"安加拉"系列运载火箭

为了适应未来的空间运输发射市场的需求 ,俄罗斯赫鲁尼切夫国家研究与生产空间中心研制了新一代运载火箭——“安加拉” (Angara)系列运载火箭。近年来 ,由于世界航天发射市场呈现了激烈的竞争格局 ,“提高运载火箭的性能与可靠性 ,同时降低研制成本与发射价格”就成了世界上各主要运载火箭制造商们开发新产品的主要设计目标。根据这个目标 ,运载火箭制造商们研制了一系列新型运载火箭。目前正处在研制阶段的有 :波音公司的德尔他 - 4、洛克希德 -马丁公司的宇宙神 - 5、阿里安空间公司的阿里安 - 5改进型运载火箭 ,以及其他一些可重复使用…     

面向开发过程的产品结构形式化建模

为满足开发过程产品结构数据的动态结构配置、动态任务协作、动态目标求解、动态状态跟踪等应用需要,在对开发过程产品结构属性及其相互关系进行分析的基础上,提出了一种面向开发过程应用的产品结构形式化模型.结合产品开发活动的时域行为特征,给出了产品结构的时域定义,并以此为基础构建了产品结构模型的时域扩展定义.通过分析产品状态与开发任务时域行为的映射关系,在产品结构时域扩展定义的基础上,提出了基于时间截面的开发过程产品结构状态追踪方案及算法,并通过模拟产品对象在开发过程中的状态变迁过程,验证了模型及相关应用方案的实用性和有效性.      

模型识别在化学电源中的应用

文中详细介绍了用单纯形搜索法进行模型识别,特别是参数估计的原理,并以7N KOH溶液中Ag_2O电极的频率特性为例,对建模的实验设计、可能的模型结构分析、目标函数的计算、单纯形搜索法的程序编制以及模型结构和待估参数的确定,进行了详细具体的讨论。我们的工作表明:用单纯形搜索法进行电池(或电极过程)的模型识别是切实可行的,它为今后改进宇航用化学电源的性能和寿命,开发新的化学电源系列的研究,提供了有力的手段。     

飞机界面设计颜色匹配性

针对飞机显示界面设计中存在的问题,开发了一个用于工效学实验的飞行信息显示界面仿真模型.以该模型为背景开展实验,综合使用主观和客观测量方法对不同颜色匹配特性进行了研究.以反应时间作为绩效评价指标,并利用模糊数学的方法对主观数据进行处理.实验得到以下主要结果:确定了不同背景色和目标色匹配的辨识快慢顺序和喜好程度;不同颜色匹配的作业绩效和喜好程度不全相一致;白色/红色、棕色/黄色、暗灰/蓝色、黑色/淡绿、白色/蓝色较适宜作为背景/目标色组合,白色/黄色、黑色/蓝色则不适宜.     

整数型机队规划模型及其应用

本文从我国国情出发,针对某地区民航运输及支线开发的实际情况,构造了以飞行航班作为决策变量的整数型多目标机队规划模型,阐述了求解该模型的基本思路,并采用MIP(Mixed Integral Programming)通用程序,对模型在多种情况下进行了求解,所得结果及其分析可供有关部门参考。建立的模型简单、实用,便于推广应用。     

基于STK的空间目标可见光散射特性建模与仿真

为给天基光学观测系统的设计和性能研究提供数据支持, 建立了基于STK的天基 探测空间目标等效星等计算模型. 选用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)五参量计算模 型, 分析了空间目标面元的可见光散射特性; 根据目标几何结构尺寸和物性参 量等建立目标几何模型, 对该模型进行面元划分, 推导了空间目标在天基观测 系统入瞳处的等效星等计算公式; 结合卫星工具包(STK)提供的太阳、目标卫 星、观测卫星三者的关系数据, 建立了基于STK的易于求解的目标星等计算模 型, 对此模型进行实例仿真和分析, 并与漫反射计算模型进行比较. 结果表 明BRDF模型得到的辐照度曲线比漫反射模型更曲折且存在峰值现象, 更符合 目标表面材料的实际特性, 此外, 与STK的结合运用, 使其可更加方便快捷地获得目 标最佳观测时段及相应的等效星等.      

OpenGL在红外辐射计算中的应用

提出一种将OpenGL应用在目标红外辐射特性计算中,从而实现目标红外辐射特性可视化计算的方法.由于OpenGL可用于构造三维模型,进行三维图形交互软件的开发;因而将其引入红外辐射特性计算中可解决复杂目标计算问题,而且图形硬件的消隐能力避免了遮挡计算并使计算以所见即所得的方式实现可视化.针对目标红外辐射特性中的自身辐射和目标对太阳光的反射部分,分别运用光照模型中发射光和漫反射的特性,以像素的颜色获取温度参数和法矢从而实现可视化计算.用一个简单标准体模型进行验证,计算结果表明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

基于交互式多模型鲁棒滤波的目标机动估计算法

针对雷达导引头的测量信息带有闪烁噪声的问题,研究了交互式多模型和鲁棒滤波在雷达导引头目标机动估计中的应用.采用Huber Based滤波理论改进高阶容积卡尔曼滤波,提出高阶容积鲁棒滤波算法,选取Singer模型、“当前”统计模型、常加速度模型作为目标机动模型,建立雷达导引头测量模型,结合交互式多模型算法框架,设计目标机动估计滤波器.蒙特卡洛数字仿真结果表明,所提算法的鲁棒性较强,与传统高斯滤波相比,所提算法对闪烁噪声具有更高的滤波精度.     

人体热调节系统数学模型

简要地介绍了人体热调节系统,综述了人体热调节系统数学模型的研究现状,从模型的人体结构表示、循环系统建模、模型的求解和维数等方面,对主要的人体热调节系统数学模型进行了比较,模型包括NASA的41节点人体模型及Kuznetz模型,Wissler模型, Werner模型及北京航空航天大学开发的几个人体热调节模型.对进一步的研究提出了某些观点与建议.      

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.