美将发射探测器研究月尘

美国航空航天局（NASA）正计划用一个小型轨道器来研究月尘的秘密。称为“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”（LADEE）的该探测器将耗资8000万美元,拟搭乘发射另一个探测器的火箭飞向月球,发射时间是2011年。此次探测任务将持续100天,研究对象是月球非常稀薄的大气和无处不在的月尘。NASA正在推进重返月球计划,拟在2020年前让宇航员乘“牵牛星”着陆器重返月面。为此,对月球大气及其附着性很强的尘埃有清楚的认识至关重要。     

美国“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”

2013年9月613,NASA发射了“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”（LADEE）,用以验证新一代月地激光通信技术和探测月球大气、尘埃环境等。     

美月球探测器发射再次推迟

由于美国空军“宽带全球卫星通信”（WGS）2通信卫星发射推迟．美国航空航天局（NASA）已在4月初决定把其“月球侦察轨道器”（LRO）的发射时间推迟到不早于6月2日。LRO是NASA 2020年前利用“奥利安”飞船和“牵牛星”登月舱重返月球计划的一项先期探测任务．与其同时发射的还有一个称为“月坑观测与探测卫星”（LCROSS）的探测器．用于寻找水冰。LRO和WGS-2均要采用宇宙神5火箭在卡角空军站的同一座发射台发射。     

NASA推迟发射月球探测器

美国航空航天局（NASA）已将“月球侦察轨道器”（LRO）的发射时间推至2009年。作为重返月球的第一步，该探测器将为宇航员重登月球选取可能的着陆地点，原定今年12月初由宇宙神5火箭发射。NASA是在与美国空军就交换发射时机达成一致后做出推迟发射决定的。美国空军将利用LRO原定的发射时段发射其X-37B试验性可重复使用无人驾驶航天飞机。     

美发射两个月球引力探测器

德尔它2-7920H-10C型火箭9月10日在卡纳维拉尔角空军站发射了NASA两个“重力恢复与内部实验室”（GRAIL）月球探测器,即GRAIL—A和B。这是德尔它2火箭从卡角空军站进行的最后一次发射。发射曾因天气和技术问题推迟两天。这项任务旨在探测月球引力场的细节．以期制作迄今最精确的月球引力图。观测数据会有助于确定月球从月壳到月核的内部构造．     

美国发射月球探测器“重返月球”计划正式启动

据新华网报道,美国NASA2009年6月18日在佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角空军基地利用一枚宇宙神-5运载火箭将两个月球探测器发射升空,这标志着美国“重返月球”计划正式启动（见封2）。美国航天局的电视直播画面显示,美国东部时间18日17时32分（北京时间19日5时32分）,两个探测器——“月球勘测轨道器”（LRO）、“月球坑观测和遥感卫星”（LCROSS）,搭乘运载火箭腾空而起,开始了月球探测之旅。     

发射消息

联合发射联盟公司的德尔它2-7920H-10C型火箭9月10日在卡角空军站发射了NASA两个“重力恢复与内部实验室”（GRAIL）月球探测器,即GRAIL—A和B。这是德尔它2火箭从这里进行的最后一次发射。     

英国拟投资5200万美元研发月球探测器

2007年11月12日,据《国际飞行》报道,英国可能宣布一项价值高达5200万美元的计划,将研发一种英国机器人月球探测器。它也可用于英国科学技术应用委员会提议的“月光”（MoonLITE）或“月耙”（Moon Raker）任务,该轨道器将向月球表面发射钻探器。英国国家航天中心（BNSC）与美国NASA联合研究技术小组正在研究“月光”任务,     

美两个探月器将为月球基地选址并撞击月球

继日本、中国和印度2007～2008年相继发射月球探测卫星之后．美国航空航天局（NASA）又在2009年6月18日一举发射两个月球探测器．其中一个要对月球进行猛烈撞击。这将使全球月球探测活动愈演愈烈。     

NASA发射新的月球探测器

轨道科学公司的“人牛怪”5运载火箭9月6日深夜在NASA位于沃洛普斯岛上的沃洛普斯飞行设施发射了NASA的“月球大气与尘埃环境探测器”（LADEE）。这是“人牛怪”5火箭的首次发射，也是沃洛普斯飞行设施首次用来发射深空探测器。“人牛怪”5是“人牛怪”4的衍生型号，由退役弹道导弹改装而成，加装了一个上面级，以便能执行静地转移轨道和行星际发射任务。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。