Asymptotically Optimum Sample Size for Quickest Detection

A method is presented for selecting the asymptotically optimum sample size M for detecting a sudden change in the statistics of an observed process. The test statistic is assumed to be a sum of M consecutive values of some single sample detector and the optimization criterion is to minimize the mean time to detection MD for a given mean time between false alarms MF. It is shown that for large MF and MD the solution can be expressed as a function of the single variable ?MF? (or alternatively ?MD?) where ? is a measure of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).     

Malfunction Detection System for Advanced Spacecraft

A design approach for a Malfunction Detection System (MDS) to beused on board a manned spacecraft is considered. This design is directed toward orbiting laboratory type vehicles, in which man will be subjected to hostile environments for extended periods of time. The prime purpose of the MDS will be to monitor and evaluate critical signals and display out-of-tolerance conditions. This paper initially discusses a mathematical model approach to a monitoring-system design. Another topic covered is the feasibility of using some value less than the specified tolerance as a signal ?test? limit. Finally, various design decisions and trade-offs involved in choosing a monitoring subsystem configuration are discussed, and the conclusion is that the approach is feasible and could be expanded to include other capabilities.     

Sliding Window Detection Probabilities

A method is proposed for computing sliding window detection probabilities which have applications in track-while-scan acquisition logic and radar detection theory. The sliding window probability is the probability of achieving m successes out of n consecutive events at least once by the Nth opportunity. Expressions are derived for these probabilities as a function of N and p (the per-event success probability) for 1 ? n ? 4 and m ? n. Tabulated results are presented for the mean and standard deviation of the detection delay associated with each m/n logic.     

一种新的广义Gamma分布下的SAR图像目标检测算法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像舰船目标检测中全局广义Gamma分布虚警数量较多的问题,文章采用了一种新的基于核密度估计(KDE)的广义Gamma分布下的SAR图像舰船目标检测算法。新的算法结合了SAR图像的强度分布和空间散布分布,形成新的组合分布。在组合分布的基础上,完成SAR图像目标检测。首先,介绍了广义Gamma的分布模型;然后,通过核密度估计的方法估计各像素点的散布分布,结合散布分布和强度分布形成组合分布,对组合分布采用SISE方程的方法估计广义Gamma分布的参数,根据确定的广义Gamma分布的表达式,求出阈值T的解析式。通过求解逆不完全Gamma函数得到检测阈值,进而完成舰船目标的检测。通过实测SAR图像检测实验,对比文章算法与双参数检测算法和基于广义Gamma分布检测算法,验证了该算法的适用性。     

基于地球红外背景模拟的 水云大气影响初步分析

为支持地球红外背景的模拟研究,以天基观测为前提,计算了2个大气窗口下,4个具有典型大气和地表特征的区域在水云大气下的路径透过率和各成分辐射亮度。通过相对变化比例,讨论了地球背景模拟中水云与地表的图像区分以及地域的影响。结果表明,水云对地球背景辐射传输影响显著:云层下方辐射会被强烈衰减,同时观测路径中的散射辐射大幅增强。在同一选定区域下,积云大气的观测路径亮度相对无云大气下变化最大,在相同水云类型条件下,大气散射和太阳散射亮度在不同区域区别较大,说明在模拟水云地球背景时不能忽略地域的影响。计算和分析结果可为地球背景模拟中的水云红外图像生成提供一定的数据基础和技术支持。     

电应力对电连接器的力电特性与腐蚀影响分析

为分析电应力对电连接器力电特性与腐蚀情况的影响,通过 Solidworks建立接触件三维模型,利用 ANSYS热电模块,分析电流对温度的改变量;然后,将热电模块与静力学模块耦合,分析电应力对接触件应变的变化;最后,通过 COMSOL电化学模块,分析电应力对接触件腐蚀的影响。结果显示,电流的增加对接触件的温度提升作用显著,电应力对接触件形变的改变较小,并且电应力越大,接触件镀层破损区域越容易腐蚀。电流对接触件的腐蚀具有促进作用,长期作用下,电流会使电连接器接触件发生形变,导致电气性能降低。     

低压室初始长度对火箭弹自力弹射出筒尾流场的影响

低压室初始长度的改变直接影响火箭弹自力弹射过程中低压室压强的建立，进而对弹射出筒过程中的尾流场产生影响。本文基于二维轴对称N-S方程建立了火箭弹自力弹射出筒尾流场的数值计算模型，采用动网格技术对弹射出筒的全过程进行了非定常数值计算。采用文中计算模型对超声速冲击射流试验进行了模拟，得到的流场结构与试验纹影图匹配良好；开展了自力弹射的实弹发射试验，仿真数据与试验数据的一致性较好，在此基础上分析了低压室初始长度对尾流场不同阶段的影响。结果表明，随低压室初始长度的增加，发射筒底部的第一个压强峰值增大；尾流场初始阶段震荡幅度增加且震荡时间延长；尾流场发展阶段内弹体的位移增量及速度增量减小，低压室压强峰值及峰值过后的压强下降速度减小；尾流场稳定阶段内弹体的位移增量及速度增量增加。     

基于样本熵的语音信号检测算法

船舶自身发出的巨大噪声,严重影响了通讯设备通讯端船舶工作者的正常语音交流和通讯,须要进行语音信号增强,将语音信号从背景噪声中检测分离出来。为此,文章在分析语音信号与船舶背景噪声信号时域序列复杂性基础上,提出基于信号序列样本熵的语音信号检测算法。该算法将含噪信号进行分帧后,首先计算每帧信号的样本熵,并根据自适应预设阈值对信号进行初始判断；然后,利用信号通常持续一定时间的连续性,对信号初始判断进行平滑,得到信号的最终判别类别,实现对语音信号的检测。经过大量实测实验数据的验证,环境噪声信号的辨别准确度为 90.33%,语音信号为 95.05%,该算法取得了较好的判别精度。     

Adaptive Radar Detection with Asymptotically Regulated False-Alarm Rate

An adaptive detection procedure is described by which the detection threshold is so adjusted as to provide an asymptotic false-alarm probability PFA that is approximately invariant with changes in radar clutter return amplitude probability density functions (pdf's) in a broad class. The class includes Rayleigh, chi, Weibull, and lognormal pdf's. The receiver noise is also taken into account. The clutter-plus-noise pdf is approximated by a truncated generalized Laguerre series, the coefficients of which are estimated from the radar returns using "cell averaging" techniques. This estimation is assumed to be perfect. The results obtained indicate that the "bias" error, defined as the normalized difference between the design PFA and the asymptotic PFA corresponding to the computed threshold, lies within a fraction of an order of magnitude for 10-3?PFA ? 10-6. For PFA ?10-6 the bias error is more than an order of magnitude. These results are for the case when a single independent radar return is processed at a time. The bias error decreases as the number of postdetection integrations of independent returns increases.     

Detection Results for Scanning Radars Employing Feedback Integration

A method is presented for the calculation of the detection probabilities for a scanning radar employing feedback integration. An equation is developed for the optimum feedbacd value? the equation holds for small and large sample sizes and for fluctuating and nonfluctuating targets. Then, a value for the antenna beam-shape factor is given which enables one to calculate detection probabilities.     

碰摩故障静电监测方法及模拟实验

针对航空发动机叶片碰摩故障难以实现在线监测的问题,展开基于静电感应原理的碰摩故障监测新方法研究。分析了碰摩颗粒产生与荷电机理,以静电传感器理论和点电荷感应信号特征为依据,建立了周期碰摩静电感应理论模型。研究结果表明:周期碰摩在静电传感器上的输出是一系列以碰摩频率为间隔的随频率增大幅值迅速衰减的周期离散谱线。为了验证模型的正确性,利用自行研制的静电传感器,采用模拟碰摩的方式进行了两组实验。第1组实验结果表明传感器可以监测到模拟碰摩故障产生的带电颗粒,碰摩阶段的信号活动率水平明显增大,但事件率没有出现明显的变化;第2组实验在信号频域出现了非常明显的特征频率及其二倍频,且二倍幅值频随频率增大迅速衰减,证明了模型的有效性。     

Exact Detection Probability for Partially Correlated Rayleigh Targets

The detection probability PD of a radar receiver which postdetection integrates N pulses of an expqnentially correlated signal from a Rayleigh target in thermal noise is determined. At the limiting correlation coefficients, p = 1 and p = 0, the analysis yields, respectively, the well known Swerling case 1 and case 2 formulas. The effect of partial (0 ? p ? 1) correlation is exhibited in a set of curves of PD versus signal-to-noise ratio, X, for various N and p. Additional curves compare the exact fluctuation loss determined from the above analysis with an approximate expression universally employed by radar system engineers.     

Data Quantization for Narrowband Signal Detection

In automatic radar detection, digital integration of the envelope detector outputs is often used as a good approximation to the optimum. This requires quantizing the envelope detector outputs. In this paper, quantizer structures for narrowband signal detection are considered. Quantizer characteristics are derived to optimize performance as measured by the detector efficacy?an asymptotic performance measure. Asymptotic and finite sample performance results are presented. The results obtained are not limited in their application to Gaussian noise only, although this important case is given specific consideration.     

Fatigue life prediction model of 2.5D woven composites at various temperatures

As one of the new structural layout in the family of woven composites, 2.5D Woven Composites(2.5D-WC) have recently attracted an increasing interest owing to its excellent properties, i.e. high specific strength and fatigue resistance, in the aerospace and automobile industry. Indepth understanding of the fatigue behavior of this material at un-ambient temperatures is critical for the engineering applications, especially in aero-engine field. Here, fatigue behavior of 2.5D-WC at different temperatures was numerically investigated based on the unit cell approach. Firstly, the unit cell model of 2.5D-WC was established using ANSYS software. Subsequently, the temperature-dependent fatigue life prediction model was built up. Finally, the fatigue lives alongside the damage evolution processes of 2.5D-WC at ambient temperature(20 ℃) and unambient temperature(180 ℃) were analyzed. The results show that numerical results are in good agreement with the relevant experimental results at 20 and 180 ℃. Fatigue behavior of 2.5D-WC is also sensitive to temperature, which is partially attributed to the mechanical properties of resin and the change of inclination angle of warp yarns. We hope that the proposed fatigue life prediction model and the findings could further promote the engineering application of 2.5D-WC, especially in aero-engine field.     

动态横向过载对固体火箭发动机内弹道的影响

为研究动态横向过载下固体火箭发动机（SRM）的内弹道特性，进行了某三组元复合推进剂在-50g～50g过载加速度下的燃速测量，结合Greatrix多参数模型建立了该推进剂的过载燃速模型；基于此模型，对管型内孔燃烧装药进行了横向过载下的燃面退移模拟，建立了动态横向过载下大长径比发动机的内弹道计算模型。结果表明：过载对该推进剂燃速影响存在一个角度阈值，负角度过载影响很小；瞬间一个横向过载会使燃烧室压强发生跃迁，在100g过载下，压强增加8%左右，过载消失，压强骤降；若受横向过载时间间隔一定，100g过载下导弹后作机动飞行（t=12～15 s）比先机动飞行（t=3～6 s）压强变化幅值小1%，对飞行更有利。     

Total Solar Irradiance: What Have We Learned from the Last Three Cycles and the Recent Minimum?

The record of total solar irradiance (TSI) during the past 35 years shows similarities of the three solar cycles, but also important differences. During the recent minimum with an unusually long periods with no sunspots, TSI was also extremely low, namely 25% of a typical cycle amplitude lower than in 1996. Together with the values during the previous minima this points to a long-term change related to the strength of solar activity. On the other hand, activity indices as the 10.7?cm radio flux (F10.7), the CaII and MgII indices and also the Ly-α irradiance, show a much smaller decrease. This means that proxy models for TSI based on the photometric sunspot index (PSI), and on e.g. MgII index to represent faculae and network have to be complemented by a further component for the long-term change. TSI values at minima are correlated with the simultaneous values of the open magnetic field of the Sun at 1 AU and thus, these values may be used as a surrogate for the long-term change component. Such a 4-component model explains almost 85% of the variance of TSI over the three solar cycles available. This result supports also the idea that the long-term change of TSI is not due to manifestations of surface magnetism as the solar cycle modulation, but due to a change of the global temperature of Sun modulated by the strength of activity—being lower during low activity. To explain the difference between the minima in 1996 and 2008 we need a change of only 0.25?K.     

Overall Detection Probability for Fluctuating and Nonfluctuating Target Models

The power selection of a search radar is best obtained in the framework of the overall detection probability concept. This concept is here applied to fluctuating target models for single- and multiple-scan detection. The approach combines the pulse train statistics over the detection interval to the mean target statistics over the search region and directly relates the overall detection probability POD to a single system parameter ?0, proportional to the transmitted power.     

基于深度卷积网络的SAR图像目标检测识别

在SAR图像解译应用领域,目标的自动检测与识别一直是该领域的研究重点和热点,也是该领域的研究难点。针对SAR图像的目标检测与识别方法一般由滤波、分割、特征提取和目标识别等多个相互独立的步骤组成。复杂的流程不仅限制了SAR图像目标检测识别的效率,多步骤处理也使模型的整体优化难以进行,进而制约了目标检测识别的精度。采用近几年在计算机视觉领域表现突出的深度学习方法来处理SAR图像的目标检测识别问题,通过使用CNN、Fast RCNN以及Faster RCNN等模型对MSTAR SAR公开数据集进行目标识别及目标检测实验,验证了卷积神经网络在SAR图像目标识别领域的有效性及高效性,为后续该领域的进一步研究应用奠定了基础。     

多传感器目标检测的性能评估（一）

通过对传感器性能分析，将ROC曲线予以量化，根据其几何意义导出传感器探测性能的评估模型，该模型是一个单一的量化指标，用观测量的概率均值和方差来评估传感器性能的优劣。