Space power systems requirements and issues: the next decade

Some of the more important space power technology issues, requirements, and challenges of the 1990s are described, and the impact of new component technology on the overall performance of space power systems is assessed. Advanced component, subsystem and system technologies that will significantly affect the performance, reliability, and survivability of next-generation baseload and burst mode space power systems are emphasized. Technology disciplines related to power sources (solar/nuclear and chemical), power conversion, energy storage, power conditioning/distribution and control, and waste-heat acquisition, transport, and rejection are primarily addressed. For some of them, performance trends that can be used as the basis for projecting future advanced power-system performance are developed. Performance capabilities for several different types of space power system for both baseload and burst mode applications are postulated on the basis of evolving technology and point designs that incorporate projections of advanced component capabilities     

Process of establishing design requirements and selecting alternative configurations for conceptual design of a VLA

In this study, a process for establishing design requirements and selecting alternative con-figurations for the conceptual phase of aircraft design has been proposed. The proposed process uses system-engineering-based requirement-analysis techniques such as objective tree, analytic hier-archy process, and quality function deployment to establish logical and quantitative standards. Moreover, in order to perform a logical selection of alternative aircraft configurations, it uses advanced decision-making methods such as morphological matrix and technique for order prefer-ence by similarity to the ideal solution. In addition, a preliminary sizing tool has been developed to check the feasibility of the established performance requirements and to evaluate the flight perfor-mance of the selected configurations. The present process has been applied for a two-seater very light aircraft (VLA), resulting in a set of tentative design requirements and two families of VLA configurations: a high-wing configuration and a low-wing configuration. The resulting set of design requirements consists of three categories: customer requirements, certification requirements, and performance requirements. The performance requirements include two mission requirements for the flight range and the endurance by reflecting the customer requirements. The flight performances of the two configuration families were evaluated using the sizing tool developed and the low-wing configuration with conventional tails was selected as the best baseline configuration for the VLA.     

飞控系统模糊控制器设计及稳定性分析

建立了飞控系统的Ｔａｋａｇｉ－Ｓｕｇｅｎｏ（Ｔ－Ｓ）模糊模型;给出了设计模糊状态反馈控制器,保证闭环系统全局渐近稳定、具有一定衰减率稳定的两个充分条件;提出了采用线性矩阵不等式（ＬＭＩ）方法,将该充分条件转化为对线性矩阵不等式族寻求ＬＭＩ可行解的凸优化问题,得到了稳定性分析和模糊状态反馈控制器设计的新方法。仿真结果表明,所提出的设计方法方便有效,控制器鲁棒性好。     

Physical protection systems cost and performance analysis: a casestudy

Design and analysis of physical protection systems requires: (1) identification of mission critical assets; (2) identification of potential threats that might undermine mission capability; (3) identification of the consequences of loss of mission-critical assets (e.g., time and cost to recover required capability and impact on operational readiness); and (4) analysis of the effectiveness of physical protection elements. CPA-Cost and Performance Analysis-addresses the fourth of these four issues. CPA is a methodology that joins activity based cost estimation with performance-based analysis of physical protection systems. CPA offers system managers an approach that supports both tactical decision making and strategic planning. Current exploratory applications of the CPA methodology address analysis of alternative conceptual designs. Hypothetical data is used to illustrate this process     

Software architecture requirements for DoD automatic test systems

The DoD has achieved success with recent automatic test equipment (ATE) families, as evidenced by the navy's consolidated automated support system (CASS) and the army's integrated family of test equipment (IFTE) programs. However, as these systems age, the increased requirements for technology insertion due to instrument obsolescence and the demands of advanced electronics are becoming evident. Recent advances in test technology promise to yield reduced total ownership costs (TOC) for ATE which can incorporate the new technology. The DoD automatic test system (ATS) executive agent office (EAO) objective is to significantly reduce total ownership cost. Several objectives have been identified including use of synthetic instruments, support for legacy test product sets (TPSs), and more efficient ways of developing TPSs. The NxTest software architecture will meet the objectives by providing an open systems approach to the system software. This will allow for the incorporation of commercial applications in the TPS development and execution environments and support current advances in test technology     

Steady-state analysis and design of a switched-capacitor DC-DCconverter

A representative switched-capacitor DC-DC converter topology is presented, circuit operation is explained, and control strategies are identified. State-space averaging is used to analyze steady-state performance and to develop control criteria and design equations. The analytical results are verified by SPICE simulation     

低阶等效系统方法的发展历史

对低阶等效系统的发展历史进行了回顾,详细描述了这种方法的起源、发展进程中所遇到的问题及其解决措施,给出了适于现代飞机纵向控制使用的频域等效系统的标准形式,明确了将其作为军用飞行品质规范评定方法的来龙去脉.同时也给出了围绕这种方法所引起的一些争论,并指出该方法存在的优缺点.     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

飞行/推进系统分散控制优化设计及鲁棒性分析

以一种短距起降战斗机的飞行/推进综合控制系统设计为背景,对分散控制如何保持集中控制的性能和鲁棒性的问题提出利用优化的思想设计分散控制器.首先采用遗传算法设计集中控制器,作为分散控制的性能参考,然后给出具有接口变量的分散控制器设计方法,通过分析得出影响分散控制性能的关键因素,并通过数学推导得到以频率加权矩阵为设计参数的分散控制性能表达式,将分散控制器设计转化为优化问题,采用遗传算法求解得到分散控制器.分散控制器设计中同时用到了一种改进的平衡降阶方法.通过仿真和结构奇异值分析验证了这种优化设计方法可使分散控制达到集中式控制的性能和鲁棒性.      

Flight-critical distributed systems: design considerations [avionics]

With the proliferation of so-called "smart" components and the availability of small, low-cost, and high-speed data networks, avionics that have traditionally been centralized are becoming distributed. A distributed approach offers many potential benefits, such as reduced development time and cost, simplified system installation, increased flexibility for system expansion or modifications, and greater reuse of proven components. The distributed approach can also reduce the risk associated with design errors by splitting complex hardware and software into more manageable components. However, distributed systems also introduce new challenges in meeting real-time deadlines and providing fault tolerance. This paper examines the many design considerations and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each. Emerging automotive drive-by-wire alternatives are compared for application to aerospace systems. This paper is based on a Draper Laboratory-sponsored effort to look at flight-critical distributed systems and to evaluate emerging hardware and software for building them.     

Control design and closed-loop analysis of a switched-capacitorDC-to-DC converter

The theoretical and practical details involved in the control design and closed-loop analysis of a step-down switched-capacitor (SC) DC-to-DC converter are presented. The state-space averaging technique is applied to extract the small-signal dynamics of the power stage, and a graphical loop gain method is used to design the feedback compensation and analyze the closed-loop performance of an SC converter. The results of the control design and closed-loop analysis are substantiated by experiments using a prototype SC converter     

跨声速扩压器设计及性能分析

对一种用于涡轮基组合发动机的扩压器进行了型面设计和性能分析.该扩压器进口与二维超声速进气道出口相连.设计过程中,将扩压器分为进口段、二维扩压段和出口等截面段,采用几何方法设计,并采用CFD数值模拟方法计算了扩压器流场,从设计和计算结果可以看出,扩压器出口总压和马赫数分布随着出口等截面段长度的增加而变得均匀,出口静压提高使得位于二维扩压段的正激波前移,在设计要求的反压范围内,正激波一直处于喉部之后,符合扩压器的设计要求.最后本文分析了采用"中襟翼"法控制流动分离并提高扩压器性能的方法.     

New design of a compact aero-robotic drilling end effector: An experimental analysis

This paper presents the development of a normal adjustment cell (NAC) in aero-robotic drilling to improve the quality of vertical drilling, by using an intelligent double-eccentric disk nor-mal adjustment mechanism (2-EDNA), a spherical plain bearing and a floating compress module with sensors. After the surface normal vector is calculated based on the laser sensors’ feedback, the 2-EDNA concept is conceived specifically to address the deviation of the spindle from the sur-face normal at the drilling point. Following the angle calculation, depending on the actual initial position, two precise eccentric disks (PEDs) with an identical eccentric radius are used to rotate with the appropriate angles using two high-resolution DC servomotors. The two PEDs will carry the spindle to coincide with the surface normal, keeping the vertex of the drill bit still to avoid repeated adjustment and position compensation. A series of experiments was conducted on an aeronautical drilling robot platform with a precise NAC. The effect of normal adjustment on bore diameter, dril-ling force, burr size, drilling heat, and tool wear was analyzed. The results validate that using the NAC in robotic drilling results in greatly improved vertical drilling quality and is attainable in terms of intelligence and accuracy.     

Manufacturability analysis a useful subset of systems engineering

The application of manufacturability analysis to the design of mechanical parts in electronic systems improves quality, performance and reliability. Typical interest areas include equipment enclosures, transducers and high-tech microwave modules. New performance levels are feasible due to improved surface quality, stability, reduction of seam widths or the use of sophisticated materials. The stepwise procedure points out attractive solutions for challenging airborne, maritime or space sensor platform environments. A thorough understanding of manufacturability judgement and knowledge about current milling, welding and coating processes is essential as well as the earliest application of the formulated principle     

基于直升机地面共振要求的起落架刚度及阻尼优化设计

为给出满足直升机地面共振稳定性要求的起落架刚度及阻尼的优化设计方法,首先构造机体无阻尼时其非稳区的模态阻尼比函数,据此给出机体模态非稳区临界转速的计算方法,结合与旋翼摆振后退型模态共振转速下机体模态阻尼比的计算方法,给出了满足地面共振稳定性的机体固有频率及阻尼要求。然后,根据支持在起落架上的机体自由运动模型,建立机体模态频率及阻尼与起落架刚度及阻尼的关系,从而给出满足直升机地面共振稳定性的起落架刚度及阻尼要求。最后,基于上述稳定性要求,在满足着陆缓冲性能要求的起落架刚度及阻尼范围内,以减小起落架需用阻尼且增大机体最小模态阻尼比为优化目标提出了对其刚度及阻尼进行优化设计的方法,并通过对某型直升机4种不同重量重心状态下的起落架刚度及阻尼进行优化验证了该方法的可行性。     

飞机驾驶舱视觉告警信号设计的基本要求分析

飞机驾驶舱告警系统对提高飞行员工作效率和保障飞行安全具有重要的作用。本文主要概述了视觉告警信号的设计标准和信息编码的设计规定,并论述了相关标准中对颜色编码和告警字符的设计规定,为飞机驾驶舱视觉告警信号的设计提供相关设计参考。     

某螺旋桨长航时无人机气动力改进设计与分析

针对螺旋桨长航时无人机的使用设计要求,从现有单段翼型出发进行了高升力两段翼型设计。结合某型螺旋桨长航时无人机,对采用两段翼型机翼的翼身组合体数模进行了气动力特性分析。计算结果表明,所设计的两段机翼可以产生比单段机翼更大的可用升力和更高的续航因子,说明该设计思想是可行的。     

Functional analysis: a system conceptual design tool [andapplication to ATC system]

Functional analysis is a methodology for analyzing the mission and performance requirements of a system, and translating them into discrete activities or tasks which must be performed by the system. Determination of the system's functionality is the first step in obtaining a conceptual view of a system that is to be designed. The methodology for conducting functional analysis is developed, some of the tools used to support the activity are described, including examples to help solidify the concepts presented