预加热时间对低电离层预加热幅度调制的影响

基于电离层连续方程和能量方程,建立预加热模式下低电离层幅度调制加热理论模型,模拟大功率电波幅度调制电离层电导率和电流随时间的变化,分析预加热时间对幅度调制产生的极低频/甚低频（ELF/VLF）强度的影响.结果表明,低电离层中的电流能够被大功率电波有效调制,可以作为ELF/VLF电波的辐射源.预加热幅度调制模式在预加热时间较长时效果更明显.在考虑能耗的情况下,当有效辐射功率为200MW及高频波的调制频率f_ELF/VLF为1kHz时,预加热幅度调制模式辐射ELF/VLF加热0.1s时效果最好,强度可提高约7.95dB.     

VLF波从大气层到低电离层的传输特性分析

基于传播矩阵法计算了均匀半空间电离层的反透射系数, 同时解Booker复系数四次方程得到电离层的复折射指数, 分别研究了电离层反射透射系数及折射指数随VLF频段入射电波频率、入射角和地磁倾角、电离层电子浓度及碰撞频率的变化规律. 计算结果表明, 在VLF频段, 垂直电偶极子辐射的横磁(Traverse Magnetic)波更易透射进入电离层, 而水平电偶极子辐射的横电(Traverse Electric) 波易被限制在地-电离层波导内来回反射. 电离层电子密度较低时 (如夜间), 在高纬度地区, 观测到地震电离层VLF异常的概率更大. 当考虑地磁场 的影响时, 电离层将允许地震辐射的超低频(Ultra Low Frequency ,ULF)/甚低频 (Very Low Frequency, VLF)部分的电磁波透射进入电离层, 这一点已有很多卫星观测事实为证, 但其进一步的物理机制尚需深入研究.     

背景条件对低电离层预加热幅度调制的影响

基于电离层连续性方程和能量方程,建立了预加热模式下低电离层幅度调制加热理论模型,研究预加热阶段电离层电子密度和调制阶段电流随预加热时间的变化,探讨不同背景条件对幅度调制产生的极低频/甚低频（ELF/VLF）电磁波强度的影响.结果表明,预加热调制在90~100km高度效果较好,在夜间进行预加热调制激发的ELF/VLF强度增幅不明显,各季节中在春季调制强度增幅最大,太阳高年预加热调制比太阳低年的效果好,低纬地区强度增幅远大于中纬地区强度增幅.在一定加热条件下（有效辐射功率200MW,频率1kHz）,不同背景条件（除夜间外）下的预加热幅度调制模式在考虑能耗情况下,均在预加热10s时效果最好.     

日侧外磁层ULF波调制EMIC波的MMS观测

磁层多尺度卫星（MMS-1）在日侧06:30 MLT（磁地方时,Magnetic Local Time）外磁层大于2R_e（L 为 7.5~10.1）的范围内观测到多达21个波包的准周期性电磁离子回旋波（EMIC）事件。超低频（ULF）波和能量质子温度各向异性准周期性增强也被同步观测到。频率分析显示,ULF波的周期、质子各向异性周期和EMIC波包的周期非常接近。MMS-4卫星在约1 h后经过附近空间区域,研究发现随着ULF波的幅度减弱,EMIC波包的准周期性也逐渐减弱。研究结果为ULF波在日侧外磁层调制质子各向异性从而产生周期性EMIC波包提供了完整的观测证据链。同时,观测结果进一步证明,这种ULF波调制的EMIC波包能够在大于2R_e的空间尺度内发生,且能够持续存在于几个小时以上的时间尺度。     

新疆于田7.2 级地震前的电离层电磁扰动

利用法国DEMETER 卫星观测的电磁、等离子体等参量的观测数据分析了2008 年3 月21日新疆于田7.2 级地震前离子温度Ti、离子密度Ni、甚低频(VLF) 磁场等出现的异常变化. Ti分析显示震中区上空出现的突变信号在更大空间多次重复出现, 作为地震异常的信度不高. 通过多次重访轨道对比发现H+ 离子密度整体变化形态一致, 但夏秋季节的峰值变化幅度是冬春季节的1 倍. 通过把2008 年的数据与2007 年和2006 年同期的重访轨道数据进行对比, 发现2008 年在于田地震前1 个月左右Ni 在峰值区呈现了显著增强的变化趋势, 并一直持续到地震前, 2008 年2 月以后的峰值幅度是其他两年同期的~1 倍多. 对于磁场频谱数据, 抽取了震中区域上空2000 km 范围内多个轨道的单频(400 Hz)信息, 并在研究区域统一纬度空间(0~60°N) 进行了时间序列对比, 结果发现地震前2 日内震中区域上空400 Hz 谱密度增加了近一个数量级, 反映空间存在明显的VLF 电磁辐射现象. 对于3 月20 日极低频段(ELF) 三分量电磁场的矢量分析显示观测时段内存在一些左旋极化电磁信号, 反映了空间电离层离子密度变化伴随ELF 电磁辐射信息. 综合分析认为, 这次地震前各参量的变化过程与目前地震孕育及电离层耦合机理相吻合.     

基于FPGA的高性能电离层测高仪数控系统设计

为建立天地一体化电磁观测系统,实现电离层等的实时准确观测,为地震机理的研究与地震预报工作提供科学有效的数据,提出了一种高性能电离层测高仪数控系统设计方案将应用于电磁卫星的地面同步验证系统中,给出了数控系统的时序控制单元、发射单元和接收单元等的具体实现.在收发延迟可变的雷达时序控制下,发射单元利用直接数字合成技术产生1～30MHz的脉冲信号,40位类巴克码对脉冲信号进行二进制相位调制编码,随后交替发射正交极化波;接收单元利用高速模数转换器实现信号的数字化,采用FPGA技术进行下变频处理.本数控系统的设计可直接获取回波信号的极化信息,高度分辨率为1.5km,探测周期小于2min.实验结果表明,该数控系统方案切实可行.     

为预报地震探路的张衡-1卫星升空

正2018年2月2日,张衡-1电磁监测试验卫星(CSES)由长征-2D运载火箭从酒泉卫星发射中心成功送入太空。这次发射的张衡-1卫星是我国地震立体观测体系第一个天基平台,即首颗观测与地震活动相关电磁信息的卫星,也是我国地球物理场探测卫星计划的首发星。旨在建造全球电磁场和电离层监测平台,对我国及其周边地区开展电离层多种物理量动态准实时监测,使我国首次具备全疆域和全球三维地球物理场动态监测能力。张衡-1卫星将尝试开展地震电磁信息分析研究,探索地震电离层响应变化的信息特征及其机理,为地震观测     

玉树地震前的电离层异常现象分析

分析了玉树地震前地基电离层探测临界频率、GPS TEC和卫星探测原位等离子体参量等多个参数的扰动变化信息, 研究了不同高度异常变化的时空关联性. 分析发现, 在地震前一天的4月13日, 多个电离层参量出现同步扰动异常, 电离层临界频率f₀F₂异常相对滑动中值增大40%, 异常空间上存在从震中东南向西南漂移的特性; GPS TEC异常增强15TECU (1TECU=10¹⁶m^-2)左右, 分布于震中南部经度15°范围内, 且有明显的磁共轭效应; DEMETER观测的原位氧离子密度N_i(O⁺) 4月13日为1-4月中最强的一天, 异常分布偏向赤道区, 但仅局限在30°-50°左右的经度范围内. 综合三个参量的异常特征发现, 无论是空间的局地性还是时间上的密切关联均反映这次电离层扰动可能与玉树地震孕育有关. 结合其他观测信息, 进一步探讨了这次地震孕育过程的地震电离层耦合机理.     

VLF电波渗透到卫星高度电离层传播的全波计算

考虑斜向地磁场的影响将电离层设为多层水平分层各向异性有耗介质, 利用传播矩阵法求解全波方程, 进而研究分析VLF频段电离层反射系数随电波频率的变化, 电离层中两种特征极化波的折射和极化特性, 两特征波的电磁场水平分量以及坡印廷能流密度随传播高度的变化. 数值计算结果表明, 地—电离层波导中的垂直极化波比平行极化波易渗透进入电离层; 电离层中两种特征极化波可分为左旋和右旋圆极化波, 左旋分支由于D层强吸收作用表现为速衰减模, 而右旋分支表现为可传播模, 在传播过程中电磁波的能量主要存储在磁场中; 电波频率越低, 其在电离层中的传播损耗越小. 由数值模拟结果发现, 卫星监测VLF频段的低频部分及更低频段的水平磁场变化对于发现地震电离层电磁前兆异常可能更为有效.     

卫星上的VLF发射装置在海面上产生的场

星载的VLF/ELF发射装置用于对潜通讯时,天线是位于400km高度的电离层F层中的垂直线天线。在天线理想化为一个电偶极子,电离层理想化为一个均匀锐边界各向异性等离子体模型下,分析讨论了VLF发射装置在海面上产生的场。     

ULF/ELF ionospheric electric field and plasma perturbations related to Chile earthquakes

ULF/ELF electric field perturbations in the ionosphere have been widely observed by the satellites. In this paper, we develop a method of Logarithm Electric Field Intensity (LEFI) to automatically distinguish this kind of disturbances based on the spectrum intensity and its damping exponent with frequency in electromagnetic signals. This method is applied to DEMETER data processing around Chile earthquakes with magnitude larger than 6.0. It is found that 2/3 earthquakes have shown obvious ULF/ELF electric field perturbations in this region. The temporal and spatial distributions of electron density and temperature were compared with that of electric field, which proved the existence of irregularities above epicentral area. Finally, the coupling mechanism of earthquake-ionosphere is discussed based on multi-parameter analysis.     

Effects of variations of geomagnetic field on VLF waves induced by beating of two HF waves

Beat wave (BW) high frequency (HF) ionospheric heating experiments were conducted to generate very low frequency (VLF) waves. The VLF waves were registered with a VLF receiver located ～15?km east of the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) heating facility in Tromsø, Norway. A fluxgate magnetometer was used to monitor auroral electrojet current, and ionospheric conditions were measured using a Dynasonde. Correlation coefficients between VLF amplitudes and the deviation of geomagnetic north–south components were calculated. Experimental results show that strong and positive correlation exists the majority of the time, but sometimes no correlation or even a negative correlation occurred. This is consistent with similar past experiments that took place with exclusively AM generation. These results therefore support the conclusion that BW generation of VLF waves is no different than with AM, likely occurring in the D or lower E ionospheric region.     

VLF波渗透电离层传播计算研究进展

3~30kHz的甚低频（Very-Low-Frequency,VLF）电磁波对近地空间的高能粒子分布具有非常重要的作用.闪电和地面VLF通信台等VLF波主要辐射源产生的VLF波能够渗透进入电离层,并以哨声波模式继续传播至磁层与高能粒子发生相互作用.本文从VLF电磁波渗透电离层传播计算方法的发展、计算模型验证以及模型在电离层现象研究中的应用等方面对VLF波渗透进电离层之后的传播计算的研究进展进行综述,并对未来研究进行初步展望.     

Satellite launch vehicle effect on the Earth’s lower ionosphere: A case study

The effect of the rocket exhaust products on the D-region of the ionosphere is investigated with the help of Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The changes in the electron density profile are computed from the observed VLF signal amplitude perturbations about 3 dB during the rocket launch. We find a localized electron depletion in the lower ionosphere at an altitude of around 58 km, that is thought to be originated by the attachment of ionospheric ion and molecular hydrogen along with water molecule in the exhaust product of first stage burn of Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket at the time of GSLV launched from Sriharikota, India, on 27 August 2015 at 11:22 UT (16:52 IST). The ionospheric depletion perturbed the navigational VLF signal (VTX = 17 kHz) 134 s after the launch of the GSLV rocket.     

Current Status and Main Scientific Results of In-flight CSES Mission

The CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is the electromagnetism satellite of China's Zhangheng mission which is planned to launch a series of microsatellites within next 10 years in order to monitor the electromagnetic environment, gravitational field. The CSES 01 probe (also called ZH-1) was launched successfully on 2 February 2018, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre (China) and is expected to operate for 5 years in orbit. The second probe CSES 02 is going to be launched in 2022. The scientific objectives of CSES are to detect the electromagnetic field and waves, plasma and particles, for studying the seismic-associated disturbances. To meet the requirements of scientific objective, the satellite is designed to be in a sun-synchronous orbit with a high inclination of 97.4° at an altitude around 507 km. CSES carries nine scientific payloads including Search-coil magnetometer, Electric Field Detector, High precision Magnetometer, GNSS occultation Receiver, Plasma Analyzer, Langmuir Probe, two Energetic Particle Detectors (including an Italian one), and Tri-Band Transmitter. Up to now, CSES has been operating in orbit for 2 years with stable and reliable performance. By using all kinds of data acquired by CSES, we have undertaken a series of scientific researches in the field of global geomagnetic field re-building, the ionospheric variation environment, waves, and particle precipitations under disturbed space weather and earthquake activities, the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling mechanism research and so on.     

Study of GNSS-measured ionospheric total electron content variations generated by powerful HF-heating

The purpose of this work is to report the experimental evidences for the influence of perturbations in the electron density in the dayside mid-latitude ionosphere, that are caused by high-frequency heating of the F2 layer, on the GNSS signals. The experiments were carried out at the Sura heater (Radio Physical Research Institute, N. Novgorod). During the sessions of ionospheric heating with different time modulations of the radiated power the rays linking the navigational satellites with the ground receiver intersected the heated region. Variations in the total electron content (TEC) were studied; these variations are proportional to the reduced phases of navigational signals. It is shown that with the square-wave modulation of the radiated power (with periods of 1, 6, 10 and 15 min), perturbations with periods of the main modulation of heating and its harmonics appear in the spectrum of TEC variations. Examples are presented of identification of the heating-induced variations in TEC, including determination of the amplitudes and time characteristics of these variations.