惯性平台新型金属橡胶减振器理论与实验研究

金属橡胶减振器（以下简称MRD）是为克服目前惯性平台常用橡胶减振器随时间老化这一致命弱点而开发研制的一种新型减振器，其在航空航天等军事领域具有广阔的应用前景，但目前主要依靠经验和试凑进行设计和加工，缺乏系统的理论基础。对其动态特性参数与工艺安装参数之间关系的研究在国内一直是个空白，对于这一动力学前沿课题的研究，具有重要的理论与工程应用价值。本文建立了MRD的力学模型，通过对其力学模型的分析与研究，给出了MRD系统非线性特征参数的参数识别方法；通过实验验证了其力学模型和参数识别方法的合理性。提出了MRD的特性参数与工艺安装参数关系的研究策略及其优化设计技术研究的主要内容。     

航天用新型金属橡胶减振器试验研究

金属橡胶减振器是一种新型减振器,它具有高阻尼特性和多自由度减振功能,能达到特殊的抗振需要.我们研制了一种用于航天仪器防振系统的仪表盘减振器,文章对其结构、刚度、阻尼、传递率进行了理论分析和计算.从动态分析表明,谊减振器各项指标,特别是抗冲击和随机振动性能,能很好的满足设计要求。     

带限位台阶的高阻尼橡胶减振器性能试验分析

航天工程中的有害振动可通过高阻尼橡胶减振器进行控制,但核心耗能单元和其他部件之间的连接容易失效。为了改进高阻尼橡胶减振器中阻尼材料和钢板的连接模式,使两者在较大变形下具有较高的机械连接性能,并且避免采用高温高压整体硫化的生产工艺,提出了一种带限位台阶的装配式高阻尼橡胶减振器。该减振器的阻尼材料和钢板之间采用常温胶黏连接模式,且在阻尼材料和钢板的连接边界面上设置了若干个具有一定高度的阶梯状限位台阶。对限位阶梯总高度分别为3 mm、4 mm、5 mm的3种不同装配式高阻尼橡胶减振器进行了不同加载频率和幅值的性能试验。试验结果表明:新型装配式高阻尼橡胶减振器在大变形下具有较强的耗能能力。带限位台阶的减振器和没有限位台阶的减振器相比,最大储能模量提高了22.3%,损耗因子提高了24.9%,且在较大位移幅值工况下,滞回曲线由原本的椭圆形变成类8字型,在保证较高阻尼力的同时使得滞回曲线所包络的面积增大,最大增幅可达588%。该新型减振器无需高温高压整体硫化,可以显著降低生产成本并提高生产效率,具有显著的性能优势和广泛的应用前景。     

航天计算机橡胶减振器的建模技术研究

有限元仿真提高了航天计算机结构设计的效率和准确性,但橡胶减振器的建模已成为航天计算机结构有限元仿真中的难点之一.基于材料现有试验数据或橡胶材料的已知材料参数,本文研究了减振器的两种建模方案:一种是基于橡胶减振器动态特性试验的弹簧-阻尼单元建模法,一种是本构模型建模法.并利用试验的方法验证两种建模方法的可行性,解决了计算...     

惯性平台新型金属橡胶减振器非线性特性分析

概述了金属橡胶材料的构成及特性。在简要介绍库仑摩擦阻尼产生机理的基础上，通过对于摩擦理想模型及线性双滞迟恢复力的分析，运用非线性振动理论中的谐波平衡法及傅立叶级数分析技巧，对含有位移三次非线性的粘性阻尼双线性滞迟隔振系统进行了研究；通过对不同参数下系统振动递率变化规律的分析，得出了一些有用的结论，为惯性平台新型金属橡胶减振器(以下简称MRD)的研制提供了理论依据。     

聚硫橡胶研制与工艺方法的研究

介绍了聚硫橡胶配方的选择、技术性能的测试、工艺方法的确定和要求，以及在使用中应注意的几个问题。该胶已在航天产品的红外光学系统和电子电气系统中得到应用。应用表明，该胶性能稳定，质量可靠。     

新一代航天电子系统现场总线及其应用

针对航天电子系统的特殊性，从航天电子系统现场总线技术的发展现状出发，结合现场总线技术的特点，分析了现场总线未来的发展方向。重点介绍了新一代航天电子系统现场总线——有限级联自动重构总线（FCARB）及其在某测量存储系统中的应用。测量存储系统可实现数据并发量10 M，时间同步精度750 ns，系统实时性260 ns。与传统的航天总线相比，新一代现场总线在自动重构、实时性、支持BIT模式、支持仪器总线等方面具有更高的性能，同时对用户更加友好，兼容性更强，能够适应高冲击、高动态等恶劣环境。     

航天光学遥感器MTF测试技术研究

调制传递函数（MTF）是航天光学遥感器重要的性能指标之一，MTF的测试是航天光学遥感器研制以及在轨运行性能监测的重要方面。文章对航天光学遥感器MTF测试方法进行理论分析，比较各种测试方法存在的优缺点。     

航天食品非一般的选择

航天食品 航天食品是供航天员在太空飞行中食用的食品。它是根据航天生活所处的特殊环境，结合航天员在太空的口味和消化吸收能力，以及特殊进食方式而精心研制的。因此，航天食品是为特定的环境下和特定的人群研制出的一种特殊食物。这种食品是根据合乎膳食标准的航天食谱制成的，其中包含人体每天所需的蛋白质、脂肪和醣等营养元素，并保证含有钙、磷、镁、钾等主要无机元素．还含有铁、锌、硒、碘等微量元素，以及两种脂溶性维生素（维生素A和E）和各种水溶性维生素（维生素B族和C等）。     

欧洲对《欧洲航天政策决议》的评价

2007年5月22日，由欧盟（EU）和欧洲航天局（ESA）共同组建的部长级机构——欧洲航天理事会举行会议，高度评价了《欧洲航天政策决议》。2007年6月26日，比利时Leuven Catho]ic大学（KUL）跨领域航天研究中心（ICSS）举行第6届航天政策工作组会议。发言者和与会者回顾了欧洲航天政策最近的进展，及将要面临的挑战。[第一段]     

航天器总装工艺专业内涵及体系地位简析

总装工艺在型号研制技术体系中处于至关重要的地位,既是技术体系的最底线,又是质量管理、综合调度、物流控制的综合交叉点。文章分析了总装工艺专业的内涵、外延以及专业现状,并给出提升总装工艺专业型号工程研制体系地位的建议。     

Study on passive momentum exchange landing gear using two-dimensional analysis

This paper discusses a landing response control system based on the momentum exchange principle for planetary exploration spacecraft. In the past, landing gear systems with cantilever designs that incorporate honeycomb materials to dissipate shock energy through plastic deformation have been used, but once tested before launch, the system cannot be used in a real mission. The sky crane system used for the Mars Science Laboratory by NASA can achieve a safe and precise landing, but it is highly complex. This paper introduces a momentum exchange impact damper (MEID) that absorbs the controlled object׳s momentum with extra masses called damper masses. The MEID is reusable, which makes it easy to ensure the landing gear׳s reliability. In this system, only passive elements such as springs are needed. A single-axis (SA) model has already been used to verify the effectiveness of MEIDs through simulations and experiments measuring the rebound height of the spacecraft. However, the SA model cannot address the rotational motion and tipping of the spacecraft. This paper presents a two-landing-gear-system (TLGS) model in which multiple MEIDs are equipped for two-dimensional analysis. Unlike in the authors׳ previous studies, in this study each MEID is launched when the corresponding landing gear lands and the MEIDs do not contain active actuators. This mechanism can be used to realize advanced control specifications, and it is simply compared with previous mechanisms including actuators, in which all of the MEIDs are launched simultaneously. If each MEID works when the corresponding gear lands, the rebound height of each gear can be minimized, and tipping can be prevented, as demonstrated by the results of our simulations.     

Applications of tuned mass dampers to improve performance of large space mirrors

In order for future imaging spacecraft to meet higher resolution imaging capability, it will be necessary to build large space telescopes with primary mirror diameters that range from 10 m to 20 m and do so with nanometer surface accuracy. Due to launch vehicle mass and volume constraints, these mirrors have to be deployable and lightweight, such as segmented mirrors using active optics to correct mirror surfaces with closed loop control. As a part of this work, system identification tests revealed that dynamic disturbances inherent in a laboratory environment are significant enough to degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Research was performed at the Naval Postgraduate School to identify the vibration modes most affecting the optical performance and evaluate different techniques to increase damping of those modes. Based on this work, tuned mass dampers (TMDs) were selected because of their simplicity in implementation and effectiveness in targeting specific modes. The selected damping mechanism was an eddy current damper where the damping and frequency of the damper could be easily changed. System identification of segments was performed to derive TMD specifications. Several configurations of the damper were evaluated, including the number and placement of TMDs, damping constant, and targeted structural modes. The final configuration consisted of two dampers located at the edge of each segment and resulted in 80% reduction in vibrations. The WFE for the system without dampers was 1.5 waves, with one TMD the WFE was 0.9 waves, and with two TMDs the WFE was 0.25 waves. This paper provides details of some of the work done in this area and includes theoretical predictions for optimum damping which were experimentally verified on a large aperture segmented system.     

可重复使用运载器的耐坠毁缓冲装置的设计优化

针对采用四腿式着陆支架的可重复使用运载器,提出一种油气-蜂窝两级缓冲的新型耐坠毁缓冲装置,常规油气缓冲器实现重复使用,危险工况下蜂窝缓冲器实现耐坠毁功能。建立了运载器着陆动力学模型,给出了运载器着陆的四种极限工况及铝蜂窝压溃载荷的求解方法,基于径向基(RBF)代理模型,采用多学科协同优化方法,对多工况下运载器两级缓冲装置设计参数进行了优化。结果表明,多学科协同优化方法有着较好的准确性,优化后运载器的最大过载和缓冲支柱载荷峰值均得到降低。最后,对比了单独油气缓冲器与两级耐坠毁缓冲装置下运载器的着陆响应,结果表明,使用两级耐坠毁缓冲装置在降低运载器最大着陆过载和缓冲支柱载荷峰值上有着较为明显的优势。     

The Use of Quaternions in the Optimal Control Problems of Motion of the Center of Mass of a Spacecraft in a Newtonian Gravitational Field: I

The problem of optimal control is considered for the motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft in a central Newtonian gravitational field. For solving the problem, two variants of the equations of motion for the spacecraft center of mass are used, written in rotating coordinate systems. Both the variants have a quaternion variable among the phase variables. In the first variant this variable characterizes the orientation of an instantaneous orbit of the spacecraft and (simultaneously) the spacecraft location in this orbit, while in the second variant only the instantaneous orbit orientation is specified by it. The suggested equations are convenient in the respect that they allow the general three-dimensional problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass to be considered as a composition of two interrelated problems. In the first variant these problems are (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of a spacecraft orbit and the spacecraft location in this orbit. The second variant treats (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and the orbit location of the spacecraft and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of the spacecraft orbit. The use of quaternion variables makes this consideration most efficient. The problem of optimal control is solved on the basis of the maximum principle. Several first integrals of the systems of equations of the boundary value problems of the maximum principle are found. Transformations are suggested that reduce the dimensions of the systems of differential equations of boundary value problems (without complicating them). Geometrical interpretations are given to the transformations and first integrals. The relation of the vectorial first integral of one of the derived systems of equations (which is an analog of the well-known vectorial first integral of the studied problem of optimal control) with the found quaternion first integral is considered. In this paper, which is the first part of the work, we consider the models of motion of the spacecraft center of mass that employ quaternion variables. The problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass is investigated on the basis of the first variant of equations of motion. An example of a numerical solution of the problem is given.     

Design feasibility via ascent optimality for next-generation spacecraft

This paper deals with the optimization of the ascent trajectories for single-stage-sub-orbit (SSSO), single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO), and two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) rocket-powered spacecraft. The maximum payload weight problem is studied for different values of the engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor.The main conclusions are that: feasibility of SSSO spacecraft is guaranteed for all the parameter combinations considered; feasibility of SSTO spacecraft depends strongly on the parameter combination chosen; not only feasibility of TSTO spacecraft is guaranteed for all the parameter combinations considered, but the TSTO payload is several times the SSTO payload.Improvements in engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor are desirable and crucial for SSTO feasibility; indeed, aerodynamic improvements do not yield significant improvements in payload.For SSSO, SSTO, and TSTO spacecraft, simple engineering approximations are developed connecting the maximum payload weight to the engine specific impulse and spacecraft structural factor. With reference to the specific impulse/structural factor domain, these engineering approximations lead to the construction of zero-payload lines separating the feasibility region (positive payload) from the unfeasibility region (negative payload).     

载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动学特性研究

针对载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人的运动学问题,引入具有非完整特性的载体 姿态无扰约束方程,推导了载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人广义雅可比矩阵。采用等效 杆的概念,分析了普通状态的自由漂浮空间机器人和载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人可 达工作空间;基于载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人广义雅可比矩阵所得到的奇异方程, 研究了载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学奇异性。仿真结果验证了普通状态的自由 漂浮空间机器人与载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动学问题的差异性。研究结果为载 体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人运动规划及控制研究奠定了理论基础。
     

Precise modelling of solar and thermal accelerations on Rosetta

This paper presents an analytical approach for the high-fidelity model of the accelerations induced by the Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) and the Thermal Recoil Pressure (TRP) on ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft. The relevant gravitational forces that are induced by planets, moons, and asteroids can readily be incorporated for predicting interplanetary trajectories. However, there are additional perturbation forces that cause residual errors in the orbit determination process. These are the so-called “small forces”, which are mainly induced by the SRP and TRP effects and are often not modelled adequately or not completely. In the case of deep-space missions, the spacecraft travels a wide range of distances relative to the Sun. This makes the spacecraft exposed to a wide range of solar fluxes and surface temperatures. This paper establishes a high-fidelity acceleration model, which enables more precise orbit predictions for interplanetary spacecraft. The application of the model is demonstrated and validated using the orbit determination data and in-flight temperature data of the Rosetta spacecraft.