Clutter Performance of Coherent Pulse Trains for Targets with Range Acceleration

The clutter performance of coherent pulse trains is examined when the duration of the pulse train is increased to values for which range acceleration effects must be taken into account. The problem of target detection against a clutter background with differential Doppler is studied in terms of the range acceleration effects on the conventional Doppler response. Specifically considered are the consequences on the sidelobe level and width of the main Doppler lobe. The analysis shows that the sidelobe level remains essentially unchanged when the range acceleration mismatch becomes significant. However, the main Doppler response broadens in proportion to the magnitude of the acceleration mismatch. Thus, an increase of the signal duration for better Doppler resolution is useful only until acceleration effects spread the Doppler spectrum of the clutter and eliminate the differential Doppler between targets and clutter.     

Statistical Analysis of Wide-Band Pseudorandom Matched Filter Sonars

A stochastic model of pseudorandom (PR) signals is adopted and a statistical analysis carried out of the velocity (i. e., Doppler) and acceleration tolerances of wide-band PR matched filter sonar systems. The reference functions for these correlation detection systems are considered to be time-compressed or time-expanded replicas of the transmitted signal. Results are derived for the case of a PR signal having a flat power spectral density over a finite bandwidth. It is shown that the velocity and acceleration tolerances are essentially independent of the signal bandwidth and that therefore the radar-derived expressions for the narrow-band tolerances can be extended to the wide-band sonar case. An interesting result is that the derived acceleration tolerance is approximately three times the widely used estimate that is based on the target remaining in the same Doppler channel over the integration time.     

GEO星弹双基SAR多普勒分辨率特性分析

通过对地球同步轨道（GEO）卫星运动特点的分析，阐明其对多普勒分辨率的影响。传统的双基合成孔径雷达（SAR）多普勒分辨率表达式由于不考虑雷达平台加速度矢量带来的影响，并不适用于GEO星弹双基SAR系统。根据收发平台的双曲线轨迹对目标的回波多普勒特性影响，首先利用梯度方法推导了GEO星弹双基SAR系统的多普勒分辨率表达式；随后详细地分析了GEO卫星与导弹的空间几何关系及多普勒参数，特别是加速度矢量对多普勒分辨率的影响。仿真结果验证了所推导多普勒分辨率表达式的有效性，其有助于双基SAR理论系统完整性的提高，为后续系统设计及应用实践提供理论支撑。     

Target tracking with a network of Doppler radars

By observing a Doppler signal at several points in space, it is possible to determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of a moving target. Parameter identification for a constant-acceleration motion model is studied, and the Cramer-Rao bound on motion parameter uncertainty is obtained for phaseand frequency-based estimation strategies, with the result that the preferred strategy depends upon the sensor/target geometry and target motion. Direct identification of the constant-acceleration trajectory model from the Doppler signal requires a 9-dimensional nonlinear optimization. Exploiting symmetry in the sensing geometry, a novel trajectory representation is presented which reduces the nonlinear optimization to one in 3 dimensions, with additional parameters obtained by linear identification. Baseball tracking using a network of four Doppler radars is experimentally demonstrated     

Resolution in Doppler and Acceleration with Coherent Pulse Trains

The resolution properties and clutter performance of a simultaneous Doppler and acceleration measurement are investigated in detail with particular emphasis given to coherent pulse trains. The analysis is based on the concept of a matched-filter receiver, although receiver weighting of the type that reduces Doppler sidelobes is also analyzed in detail. Near the main lobe of the acceleration response is a pedestal-ike sidelobe region, the height of which is about 1/N of the main response lobe power where N is the number of pulses in the train. The extent of this pedestal along the acceleration axis is proportional to N. The acceleration measurement in a clutter environment is best performed when both targets and clutter are confined to this pedestal region, since some response sidelobes outside of this region are extremely large.     

Matched-Filter Responses of the Linear FM Waveform

Although the properties of the linear FM signal have been studied previously in considerable detail, such studies have involved rather narrow aspects of the theory. This paper extends the work in several respects. By presenting three-dimensional projections of the conventional ambiguity function of the linear FM signal in more detail than was available before, we can study the sidelobe behavior off as well as on the axes, without weighting, with unilateral weighting in the receiver, and with bilateral weighting. These plots reveal interesting properties related to the signal symmetry in time and frequency. The matched-filter response is then extended to include Doppler distortions of the modulation function. The results show that Woodward's ambiguity function is valid only for signals with relatively modest sophistication, even though in most practical situations one is interested only in those undistorted parts of the matched-filter response in the vicinity of the delay axis. Plots of the response are presented for various degrees of distortion, for signals with and without weighting. Lastly, we consider the effects of a mismatch in range acceleration, again for the various cases of interest. The results convey a thorough insight into the properties of chirp radar under a broad range of operational conditions.     

基于SLDV技术的薄壁机匣三维全场模态测试方法

提出了基于扫描式激光多普勒测振(SLDV)技术的薄壁机匣模态测试方法,实现了薄壁机匣的三维全场振动测试。基于LDV(laser Doppler vibrometry)测试原理,建立了机匣结构分片三维激光测量方法和拼接技术,实现了三维激光测试数据的处理,准确识别出了机匣的各阶模态参数,并与传统加速度传感器获取的测试结果进行了相关性分析。分析结果显示:两种测试结果的模态振型NCO（normalized cross orthogonality）值均在0.9左右,频差较小,验证了薄壁机匣扫描式激光多普勒三维全场测试的可行性和优越性。      

Ambiguities in Spacebornene Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

Several aspects of range and azimuth (time delay and Doppler) ambiguities in spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are examined. An accurate method to evaluate the ratio of the intensities of the ambiguities to that of the signal is described. This method has been applied to the nominal SAR system on SEASAT and the variations of this ratio as a function of orbital latitude and attitude control error are discussed. It is also shown that the detailed range migration-azimuth phase history of an ambiguity is different from that of a signal. The images of ambiguities are, therefore, dispersed. Several examples of such dispersed images observed by the SEASAT SAR are presented. These dispersions are eliminated when the processing parameters are adjusted appropriately. Finally, a method is described which uses a set of multiple pulse repetition frequencies to determine the absolute values of the Doppler centroid frequencies for SARs with high carrier frequencies and relatively poor attitude measurements.     

Performance of pulse-pair method of Doppler estimation

Because of its simplicity, the pulse-pair method is usually used in the estimation of Doppler from backscattered acoustic signals. In the literature, various improvements to the basic pulse-pair estimate have been proposed. The statistics of these improved methods have also been derived using simplified assumptions for the signal and noise. By developing a multiplicative noise model for the backscatter signal, in this work, the variance of the Doppler estimate is derived under all signal scenarios. The dependency of the variance on the amplitude correlation length of the data is also discussed. It is demonstrated that the use of parabolic window in the estimate is the proper method of Doppler evaluation under all conditions     

应答机对称天线干涉对雷达信号影响分析

针对测速雷达在目标旋转时,由对称天线导致的下行信号干涉问题,通过理论分析远场条件下信号干涉合成方向图变化情况和双基微多普勒计算方法,提出了一种分析干涉区前后多普勒阶跃的方法。通过分析测速雷达记录数据中AGC(Automatic Gain Control,自动增益控制)电平、多普勒和综合误差电压,再利用小波变换和自相关方法,可以提取微多普勒信息和微多普勒周期。理论分析和数据验证可知,信号干涉区出现在对称天线中间±20°左右,雷达接收AGC电平在干涉区下降10~20dB,多普勒差分出现峰值,微多普勒在干涉区前后出现正负峰值,综合误差电压会显著增大。这些结论有利于认识干涉现象对测速设备接收信号的影响。     

Radar/Sonar Signal Design for Bounded Doppler Shifts

In many detection and estimation problems, Doppler frequency shifts are bounded. For clutter or multipath that is uniformly distributed in range and symmetrically distributed in Doppler shift relative to the signal, detectability of a point target or a communication signal is improved by minimizing the weighted volume of the magnitude-squared autoambiguity function. When clutter Doppler shifts are bounded, this volume is in a strip containing the range axis on the range-Doppler plane. For scattering function estimation, e.g., for weather radar, Doppler flow meters, and distributed target classifiers, it is again relevant to minimize ambiguity volume in a strip. Strip volume is minimized by using a pulse train, but such a signal has unacceptably large range sidelobes for most applications. Other waveforms that have relatively small sidelobe level within a strip on the range-Doppler plane, as well as small ambiguity volume in the strip, are obtained. The waveforms are composed of pulse pairs that are phase modulated with Golay complementary codes.     

Doppler ambiguity resolution using multiple PRF

An algorithm for velocity ambiguity resolution in coherent pulsed Doppler radar using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) is presented. It relies on the choice of particular values for the PRFs. The folded frequency of the target signal is obtained by averaging the folded frequency estimates for each PRF, and a quasi maximum likelihood criterion is maximized for ambiguity order estimation. The fast implementation of this nonambiguous estimation procedure is based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), The proposed waveform allows full exploitation of any (even) number of PRFs, which appears to be important for estimation improvement. The effects of the waveform parameters and the folded frequency estimation variance on the performance of the ambiguity order estimation procedure are evaluated theoretically and through computer simulations. Mean square error (MSE) curves are given to assess the Doppler frequency estimation accuracy. Finally, the new method is compared with a classical technique and the implementation of the algorithm in a clutter environment is addressed.     

Interference in Frequency-Locked Doppler Tracking Loops

The effects of interference on frequency-locked Doppler tracking loops are investigated. Conditions for jump from locking on the desired signal to locking on the interfering signal are established. Parasitic frequency modulation of the desired signal results when the other signal interferes with it. The index of this parasitic modulation as a function of the interference-to-desired signal amplitude ratio is computed. Both critical amplitude ratio and critical parasitic modulation index at the occurrence of jump are derived. Comparing frequency-locked loops with phase-locked loops with phase-locked loops in the presence of interference shows the former performs better for most cases of practical importance in Doppler tracking systems.     

Joint TDOA,FDOA and differential Doppler rate estimation: Method and its performance analysis

Considering the estimation accuracy reduction of Frequency Difference of Arrival(FDOA) caused by relative Doppler companding, a joint Time Difference of Arrival(TDOA),FDOA and differential Doppler rate estimation method is proposed and its Cramer-Rao low bound is derived in this paper.Firstly, second-order ambiguity function is utilized to reduce the dimensionality and estimate initial TDOA and differential Doppler rate.Secondly, the TDOA estimation is updated and FDOA is obtained using cross ambiguity function, in which relative Doppler companding is compensated by the existing differential Doppler rate.Thirdly, differential Doppler rate estimation is updated using cross estimator.Theoretical analysis on estimation variance and Cramer-Rao low bound shows that the final estimation of TDOA, FDOA and differential Doppler rate performs well at both low and high signal–noise ratio, although the initial estimation accuracy of TDOA and differential Doppler rate is relatively poor under low signal–noise ratio conditions.Simulation results finally verify the theoretical analysis and show that the proposed method can overcome relative Doppler companding problem and performs well for all TDOA, FDOA and differential Doppler rate estimation.     

涡扇发动机自适应加减速控制研究

针对涡扇发动机加减速过程特性参数变化大的不确定系统,提出一种带执行机构的涡扇发动机自适应加减速伺服控制设计方法。采用变阻尼修正的自适应控制规律,抑制了自适应加减速过程中的参数漂移。在自适应加减速控制算法中,设计目标是使被控对象的输出能够伺服跟踪任意加减速指令信号,这一指令与涡扇发动机加减速过程中对带有条件限制的指令要求一致,为使控制系统具有加减速伺服跟踪和对外界扰动信号抑制的能力,在控制回路中内嵌积分环节,实现闭环加速伺服跟踪鲁棒性能,结果表明:自适应控制适用于涡扇发动机过渡态控制。在仿真时,在系统中加入白噪声干扰的情况下,自适应参数被限制在±0.003的范围内,没有出现参数漂移现象;在快速加减速过程中,加减速燃油流量未出现大幅超调和下垂,加减速时间不超过4 s。     

差动式激光多普勒技术在冲击校准测试中的应用

本文介绍了利用差动式激光多普勒技术实现高加速冲击校准的原理、方法和实际的光学系统。     

Correspondence - Optimum Radar Signal for Detection in Clutter

It is shown that in order to maximize the detectability of a radar target in clutter whose Doppler is unknown and is uniformly distributed over the Doppler bandwidth a simple CW or narrowband signal is optimal. The optimality criterion is the average deflection coefficient, with the averaging being over target Doppler frequency. Most remarkably the result does not depend on the clutter spectrum but holds for any distribution of clutter energy with frequency.     

Delay-Doppler Ambiguity Function for Wideband Signals

The conventional ambiguity function is extended to include the Doppler distortions of the modulation function. The distinctive features of the extension are the use of the complex notation for wideband signals, and inclusion of the Doppler effect on the signal amplitude. The result is an ambiguity function from which Woodward's form can be found by inspection. It is shown that the well-known volume constraint also applies, in unchanged form, to the generalized ambiguity function. For the volume to be constant, it is not required that the distortions of the modulation function be neglected. Rather, the volume constancy is related to the sinusoidal fluctuations of a modulated carrier-type signal and thus is strictly a matter of the percentage bandwidth of the signal.     

弹载天线旋转对接收信号多普勒偏差的影响

由弹体自旋产生的弹载天线的旋转是引起地面测控站多普勒测速误差的一个重要因素.根据线极化信号接收原理,对弹载天线旋转条件下接收的左旋和右旋信号多普勒偏差进行了理论推导和分析.分析结果表明：左/右旋接收信号将产生幅度相等、极性相反的多普勒偏差,多普勒偏差的均值与弹载天线旋转速率在数值上相等,多普勒偏差的方差随着目标视线与天线转轴之间夹角的增大而增大.为验证理论分析结果,开展了天线转台模拟实验,实验测量得到的多普勒偏差的均值和方差与理论分析结果基本一致.最后,根据理论分析和模拟实验结果,提出在实际任务中,可采用左旋和右旋多普勒偏差均值差的一半分别对左/右旋信号的多普勒进行补偿,以减小弹载天线旋转对测速精度的影响.     

Radar/sonar acceleration estimation with linear-period modulatedwaveforms

Doppler and acceleration tolerance of wideband LPM/HFM (linear period-modulated, hyperbolic frequency-modulated) and linear frequency-modulated (FM) signals are compared. A bank of filters matched to frequency-shifted versions of a wideband LPM/HFM transmission system yields a joint maximum likelihood estimate of range and acceleration and avoids acceleration-induced degradation in detection performance. Analytical and neurophysiological results suggest that such processing can be used in bat echolocation for detection and classification of insect wing motion since wideband LFM waveforms are much less Doppler-tolerant than HFM waveforms but have greater acceleration tolerance