered simple questions between 1400 and 1700 on 6 measurement days before and during the HDBR period. The prevalence rate of low back pain was markedly high (80.5%) on the second day and more than 50% in the first half of the HDBR period, and any complaints related to either a lack of sleep or a deterioration in the quality of sleep continued until the end of the HDBR period. Our findings may be useful in developing preventive strategies against physical and mental fatigue associated with prolonged HDBR, horizontal bed rest, and microgravity environments.     

Postural control responses sitting on unstable board during visual stimulation.

Concerning with the relation of vection induced by the optokinetic stimulation and the body movement, especially we attended to the neck joint movement, which counteracted to the shoulder movement. Then, we analyzed the mechanisms of the sitting postural control by using the seesaw board. By the optokinetic stimulation through the head mounted display (H.M.D.), the vection was leaded, and it affected to the sway of the body on the seesaw board. In this experiment, we found that the movement of upper part of body except for the head was the same direction to the seesaw board but the head moved out of phase to the seesaw board. This phenomenon will be suggested that the unstable condition of sway is balanced by the counter swing of head and the neck muscle tonus is controlled by acting of the vestibulo-collic reflex.     

浅谈两课教学观念的转变与革新

本文对目前两课教学中存在的问题进行了分析,结合高等教育改革发展方向,重点探讨了两课 .教师教学观念的转变和革新问题,明确提出了两课教师应树立的几个新的教学观念,并对这些教学观念的内涵及贯彻方式进行了阐述.     

Plasma and urine catecholamine levels in cosmonauts during long-term stay on Space Station Salyut-7.

The activity of the sympathetic adrenal system in cosmonauts exposed to a stay in space lasting for about half a year has so far been studied only by measuring catecholamine levels in plasma and urine samples taken before space flight and after landing. The device "Plasma 01", specially designed for collecting and processing venous blood from subjects during space flight on board the station Salyut-7 rendered it possible for the first time to collect and freeze samples of blood from cosmonauts in the course of a long-term 237-day space flight. A physician-cosmonaut collected samples of blood and urine from two cosmonauts over the period of days 217-219 of their stay in space. The samples were transported to Earth frozen. As indicators of the sympathetic adrenal system activity, plasma and urine concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as urine levels of the catecholamine metabolites metanephrine, normetanephrine, and vanillylmandelic acid were determined before, during and after space flight. On days 217-219 of space flight plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were slightly increased, yet not substantially different from normal. During stress situations plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels usually exhibit a manifold increase. On days 217-219 of space flight norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in urine were comparable with pre-flight values and the levels of their metabolites were even significantly decreased. All the parameters studied, particularly plasma norepinephrine as well as urine norepinephrine, normetanephrine, and vanillylmandelic acid, reached the highest values 8 days after landing. The results obtained suggest that, in the period of days 217-219 of the cosmonauts stay in space in the state of weightlessness, the sympathetic adrenal system is either not activated at all or there is but a slight activation induced by specific activities of the cosmonauts, whereas in the process of re-adaptation after space flight on Earth this system is considerably more markedly activated.     

Statistical study of interplanetary condition effect on geomagnetic storms: 2. Variations of parameters

We investigate the behavior of mean values of the solar wind’s and interplanetary magnetic field’s (IMF) parameters and their absolute and relative variations during the magnetic storms generated by various types of the solar wind. In this paper, which is a continuation of paper [1], we, on the basis of the OMNI data archive for the period of 1976–2000, have analyzed 798 geomagnetic storms with D _st ≤ −50 nT and their interplanetary sources: corotating interaction regions CIR, compression regions Sheath before the interplanetary CMEs; magnetic clouds MC; “Pistons” Ejecta, and an uncertain type of a source. For the analysis the double superposed epoch analysis method was used, in which the instants of the magnetic storm onset and the minimum of the D _st index were taken as reference times. It is shown that the set of interplanetary sources of magnetic storms can be sub-divided into two basic groups according to their slowly and fast varying characteristics: (1) ICME (MC and Ejecta) and (2) CIR and Sheath. The mean values, the absolute and relative variations in MC and Ejecta for all parameters appeared to be either mean or lower than the mean value (the mean values of the electric field E _y and of the B _z component of IMF are higher in absolute value), while in CIR and Sheath they are higher than the mean value. High values of the relative density variation sN/〈N〉 are observed in MC. At the same time, the high values for relative variations of the velocity, B _z component, and IMF magnitude are observed in Sheath and CIR. No noticeable distinctions in the relationships between considered parameters for moderate and strong magnetic storms were observed.     

Cardiovascular reflexes during rest and exercise modified by gravitational stresses.

The hypotheses tested were whether variations in central venous pressure via the low pressure baroreceptors would take over or modify the arterial baroreceptor function, and further to which extent local and "whole body" hydrostatic stresses influence blood flow distribution. We investigated total forearm and skin blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography and 133-Xe clearance) and cardiac output (rebreathing method) among other parameters. Hypo- and hyper-gravitational stresses were simulated by LBNP, LBPP, water immersion and lowering of the arm. The changes in flow distribution in the arm were ascribed to arterial baroreceptor function and not to low pressure baroreceptor activity. The enhancement of venous return during water immersion increased exercise tolerance during heat stress presumably due both to increased stroke volume and decreased venous pooling. The response to sustained handgrip exercise during LBNP and LBPP was not different from control measurements and the effects explained by arterial baroreceptor function. Application of exercise and local hydrostatic stresses in combination with gravitational stresses represent an interesting model for further study of the mechanisms behind the distribution of cardiac output to the peripheral organs.     

Social and cultural issues during Shuttle/Mir space missions.

A number of interpersonal issues relevant to manned space missions have been identified from the literature. These include crew tension, cohesion, leadership, language and cultural factors, and displacement. Ground-based studies by others and us have clarified some of the parameters of these issues and have indicated ways in which they could be studied during actual space missions. In this paper, we summarize some of our findings related to social and cultural issues from a NASA-funded study conducted during several Shuttle/Mir space missions. We used standardized mood and group climate measures that were completed on a weekly basis by American and Russian crew and mission control subjects who participated in these missions. Our results indicated that American subjects reported more dissatisfaction with their interpersonal environment than their Russian counterparts, especially American astronauts. Mission control personnel were more dysphoric than crewmembers, but both groups were significantly less dysphoric than other work groups on Earth. Countermeasures based on our findings are discussed which can be applied to future multicultural space missions.     

一次火箭流量对RBCC性能影响的数值和实验研究

利用三维两相数值计算方法和地面直联试验系统,开展了不同来流速度下一次火箭流量变化对发动机性能的影响。数值研究结果表明,在不同来流条件下,一次流流量的增加对发动机推力和比冲的贡献不同,在低速条件时,一次火箭流量的增加对来流空气的加热以及缩短二次燃料的雾化蒸发时间和距离起着积极的作用,对性能的提高有一定作用;当来流速度较高时,过大一次流流量对流动通道产生了阻塞效应,造成对推力和比冲贡献作用的减小。试验结果验证了数值研究得到的规律,特别在高马赫数条件下,一次火箭流量的增加对推力和比冲的贡献是减小的,且飞行速度越高,这种贡献越小。无论低速还是高速来流条件,存在着一个优化的一次流流量,这对提高发动机性能有很大好处。     

NEPE推进剂粘接体系中的组分迁移及影响

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和等离子发射光谱(ICP),并结合粘接强度的变化,研究了NEPE推进剂粘接体系中组分的迁移及对粘接性能的影响.结果表明,NEPE推进剂中的硝酸酯和稳定剂向HTPB/TDI衬层中的迁移量,随氨基甲酸酯硬段含量的升高而增大;硝酸酯的迁移对衬层的粘接贮存性能无明显不利影响,但显著降低了HTPB/TDI衬层的力学贮存性能;NEPE推进剂中TPB的单向迁移降低了衬层/推进剂界面的粘接性能,稳定剂的单向迁移显著降低了界面的粘接贮存性能.     

有机硅与聚磷酸铵在环氧树脂基体中的协效阻燃性

通过将复配阻燃剂有机硅FCA-117引入聚磷酸铵阻燃环氧树脂体系制备了无卤阻燃环氧树脂,研究了有机硅与密胺包覆聚磷酸铵(MFAPP)的协效性对环氧树脂(EP)阻燃性能的影响。研究表明,FCA-117与MFAPP具有明显的协效阻燃作用。添加1%有机硅阻燃剂FCA-117,能够在减少5%MFAPP使用量的同时达到UL94-V0级,并能够降低MFAPP对环氧树脂力学性能带来的负面影响。热重分析(TGA)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明,FCA-117的加入可提高残炭量及炭层的性能。这主要是由于有机硅与MFAPP共同作用,在燃烧过程中生成了含有磷、硅元素的复合无机炭层,这种炭层强度更高、阻隔性更好,从而提升了材料的阻燃性能。     

对单脉冲雷达的遮盖性干扰效果评估

振幅和差法是单脉冲雷达常见的测角定向体制。在分析振幅和差式单脉冲雷达工作原理及遮盖性干扰原理的基础上,建立了基于振幅和差式单脉冲雷达的遮盖性干扰评估模型,并对建立的干扰模型进行了计算机仿真。仿真结果表明:在造成足够大的角度跟踪误差时,遮盖性干扰对振幅和差式单脉冲雷达具有较好的干扰效果。