基于中子衍射技术的航空发动机部件残余应力测试分析

为了研究航空发动机典型部件内部残余应力分布，介绍了材料残余应力常用的测试分析方法和中子衍射测试分析方 法，并对各方法的分辨率和穿透深度进行了对比，详细阐述了中子衍射技术在航空发动机机匣、叶片、涡轮盘等部件的残余应力测 试分析及材料微观变形机理研究方面的应用。与其他残余应力测试方法相比，中子衍射测试分析方法具有穿透能力强、分辨率高等 优点，能够准确、无损地测试和分析材料的内部残余应力，可用于测量材料或工程部件的3 维残余应力，为评估航空发动机部件的 安全性和可靠性提供依据。     

石墨碳-石英产品的高分辨X射线探伤技术

由于石墨对X射线吸收系数很小,散射强烈,故对X射线探伤造成极大困难.本成果着重研究了减轻X射线散射问题,采用过滤板和金属荧光增减等方法,减轻了散射,大大提高了石墨材料的探伤灵敏度.光厚度为10 mm～300 mm时,透度计灵敏度可达0.7%～2.0%,能检测出气孔、裂纹、分层、疏松等缺陷,探伤灵敏度达到国际水平,目前未见其他单位进行这项工作.本成果对石墨喷管喉衬进行X射线检验,取得良好效果.     

预追踪法在搭建RCS计算平台中的应用

 介绍综合不同RCS贡献机理的计算平台的搭建方法。针对射线追踪法的计算量是这类RCS计算平台计算效率的瓶颈这一现状,提出仅对多次散射区采用射线追踪计算来减小计算量的方法。给出一种通过粗略的射线追踪来确定多次散射区的方法,并用该方法获得任意目标的散射分布图。对预追踪法在RCS平台的搭建中的应用方式进行探讨,并预测效果。通过具体的计算实例验证预追踪法的效果,并给出几类典型目标的多次散射区比例系数,可供采用预追踪法时参考。计算结果表明,在不改变计算精度的条件下,预追踪法可以将RCS计算平台中射线追踪部分的计算量减少到原来的1/3以下。对散射分布的可能应用做出展望,可以作为后续工作的指导。     

X射线聚焦光学在脉冲星探测领域的应用

脉冲星是人类20世纪发现的重大天文学事件，X射线脉冲星探测作为天体物理学和空间探测领域的重要分支之一，在基础科学研究和工程应用领域具有极其重要的意义，长期以来被美国、欧洲、日本和中国列入国家重大发展规划。脉冲星探测面临自身辐射流量微弱、空间辐射本底复杂、X射线易散射等难题，特别是毫秒脉冲星的高灵敏度探测极具挑战性。近年来，X射线聚焦光学的快速发展为空间天文学、空间科学、脉冲星计时与导航等领域提供了新方法和新视角。通过回顾半个世纪以来X射线聚焦光学的发展历程，总结了未来脉冲星探测需求，阐述了空间X射线聚焦光学的关键技术、应用情况与发展现状。最后，对X射线聚焦光学技术发展趋势及其在X射线脉冲星探测领域的潜在应用进行展望。     

酚醛树脂固化度的X射线衍射分析

发展使用Ｘ射线衍技术对酚醛树脂固化度进行研究，确定了酚醛树脂固化度与Ｘ射线散射最大值的 关系，得出了利用２θ角来标定树脂固化度的公式。该方法具有快速、无损、灵敏度主同的优点，并可适用于各种不同的酚醛树脂。     

基于中子衍射技术的涡轮后机匣内部残余应力评估

针对某航空发动机斜支板涡轮后机匣试车后出现的裂纹故障，利用中子衍射技术对后机匣进行了内部残余应力测试分 析。建立了后机匣K4169合金中子应力快速测量方法，实现了应力测量精度≤20 MPa，最短单点测量时间≤5 min，1维空间分辨率≤1 mm。建立了K4169合金部件表层应力梯度的中子测量与解析方法，并限定入射束尺寸。利用近表面处衍射强度与质心的关系对衍射信息进行矫正，实现了具有0.1 mm 1维空间分辨率的应力表征能力。开展了后机匣周向和轴向的残余应力分布研究，结果表明：涡轮后机匣基体存在粗大晶粒组织，后机匣外壳存在平均300 MPa的周向压应力，后机匣斜支板存在400～500 MPa的拉应力。裂纹故障与粗晶/细晶组织之间残余应力分布差异有一定关系。     

TiNiFeNb形状记忆合金的组织结构及相变特性

通过向TisoNiso合金中加入Fe和Nb元素,制备出一种四元Ti49Ni50-xFexNb1形状记忆合金.采用X射线衍射和背散射电子衍射的方法,测试和分析了合金的相结构及微观组织形态,采用电阻法系统研究了合金的相变特性.结果表明:Nb元素的加入并没有改变TiNiFe合金的B2结构,仅导致了广极少量的富Nb相在基体中析...     

X射线扫描成像系统的应用研究

通过X射线扫描成像系统的应用，得出这种系统的应用是射线检测技术的一次革命，它实现了射线检测的高质量、高效率，使检测成本大大降低。     

直升机旋翼电磁特性模拟新技术

针对直升机电磁散射特性无源模拟的技术瓶颈,基于直升机桨叶的结构特点和雷达回波特性,提出一种基于小散射源阵列的新型旋翼散射特性增强技术,通过阵列合成公式和数值仿真分析了散射源阵列的雷达散射截面（RCS）的峰值大小、波峰数目、波峰位置、主瓣宽度等特性。同时,将该技术应用于国内某型无人直升机旋翼,设计了原理样机,并在微波暗室里对其电磁特性进行测试。测试结果与理论仿真结果吻合较好,验证了本方案的有效性和可行性,为试验模拟技术提供有力支持。     

热等静压ZrO_2-Y_2O_3陶瓷的组织结构与性能

 本文采用透射电镜中电子衍射与暗场技术、X射线衍射及电子探针等方法,研究了热等静压及热等静压后时效处理的ZrO_2-5mol％Y_2O_2陶瓷的组织结构并测定力学性能。结果表明:经冷等静压成型,1500℃烧结,再于1450℃热等静压试样为c+t双相混合晶粒组织,且c相晶粒内有呈“tweed”形态的t相析出物。试样再经1100℃,1000h时效后,形成“tweed”组织,可使弯曲强度从565MPa提高到990MPa,断裂韧性也有所改善;而提高温度至1400℃时效100h,则形成“colony”组织,使强度显著下降至低于无时效组织。     

Urca processes in dense matter and neutron star cooling

Urca-processes were introduced into astrophysics by Gamow and Schoenberg in 1941. Neutrino cooling resulting from urca-processes plays an important role at the latest stages of evolution of massive stars. Recent work on neutrino emissivity of dense matter shows that neutrino cooling via urca-processes could determine the thermal evolution of young neutron stars and depends dramatically on the composition of the neutron star core. In particular, if a neutron star contains a central core in which the direct urca-process is operative, the cooling timescale shortens by many orders of magnitude.     

Thermal radiation from magnetized neutron stars

Surface thermal emission has been detected byROSAT from four nearby young neutron stars. Assuming black body emission, the significant pulsations of the observed light curves can be interpreted as due to large surface temperature differences produced by the effect of the crustal magnetic field on the flow of heat from the hot interior toward the cooler surface. However, the energy dependence of the modulation observed in Geminga is incompatible with blackbody emission: this effect will give us a strong constraint on models of the neutron star surface.     

Radiation-driven diskons: An overview

The current status of the theory of a new astrophysical phenomenon, aradiation-driven diskon, is outlined.The cyclotron radiation pressure around sufficiently hot, strongly magnetized white dwarfs and neutron stars is shown to be able to drive a wind from the photosphere and support a plasma envelope in the closed part of the magnetosphere. The magnetohydrostatic configuration of an optically thin, radiatively supported plasma envelope is determined. It consists of an equatorial disk in the region where the cyclotron radiation force exceeds the local force of gravity and a closed shell near the equilibrium surface where the radiation pressure equals gravity. The effects of finite optical depth on the behaviour of the magnetospheric plasma and the influence of the envelope on the observed radiation are discussed.Classes of magnetic degenerate stars are pointed out in which radiation-driven diskons may be found. The best candidates are two individual stars, the strongly magnetized white dwarfs GD 229 and PG 1031+234. Both exhibit broad and deep depressions in the ultraviolet which are explained as a result of cyclotron scattering by an optically thick radiation-driven envelope in the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the star. We predict a temporal and spectral variability of these features due to non-stationary plasma motions in the envelope.     

大气中子诱发复杂航电系统SEE的试验评价与防护设计

研究了国外单粒子效应对航电系统影响的历史进展,介绍了航电系统单粒子效应试验评价中子辐射源、试验硬件、试验方法、试验程序及评估方法5个方面。国际航空标准根据航电系统的重要程度将其定义为A、B、C、D、E五级。为了确保A、B和C级航电系统的可靠性,提出了涉及顶层项目管理至元器件控制各个层面的防护过程,优化系统设计,以适应大...     

探测快中子的新技术(一)

概述了近年探则快中子的新技术，它们分别是：抑制γ射线、热中子和带电粒子的符合谱仪；高分辨、宽能量范围（0．1～15．0MeV）带正比计数器的3He夹心谱仪；含氢的纤维闪烁作用于抑制γ射线、中子位置分布和中子能谱测量，及合锂的纤维玻璃闪烁体用于长中子计数器测平均中子能量；中子的直接探测；用于中高能和重离子核物理的多元件阵列快中子探测器和极化仪；用于核核查的中子源影像探测器；高入射氚核能量和高能中子的伴随粒子技术等七个方面。它们对中子计量学的发展是重要的。     

有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计难点问题

有翼高超声速再入飞行器是近年来的研究热点,气动设计是飞行器设计的关键。为了更清楚地认识有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计的难点问题,对有翼高超声速再入飞行器的发展、优势及总体任务剖面进行了介绍,从5个方面详细介绍了该类飞行器气动设计的难点问题,包括多约束复杂面对称气动布局设计、高温真实气体效应对气动特性影响、天地差异与天地换算方法、反作用控制系统(RCS)喷流干扰对气动特性的影响以及气动数据不确定度等,简要阐明了这些难点问题对总体设计的重要性以及初步的解决思路,为有翼高超声速再入飞行器气动设计提供了一些参考。     

Simulation and Analysis of Crashworthiness of Fuel Tank for Helicopters

Crashworthiness requirement of fuel tanks is one of the important requirements in helicopter designs. The relations among the protection frame, textile layer and rubber layer of the fuel tank are introduced. Two appropriate FE models are established, one is for an uncovered helicopter fuel tank without protection frame, and the other is for fuel tank with protection frame. The dynamic responses of the two types of fuel tanks impinging on the ground with velocities of 17.3 m/s are numerically simulated for the purpose of analyzing energy-absorbing capabilities of the textile layer and protection frame. The feasibility of the current crashworthiness design of the fuel tank is examined though comparing the dynamic response behaviors of the two fuel tanks.     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。