沟槽壁湍流多尺度相干结构实验研究

应用热线测速技术,对沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理进行了实验研究.测量了风洞中并排放置的沟槽壁面平板及光滑壁面平板湍流边界层在不同雷诺数下不同法向位置的瞬时流向、法向速度分量的时间序列信号.运用流向速度分量信号的多尺度子波系数辨识壁湍流多尺度相干结构,用条件采样和相位平均技术提取了壁湍流多尺度相干结构喷射和扫掠时流向速度分量、法向速度分量和雷诺应力分量的相位平均波形.分析了沟槽壁面平板及光滑壁面平板湍流边界层中多尺度相干结构的持续时间、条件相位平均波形等特征.对沟槽壁面平板及光滑壁面平板湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的多种统计平均特征进行了比较,从壁湍流多尺度相干结构控制的角度研究了沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层的减阻机理.      

壁湍流调制雷诺应力和拟序结构应变率空间形态的层析PIV实验研究

采用高时间分辨率的层析PIV技术,测量了水洞壁湍流三维速度分量空间分布的时间序列,应用局部平均速度结构函数概念对流向速度信号进行多尺度分解,以流向速度分量的局部平均速度结构函数过零点作为特征量检测壁湍流中拟序结构猝发的喷射和扫掠过程,应用空间相位平均技术提取拟序结构猝发的喷射和扫掠过程各速度分量、涡量分量、拟序结构速度应变率分量以及调制雷诺应力分量的空间相位平均拓扑形态。为了引入平衡态涡粘模型假设模拟调制雷诺应力,研究了拟序结构猝发过程中调制雷诺应力分量和速度变形率分量的空间分布形态,发现两者之间的空间相位分布不一致。由于存在时空相位不同步性,说明需要考虑大尺度拟序涡结构引起动量传递的时空弛豫效应。应用经典的线性平衡态下的Boussinesq涡粘模型不能准确地描述壁湍流拟序结构动量传递非平衡现象的物理机理。对于壁湍流拟序结构动力学方程中调制雷诺应力的模拟,应采用包含时空相位信息的复涡粘张量模型。由于雷诺应力与速度变形率的时空不同步性,对非平衡非局部湍流场的数值模拟提出了一个挑战性的问题,建议采用包含相位信息的复涡粘张量模型来模拟雷诺应力张量,从而更加符合雷诺应力演化的物理机理,这一模型有可能成为一个很有发展前景的封闭模型,从而更加准确地预测工业领域中广泛存在的非平衡湍流。     

湍流边界层相干结构空间拓扑形态的 层析TRPIV测量

用层析TRPIV(time-resolved paticle image velocimetry)技术精细测量了水洞中平板湍流边界层三分量速度的时空序列信号,提出了空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数的新概念描述湍流多尺度涡结构的空间拉伸、压缩、剪切变形和旋转.用空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数对湍流脉动速度进行了空间多尺度分解.用空间局部平均多尺度速度结构函数的新概念,根据湍流多尺度涡结构在空间流向的拉伸和压缩特征,提出了新的湍流相干结构条件采样方法,检测并提取了层析TRPIV数据中相干结构的“喷射”和“扫掠”事件中的速度、涡量等物理量的空间拓扑形态.发现在喷射和扫掠事件中均存在一对反向旋转的准流向“马蹄形”涡结构.      

槽道壁湍流的展向振荡电磁力减阻控制的PIV研究

壁湍流主要表现为条带和流向涡为主要特征的拟序结构和间歇性的湍流猝发事件,这些都会导致壁面阻力的增加,因此,为了实现减阻,需控制或消除壁面附近的流向涡进而抑制湍流的猝发。在该研究中,利用展向振荡电磁力对槽道湍流的近壁流向涡进行控制,以达到减阻的目的;并利用PIV测试系统对其进行了实验研究,讨论了这种电磁力的减阻效果及其减阻机理。结果表明：展向振荡电磁力具有减小壁面阻力的功能,其减阻机理为展向振荡的电磁力可以使条带倾斜,在流场中产生附加的负展向涡,导致近壁区域平均流向速度梯度的减小,因此,壁面阻力减小。     

An MTI Technique for Processing Radar Measurements of a Waking Reentry Body

A processing technique based on pulse-cancellation techniques familiar in moving target indicator (MTI) radar is proposed for separating (in Doppler) echoes of a reentry body traveling at hypersonic velocities from those of its lower velocity turbulent wake appearing in the same range cell. The cancellation technique is implemented by forming the sum of the products of binomial weighting coefficients of alternating sign with the complex echoes of a small number of closely spaced transmitted coherent pulses; thereby, in effect, synthesizing a digital canceler. The ability of the two-and three-pulse canceler to estimate body RCS in the presence of attached wake is demonstrated by employing coherent burst data collected by the AMRAD radar for a mission flown at the White Sands Missile Range. Estimates of body RCS obtained from the two-and three-pulse canceler compare favorably to the corresponding estimates obtained from a 30-pulse Doppler periodogram for this mission. Expressions for both the achievable wake rejection ratio and the mean and standard deviation of the body power estimate of the N-pulse canceler are derived as a function of the wake parameters, assuming Gaussian wake statistics.     

Transient Performance of Gyro in Spinning Spacecraft

Transient performance of a single-axis rate gyroscope mounted in a spacecraft which is spinning about the spin axis of the gyro is presented. Analytical expressions for various time-domain and frequency-domain specifications as functions of the spin rate of the vehicle are obtained. Numerical results are presented which are useful in selecting the gyro parameters if it is to be used for the measurements of the angular velocity in spinning space vehicles.     

On Signal and Noise Level Estimation in a Coherent PCM Channel

Joint maximum likelihood estimators are presented for the signal amplitude and noise power density in a coherent PCM channel with white Gaussian noise and a correlation receiver. The estimates are based upon the correlation coefficient outputs of the receiver. From these estimators, an estimator for the quantity (received signal energy)/bit/,(noise power)/(unit bandwidth) upon which the error probabilities depend, is derived. This estimator is shown to be useful as 1) a point estimator for the signal-to-noise ratio for the higher values of this ratio (about 4 dB or greater), and 2) an easily calculated statistic upon which to base data acceptance or rejection criteria. The acceptance or rejection levels are obtained by the use of confidence interval curves in conjunction with word error probability data.     

Optimum and Suboptimum Synchronizer for Binary FSK Communication Systems

This paper considers a binary frequency-shift-keying (FSK) communication system with an adaptive receiver. Partially coherent detection is accomplished exploiting phase and bit synchronization directly extracted from the information-bearing waveform. The optimum (maximum a posteriori probability criterion) estimators of the relevant channel parameters are found along with some suboptimum realizations. It turns out that these schemes are decision-directed tracking systems that may be implemented using standard circuitry.     

Passive localization of moving emitters using out-of-planemultipath

The purpose of this work is to establish how a moving emitter, such as a jammer, can be localized by a passive receiver through the use of out-of-plane multipath signals reflected by the terrain. This is a novel localization technique that assumes no a priori knowledge of the localization of the multipath sources. The emitter parameters of range, heading, velocity, and altitude are estimated by exploiting the correlation between the direct-path signal and the delayed and Doppler modulated signals. Two basis assumptions about the scattering properties of the terrain lead to different maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are used to study estimator performance versus emitter velocity for each case. The proposed estimators are successfully demonstrated using field data collected at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) during the DARPA/Navy Mountaintop program     

用子波系数概率密度函数研究湍流多尺度结构的间歇性

用热线风速仪在充分发展平板湍流边界层中测量流向速度信号的时间序列并进行湍流多尺度结构统计特性的实验研究。用热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向速度分量的时间序列信号,用子波分析对湍流脉动速度信号进行多尺度分解,将推广的自相似性(ESS)应用于子波分析。用子波系数的概率密度函数验证了多尺度相干结构对间歇性的影响,并证明与距壁面距离有关。对比研究了提取湍流边界层多尺度相干结构前后湍流多尺度结构函数间歇性的变化规律及概率密度函数的变化规律,验证了多尺度相干结构是湍流边界层产生奇异标度律的原因。当这些相干结构被分离出后,由子波系数计算的ESS标度律就回到K olm ogorov线性标度律,这一现象在整个湍流边界层都是很明显的。      

High Power Radar Implementation of Coherent Waveforms

The radar use of coherent burst waveforms to obtain clutter suppression is summarized and problems arising from the high power implementation of such waveforms are discussed. These problems arise from the nonlinear nature of the typical high power radar transmitter and result in loss of subpulse-to-subpulse amplitude and phase accuracies, causing clutter suppression degradation. adaptive control loop used to measure transmission errors and provide continuous updating to minimize such errors is proposed. Residual transmission errors resulting via use of the control loop are calculated and shown to have an insignificant effect upon the clutter suppression properties of the coherent waveform. Experimental verification of control loop performance is presented.     

湍流涡黏性模型方程中相位差的测量

基于理论上湍流相干结构复涡黏性模型对涡黏性系数的分析,应用热线测速技术测量了平板湍流边界层多尺度相干结构动力学方程中非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力分量与相干结构流向速度流向变形率之间的相位差。分析了湍流边界层相干结构猝发过程中,非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力分量与相干结构流向速度流向变形率之间的相位差沿湍流边界层法向的变化规律,为建立更加符合实际的湍流模型提供了实验依据。     

Multibaseline ATI-SAR for robust ocean surface velocity estimation

An open problem of along-track interferometry (ATI) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensing of ocean surface currents is the need of ancillary wind information for inversion of Doppler centroid measurements, that have to be compensated for the propagation velocity of advancing and/or receding Bragg scatterers. We propose three classes of estimators which exploit multibaseline (MB) ATI acquisition and Doppler resolution for robust data inversion under different degrees of a priori information about the wind direction and the value of the characteristic Bragg frequency. Performance analysis and comparison with conventional ATI show that the proposed MB estimators can produce accurate velocity estimates in the absence of detailed ancillary data.     

吹吸扰动控制猝发过程中雷诺应力的实验

采用热线测速技术和双丝边界层热线探针,在风洞中以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了平板湍流边界层施加不同频率周期性质量引射前后,不同流向和法向位置的瞬时流向、法向和展向速度分量的时间序列信号.采用流向脉动速度局部平均结构函数模极大值法检测了壁湍流猝发过程中拟序结构不同速度分量和雷诺应力分量的条件相位平均波形.发现在扰动源下游一定范围内,摩擦因数和雷诺应力幅值有所减小,扰动改变了法向或展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形的相位差,使其保持在π/2的奇数倍左右,此时雷诺应力几乎为0,改变了湍流边界层原有雷诺应力的产生和扩散输运机制,抑制了湍流雷诺应力的产生和输运.      

POD方法在风洞试验二维速度场分析中的应用

针对风洞试验二维速度流场,构建了正交分解与流场重构的数学模型。通过对鼓包背风面PIV瞬时速度流场进行分解,发现阶数越低的模态对原始流场的能量贡献率越大,代表了流场中的低频、大尺度流动结构;反之,阶数越高的模态对原始流场的能量贡献率越小,代表了流场中的高频、小尺度流场结构等信息。通过对流场进行低维重构,发现前4阶重构流场几乎不受一些小尺度旋涡的影响,很清晰地显示了流场的主要结构。     

双压电振子异步振动主动调制湍流边界层流向涡减阻

以热线敏感丝为感受器、单片机(MCU)为控制器、双压电振子为动作器构成闭环控制回路,实现闭环主动控制湍流边界层相干结构减阻。采用安装在壁面上的展向布置的双压电振子异步振动方式,通过对压电振子输入3种不同振动频率,得到160 Hz工况实现最大减阻率为16.03%。压电振子振动使得湍动能更大程度地集中在能量峰值周围,改变了湍流边界层近壁区的含能结构,对相干结构产生调制作用。压电振子振动频率与相干结构特征频率越接近,减阻效果越好。闭环控制中控制压电振子所需要的电能节省开环的75%,实现与开环控制相近的减阻效果。施加控制加入条件检测的条件相位平均波形时间周期略变短,以压电振子壁面扰动方式调制近壁流向涡,减小壁面摩擦阻力,获得减阻效果。      

三维槽道湍流的大涡模拟

利用大涡模拟方法模拟了雷诺数为13000的充分发展槽道湍流流动。为了比较网格和亚格子模型对计算结果的影响,采用了三种不同的网格数目,以及Smagorinsky模型和动力模型等两种亚格子模型,并与直接数值模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明,大涡模拟可以比较准确地给出速度分布、脉动速度均方根分布等湍流统计参数。在此基础上,对近壁区小尺度湍流结构进行了研究。     

Staggered Costas Signals

A radar signal, based on coherent processing of a train of staggered Costas bursts, is suggested and investigated. The selection of sequences of each burst is based on a minimum number of collocation of their individual ambiguity function sidelobe peaks. The resulting ambiguity function combines qualities of both "thumbtack" and "bed of nails" signals. Comparison with linear-FM, V-FM, and complementary phase coded (CPC) signals is given, as well as comparison with hybrid signals consisting of both phase and frequency coding.     

贴壁方柱湍流场TR—PIV实验研究

采用时变粒子图像速度场测试技术（TR—PIV）,对低速循环水槽中贴壁二维方柱绕流湍流场进行了细致的测量。通过对实验得到的30000个连续瞬态速度场进行分析,得到了时均速度场和流线图谱,以及流向、法向速度分量的脉动强度场和涡量场。此外,对脉动速度时序信号进行谱分析,得到了流场中低频大尺度相干结构脱落频率。通过对瞬态速度场的分析,揭示了贴壁方柱绕流的旋涡脱落及其发展过程。     

自由剪切层速度比对大尺度相干结构的影响

 自由剪切层的速度比对层中大尺度相干结构空间发展有重要影响。本文采用数值模拟方法对其进行了探讨,所得结果与稳定性理论结果及实验数据符合较好。