航空市场

诺·格公司获E-8C飞机补充合同 最近,诺斯罗普·格鲁门公司获得了E-8C联合监视目标攻击雷达系统（Joint STARS）飞机2.218亿美元生产合同中价值1.069亿美元的最后补充合同。该飞机计划于2004年3月交付空军。合同还涉及几个系统升级项目,包括用于实时连接定位海军目标数据AH-64“阿帕奇”直升机的增强型数据调制解调器。     

Spiking-free HGO-based DSC for flexible joint manipulator

The tracking control problem for Flexible Joint Manipulator Control System(FJMCS)with unmeasurable states is addressed in this paper. Firstly, a High-Gain Observer(HGO) is constructed to estimate the unmeasurable states and the uncertainties. Then, a Dynamic Surface Control(DSC) scheme is developed by using the estimation of HGO. The newly proposed controller has two advantages over the existing methods:(A) a novel Spike Suppression Function(SSF) is developed to avoid the estimation spike proble...     

Resource saving based dwell time allocation and detection threshold optimization in an asynchronous distributed phased array radar network

The resource optimization plays an important role in an asynchronous Phased Array Radar Network(PARN) tracking multiple targets with Measurement Origin Uncertainty(MOU), i.e., considering the false alarms and missed detections. A Joint Dwell Time Allocation and Detection Threshold Optimization(JDTADTO) strategy is proposed for resource saving in this case. The Predicted Conditional Crame?r-Rao Lower Bound(PC-CRLB) with Bayesian Detector and Amplitude Information(BD-AI) is derived and adopted as ...     

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion with high angle of attack

Bifurcation analysis and stability design for aircraft longitudinal motion are investigated when the nonlinearity in flight dynamics takes place severely at high angle of attack regime. To predict the special nonlinear flight phenomena, bifurcation theory and continuation method are employed to systematically analyze the nonlinear motions. With the refinement of the flight dynamics for F-8 Crusader longitudinal motion, a framework is derived to identify the stationary bifurcation and dynamic bifurcation for high-dimensional system. Case study shows that the F-8longitudinal motion undergoes saddle node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, Zero-Hopf bifurcation and branch point bifurcation under certain conditions. Moreover, the Hopf bifurcation renders series of multiple frequency pitch oscillation phenomena, which deteriorate the flight control stability severely. To relieve the adverse effects of these phenomena, a stabilization control based on gain scheduling and polynomial fitting for F-8 longitudinal motion is presented to enlarge the flight envelope. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Aerodynamic design of three-stage vaneless counter-rotating turbine

An aerodynamic design criterion was discussed for the 1+3/2 counter-rotating turbine by analyzing the velocity triangles. There are 8 key aerodynamic parameters in the criterion, based on the consideration of aerodynamic efficiency and some strength requirements. Then, an aerodynamic design for the 1+3/2 counter-rotating turbine was made according to the criterion, and a three-dimensional simulation was conducted for it. Finally, the conclusions were obtained. The criterion containing 8 key aerodynamic parameters is verified rationally and the efficiency of the turbine reaches 91%. The aerodynamic characteristics of 1+3/2 counter-rotating turbine are mainly decided by the load coefficient, and due to an optimal power distribution coefficient of the low pressure turbine, the efficiency of the low pressure turbine can be best.     

Experimental study of ice accretion effects on aerodynamic performance of an NACA 23012 airfoil

In this paper,the effects of icing on an NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied.Experiments were applied on the clean airfoil,runback ice,horn ice,and spanwise ridge ice at a Reynolds number of 0.6 106 over angles of attack from 8° to 20°,and then results are compared.Generally,it is found that ice accretion on the airfoil can contribute to formation of a flow separation bubble on the upper surface downstream from the leading edge.In addition,it is made clear that spanwise ridge ice provides the greatest negative effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.In this case,the stall angle drops about 10° and the maximum lift coefficient reduces about50% which is hazardous for an airplane.While horn ice leads to a stall angle drop of about 4° and a maximum lift coefficient reduction to 21%,runback ice has the least effect on the flow pattern around the airfoil and the aerodynamic coefficients so as the stall angle decreases 2° and the maximum lift reduces about 8%.     

Electromagnetism and Absorptivity of the Modified Micro-coiled Chiral Carbon Fibers

Micro-coiled chiral carbon fibers are modified by nano-Ni. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） are used to compare the composition and morphology of the unmodified and the modified fibers. The results show that electromagnetism parameters of the modified are different from those of the unmodified. After modification by nano-Ni, the micro-coiled chiral carbon fibers have decreased permittivity and electrical loss. The permeability and magnetic loss of the modified carbon fibers become larger than those of the unmodified ones. Moreover, the modification of unmodified chiral carbon fibers into the modified is much like changing hollow electric windings into those with magnetic cores inside. The modifier intensifies the cross polarization of the chiral carbon fibers and makes the permittivity and the permeability get closer to each other which improves the matching performance and enhances absorbability of coatings. In the range of 6-18 GHz, the reflectivity of the coating is 6-8dB and the bandwidth is 12 GHz. The area density of the coating is below 3 kg/m^2.     

Deformation Behavior of Mg-8 wt%Li Alloy under High-speed Impact

Deformation behavior of the Mg-8 wt%Li alloy at high strain rate was studied by means of the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar （with strain rate of 10^3 s^-1）. It is found that shear localization proves to be the main damage mode for the alloy during dynamic loading. Strain and strain rate arc the two necessary parameters affecting the occurrence of deformation and shear bands. Deformation bands begin to form when the strain and strain rate reach 0.20 and 1 900 s^-1 respectively and will develop gradually with the strain rate increasing. Besides, deformation bands will transform into shear bands when the strain and strain rate reach above 0.25 and 3 500 s^-1 separately.     

Thermochemical non-equilibrium flow characteristics of high Mach number inlet in a wide operation range

The high-temperature non-equilibrium effect is a novel and significant issue in the flows over a high Mach number(above Mach 8) air-breathing vehicle. Thus, this study attempts to investigate the high-temperature non-equilibrium flows of a curved compression two-dimensional scramjet inlet at Mach 8 to 12 utilizing the two-dimensional non-equilibrium RANS calculations.Notably, the thermochemical non-equilibrium gas model can predict the actual high-temperature flows, and the numerical results of ...     

Deformation Behavior of Mg-8 wt%Li Alloy under High-speed Impact

Deformation behavior of the Mg-8 wt%Li alloy at high strain rate was studied by means of the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (with strain rate of 103 s-1). It is found that shear localization proves to be the main damage mode for the alloy during dynamic loading. Strain and strain rate are the two necessary parameters affecting the occurrence of deformation and shear bands. Deformation bands begin to form when the strain and strain rate reach 0.20 and 1 900 s-1 respectively and will develop gradually with the strain rate increasing. Be-sides, deformation bands will transform into shear bands when the strain and strain rate reach above 0.25 and 3 500 s-1 separately.     

A GROUND SIMULATION-INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR AVIONIC DEVICES

The paper discusses the system function, structure of hardware and software of the ground simulating testing system for airborne electronic devices; an example of a practical simulation and inspection system is given. The system connects different kinds of microcomputers as DIMENSION 68000. SDK86, TP80T to form a distributed simulation and inspection network through an 8-terminal optic fiber communication net. The system can imitate the signal of the radar of a motional object and the ARINC429 signal of the navigation subsystem and atmosphere subsystem. It can be directly connected to the airborne electronic devices, receiving and processing real-time data from the airborne electronic devices, storing the data, fulfilling error analysis, drawing curves of the motive objects, printing tables of various test parameters. The system is easy to operate with perfect functions. The technique index accomplished and appraisal of the system are also given.     

Thermal protection mechanism of heat pipe in leading edge under hypersonic conditions

Sharp local structure, like the leading edge of hypersonic aircraft, confronts a severe aerodynamic heating environment at a Mach number greater than 5. To eliminate the danger of a material failure, a semi-active thermal protection system is proposed by integrating a metallic heat pipe into the structure of the leading edge. An analytical heat-balance model is established from traditional aerodynamic theories, and then thermal and mechanical characteristics of the structure are studied at Mach number 6–8 for three refractory alloys, Inconel 625, C-103, and T-111. The feasibility of this simple analytical method as an initial design tool for hypersonic aircraft is assessed through numerical simulations using a finite element method. The results indicate that both the isothermal and the maximum temperatures fall but the von Mises stress increases with a longer design length of the leading edge. These two temperatures and the stress rise remarkably at a higher Mach number. Under all investigated hypersonic conditions, with a 3 mm leading edge radius and a0.15 m design length, the maximum stress exceeds the yield strength of Inconel 625 at Mach numbers greater than 6, which means a material failure. Moreover, both C-103 and T-111 meet all requirements at Mach number 6–8.     

Aerodynamic optimization and mechanism design of flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap

Trailing-edge flap is traditionally used to improve the takeoff and landing aerodynamic performance of aircraft.In order to improve flight efficiency during takeoff,cruise and landing states,the flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap is introduced,capable of changing its shape smoothly from 50% flap chord to the rear of the flap.Using a numerical simulation method for the case of the GA(W)-2 airfoil,the multi-objective optimization of the overlap,gap,deflection angle,and bending angle of the flap under takeoff and landing configurations is studied.The optimization results show that under takeoff configuration,the variable camber trailing-edge flap can increase lift coefficient by about 8% and lift-to-drag ratio by about 7% compared with the traditional flap at a takeoff angle of 8°.Under landing configuration,the flap can improve the lift coefficient at a stall angle of attack about 1.3%.Under cruise state,the flap helps to improve the lift-todrag ratio over a wide range of lift coefficients,and the maximum increment is about 30%.Finally,a corrugated structure–eccentric beam combination bending mechanism is introduced in this paper to bend the flap by rotating the eccentric beam.     

Material parameter modeling and solution technique using birth–death element for notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch

This paper seeks to outline a novel three-layer model and a new birth–death element solution technique to evaluate static strength of notched metallic panel repaired with bonded composite patch and to optimize material parameters. The higher order 3D, 8-node isotropic solid element and 8-node anisotropic layered solid element with three degrees of freedom per node are respectively implemented to model substrate panel, adhesive layer and composite patch to establish three-layer model of repaired panel. The new solving technique based on birth–death element is developed to allow solution of the stress pattern of repaired panel for identifying failure mode. The new model and its solution are used to model failure mode and residual strength of repaired panel, and the obtained results have a good agreement with the experimental findings. Finally, the influences of material parameter of adhesive layer and composite patch on the residual strength of repaired panel are investigated for optimizing material properties to meet operational and environmental constraints.     

Effects of Shot Peening Process on Thermal Cycling Lifetime of TBCs Prepared by EB-PVD

Conventional two-layered thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) with ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 (8YSZ) as top coat and CoCrAlY as bond coat on disk-shaped Ni based super-alloy. In this paper, three kinds of shot peening process with different lengths of operating time were adopted for bond coating. As a result, changes took place in its sur- face roughness and the surface micro-hardness. A thermal cycling test at 1 273 K×55 min and another at room temperature for 5 min were performed to study the effects of shot peening process on the thermal cycling lifetime of TBCs. It is found that a moderate shot peening process will be able to prolong the life time. The oxidation dynamic of the as-processed TBCs basically accords with the para- bolic rule, and the oxidation test also attests to the spallation between YSZ and thermal growth oxide (TGO) responsible mainly for the failure of TBCs.     

Flow field and pressure loss analysis of junction and its structure optimization of aircraft hydraulic pipe system

The flow field in junction is complicated due to the ripple property of oil flow velocity and different frequencies of two pumps in aircraft. In this study, the flow fields of T-junction and Y-junction were analyzed using shear stress transport (SST) model in ANSYS/CFX software. The simulation results identified the variation rule of velocity peak in T-junction with different frequencies and phase-differences, meanwhile, the eddy and velocity shock existed in the corner of the T-junction, and the limit working state was obtained. Although the eddy disappeared in Y-junction, the velocity shock and pressure loss were still too big. To address these faults, an arc-junction was designed. Based on the flow fields of arc-junction, the eddy in the junction corner disappeared and the maximum of velocity peak declined compared to T-and Y-junction. Additionally, 8 series of arc-junction with different radiuses were tested to get the variation rule of velocity peak. Through the computation of the pressure loss of three junctions, the arc-junction had a lowest loss value, and its pressure loss reached the minimum value when the curvature radius is 35.42 mm, meanwhile, the velocity shock has decreased in a low phase.     

An experimental investigation on static directiona stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack(typically 20–30°). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0° to 46° and sideslip angles from-8° to 8°. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instability of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the windward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yawing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand,the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

An experimental investigation on static directional stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack (typically 20–30?). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0? to 46? and sideslip angles from ?8? to 8?. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instabil-ity of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the wind-ward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yaw-ing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand, the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

On-orbit real-time robust cooperative target identification in complex background

Cooperative target identification is the prerequisite for the relative position and orientation measurement between the space robot arm and the to-be-arrested object. We propose an onorbit real-time robust algorithm for cooperative target identification in complex background using the features of circle and lines. It first extracts only the interested edges in the target image using an adaptive threshold and refines them to about single-pixel-width with improved non-maximum suppression. Adapting a novel tracking approach, edge segments changing smoothly in tangential directions are obtained. With a small amount of calculation, large numbers of invalid edges are removed. From the few remained edges, valid circular arcs are extracted and reassembled to obtain circles according to a reliable criterion. Finally, the target is identified if there are certain numbers of straight lines whose relative positions with the circle match the known target pattern. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies the cooperative target within the range of 0.3–1.5 m under complex background at the speed of 8 frames per second, regardless of lighting condition and target attitude. The proposed algorithm is very suitable for real-time visual measurement of space robot arm because of its robustness and small memory requirement.     

Electron Beam-Physical Vapor Deposited TiAl-based Laminated Composite Sheet with Nb Layer Toughening

The TiAl-based laminated composite sheet of 150mm×100 mm×0.2mm, with 24 TiAl layers and 23 Nb layers laid alternately one on another, was successfully fabricated using the electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) method. The microstructure and properties of the sheet were investigated on an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a tensile testing machine. The results indicate that the evenly distributed Nb layers are well joined with the TiAl layers, and the interfaces between layers are transparent, and every interlayer spacing is of about 8 μm. The fractures appear to be a mixture of intergranular fractures and somewhat ductile quasi-cleavage ones. Despite its slight influence on ultimate tensile strength, the inserts of Nb layers efficiently in-crease the room temperature ductility of TiAl-based alloys due to the crack deflection effect.