Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally-staged combustor under low-power operation

An ultra low emissions combustor, namely low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor was studied, based on a scheme of internally staged/lean premixed and prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage, between which there exists a physical isolation, namely the step height. The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance. A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments, and pollutant emission experiments. The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%, the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 574% and 375%, the NOx emission increased by 35.1%, and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%; while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant. Non reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights. A comparison of flow characteristics, spray structure, and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted. The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards. The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission, while the CO, UHC emissions decreeased.      

贫预混燃烧室化学反应器网络模型建模及不确定性分析

基于CFD三维数值模拟结果的化学反应器(CRN)网络模型方法具有快速预估燃烧室NOx排放的特点。研究通过CFD数值模拟手段获得了贫预混燃烧室流场、温度场等特征分布,基于燃料空气掺混特性、速度场、温度场、OH分布以及达姆科勒数,燃烧室被离散划分为预热区、火焰锋面区、火焰过渡区、后火焰区、中心回流区以及角回流区,建立了复杂的CRN模型表征燃烧室内部的流动特征和火焰结构。以贫预混燃烧器为对象,与实验结果进行了对比验证。通过敏感性和不确定性分析获得了反应区域停留时间和烟气回流比例等关键参数对NOx排放的影响规律。结果表明:CFD-CRN混合方法更适用于在高当量比条件下贫预混燃烧室NOx排放的快速有效预测。在相同扰动强度的条件下,反应预热区域和火焰锋面区域的停留时间扰动对CRN模型预测NOx的生成量和稳定性影响更显著。CFD-CRN混合方法应明确在较高的绝热火焰温度条件下烟气回流比的准确性计算及其对NOx生成的显著影响。      

基于燃烧室多反应器模型的民用涡扇发动机排放预测

选用燃油JetA为航空燃料,建立了简化火焰锋面模型、燃烧化学平衡模型、燃烧动力学模型、燃油雾化模型、燃油蒸发模型及污染排放生成模型.采用基于燃烧室多反应器模型对发动机在不同工作状态下的排放产物NOx、未燃碳氢化合物(unburned hydrocarbons,UHC)和CO进行了计算.结果表明:燃烧室内火焰温度越高,NOx排放量越大.在发动机工作在低转速工况下时,燃油液滴的雾化直径大,造成CO与UHC排放量增加.基于燃烧室多反应器模型计算通用性强、速度快,适合与发动机性能程序相结合,在发动机设计阶段对发动机不同工作状态下的排放产物含量进行预测计算.     

旋流杯设计参数对燃烧性能的影响

通过三维数值模拟和试验相结合的方法,针对航空发动机主燃烧室开展了火焰筒头部旋流杯设计参数对燃烧室性能影响的研究,其关键设计参数为副旋流器相对进气量和旋流数,关注的燃烧性能包括出口温度场分布、NOx排放量等.结果表明:数值计算获得的规律与试验的结论基本一致.随着副旋流器相对进气量的增加,主燃烧室出口温度场逐渐恶化,而NOx排放量略有降低;副旋流器旋流数偏离基准设计值时,出口温度场恶化,而NOx排放量随旋流数的增加而增加.     

航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火极限预测方法综述

航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火极限的预测方法研究对于全面掌握燃烧室性能和有效工作范围,进而对提高燃烧室设计水平,完善中国航空发动机设计体系,有着重要的理论和工程意义。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对适合于工程应用的预测方法进行了归纳总结,其中包括半经验模型、火焰体积法、基于数值计算的Lefebvre经验公式、等效反应器网络图法、火焰前锋法和RANS燃烧流场特征法。针对每种方法,详细阐述了其特点,并对存在的问题进行了分析。最后,提出了完善贫油熄火预测方法的一些建议。     

基于分层和分级燃烧机理的低污染燃烧室设计和排放性能预估

保持扩压器尺寸、外机匣最大直径以及燃烧室出口尺寸不变,将燃烧室分别设计为单环腔燃烧室(SAC)、双环腔燃烧室(DAC)、双环预混旋流(TAPS)燃烧室、中心分级燃烧室(CSC)和三旋流燃烧室(TSC)5种燃烧室结构,保持湍流、喷雾、燃烧、辐射及排放数理模型不变,对5种燃烧室进行三维数值模拟.对比研究了5种燃烧室的污染排放性能.结果表明:采用分级燃烧的DAC慢车状态下CO排放量最低,采用DAC在慢车状态下的CO排放量比SAC降低了近62%.采用分层燃烧的TAPS燃烧室的NOx排放量最低,采用TAPS的NOx排放量比SAC降低了近43.5%.      

燃料分配方式对微燃机燃烧室燃烧性能影响

提出了一种喷口位置可变采用燃料多点喷射的干式低排放(DLE)微型燃气轮机燃烧室,为了获得值班级与主燃级之间燃料分配方式对燃烧性能的影响,对该燃烧室在不同分配方式下的燃烧性能进行了实验测试与数值模拟。结果表明:燃料喷口位置改变对污染物排放影响不显著;燃料分配方式的改变对温度场和污染物的生成特性有影响,随着两级燃料分配比例的增大,NOx排放量呈现先减少后增加的趋势,存在一个最佳的燃料分配比例使NOx排放最低;燃烧室内存在明显的中心回流区(PRZ),便于点火及火焰传播;热力型NOx的生成量与温度高于1 950 K的区域大小和最高燃气温度有直接关系。所设计的燃烧室在以天然气为燃料的所有工况下NOx排放都可降低到50 mg/m3以下,达到了低污染燃烧室排放标准(小于50 mg/m3)。     

Experimental Study on Emission Performance of an LPP/TVC

A key issue in the commercial aircraft engine design is environmental acceptability, and designers are continually challenged to reduce emissions. In this paper, an experimental investigation is performed to evaluate the emission performance of a liquid-fueled trapped vortex combustor (TVC) under lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) mode. When operating as an LPP system, a TVC is fueled both in the cavities and in the main stream. The correlations between the emission performance and the total excess air ratio, the positions (4 positions) of the fuel injectors in the main stream, and the inlet temperature are obtained. Experi- mental results show that both the volume concentrations of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and NOx (NO, NO2 usually grouped together as NOx) increase with the increase of total excess air ratio from 1.5 to 3.0; the emission performance relies heavily on the position of the main stream injector, and the best performance is achieved at Position 4 in the experiments; the increase of the inlet temperature impacts on the emission performance positively; the smallest volume concentrations of UHC and NOx obtained in the experiment are 94×10 6 and 2.3×10 6 respectively. This paper validates the feasibility of low emissions for an LPP/TVC and provides a reference for further optimization of TVCs.     

主燃级喷点数目对回流燃烧室的影响研究

为了研究主燃级周向燃油喷点数目对回流燃烧室NOx排放的影响,采用数值模拟方法对一种带有主燃级多点燃油直接喷射,贫油预混预蒸发头部的回流燃烧室流场进行研究,分析了回流燃烧室的冷态及热态流场特征和主燃级周向燃油喷点数目对NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明：（1）主燃级喷点数目对速度场的影响主要集中在主燃级出口下游,对预燃级出口速度场影响较小;（2）随周向喷点数目增加,油气掺混效果改善,高温区收缩,NOx排放量降低;（3）NOx质量分数分布受速度场和温度场耦合影响,主要集中于预燃级下游的高温低速回流区内。     

LPP低污染燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧性能数值研究

采用Fluent软件对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场、温度场和污染排放性能进行数值计算.在副模结构保持不变时,LPP低污染燃烧室头部在相同工况下,数值研究不同的主模旋流角度对燃烧流场、温度场以及污染排放的影响.采用标准的k-ε模型对湍流黏性进行模拟,采用离散相模型对油珠颗粒的运动轨迹进行追踪,采用非预混平衡化学反应模型来模拟化学反应速率.数值计算结果表明:①在LPP低污染燃烧室头部存在明显的中心回流区、角回流区和唇口回流区;②中心回流区外形呈橄榄形状,并且回流区长度都较长,随着主模旋流角度的增大,中心回流区逐渐变胖且变短,角回流区则逐渐变小;③随着主模旋流角度增大,压力损失也随之增大;④热力型NOx生成的速率与燃烧温度超过1950K区域的面积大小和最高的燃气温度有直接的关系,在副模和主模火焰锋面附近,由于燃烧温度高,是热力型NOx的集中分布区域;⑤出口温度分布系数随着主模旋流角度的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,且主模旋流角度为45°(C方案)时出口温度分布系数最小,即C方案的出口温度分布最均匀;⑥在相同的工况下,C方案燃烧性能相对最优.      

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

LPP低污染燃烧室单头部燃烧性能试验

对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室单头部三级旋流器进行燃烧性能试验,研究不同的油气比、进口空气流量和进口空气温度以及值班级喷嘴安装位置对燃烧室出口截面燃烧性能的影响,获得了燃烧室出口截面温度分布、燃烧效率以及污染物排放的规律.试验结果表明:①油气比增加,NOx排放相应增加;头部A燃烧性能稍优于头部B;②同一油气比下进口空气温度越高,其燃烧污染物排放越多;进口空气流量越大,污染物排放越少;③值班级喷嘴安装位置对LPP低污染燃烧室燃烧性能有一定影响.      

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

 A trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NO_x emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that: a) the overall dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b) the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c) a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9癷s added. A series of experiments (cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure) has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the mid-height of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.     

分级/预混合预蒸发贫油燃烧低污染方案NOX排放初步研究

对分级/贫油预混合预蒸发低污染燃烧方案的氮氧化物排放进行了初步试验研究,主要目的是考察贫油预混合预蒸发级降低污染排放的能力。预燃级是常规双涡流器空气雾化喷嘴,主燃级是空气雾化喷嘴雾化燃油,配装蒸发管,头部涡流器组织燃烧。燃油为RP-3航空煤油。采用单头部燃烧室,工况模拟了燃烧室进口温度(800K)、进口速度和总油气比,压力为常压。研究结果表明,旋流式贫油预混合预蒸发燃烧的主燃级有降低氮氧化物的潜力,相对于常规燃烧组织方式,能够降低NO_X排放量为60%,同时发现,燃油分级比例对NO_X降低也有很大影响。      

一种模型低污染燃烧室三维两相数值模拟

贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)技术是目前最具发展前景的低污染燃烧技术,可实现很低的NOX排放。本文采用FLU ENT软件,对一种模型低污染燃烧室(采用LPP燃烧技术)进行三维两相数值模拟计算分析,研究了模型燃烧室的流场结构、流量分配、回流特性、雾化特性和燃烧性能,并对NOX排放进行了预测。结果表明,模型燃烧室流场中存在与TAPS燃烧室相似的三个涡结构,流量分配与试验吻合良好,雾化特性良好并具有较好的温度场和低的NOX排放。     

先进燃烧室分级燃烧空气流量分配的探讨

参加燃烧的空气流量分配将大于60%的特点使常规燃烧室无法满足高温升和低污染燃烧室的基本要求.从燃烧的基本特性以及燃烧室的基本性能要求出发,重点分析了常规燃烧室中设计的燃烧空气分配的极限,讨论了高燃烧气量分配下燃烧室关键技术问题和软分级概念.通过比较现有燃烧室分级方式的特点,指出从稳定性角度出发RPP(rich premix prevaporized)中心分级是解决超高温升燃烧室的较佳方法,而LPP(lean premix prevaporized)中心分级是解决低污染燃烧室的较佳方法.      

轻型燃气轮机燃烧室NOx 排放估算

为了解决NOx排放预估问题,应用数值模拟方法研究轻型燃气轮机燃烧室NOx排放规律。将数值分析结果与文献中经验公式计算数据进行比较与分析,验证数值方法的准确性;基于进口压力、空气质量流量、主燃区温度3个参数拟合NOx排放预估公式。结果表明:数值模拟得到的NOx排放值与文献中经验公式计算出的符合度较高;结合数值计算结果得到的NOx排放预估公式;该公式能有效反映上述3个参数对NOx排放的影响;采用验证后的高精度数值模拟方法建立的NOx预估模型所得结果具有一定的科学性及可靠性,并可降低试验成本。     

航改型双环燃烧室燃烧反应特性试验

针对地面运输用燃气轮机低排放的要求,试验研究了一种双环预混旋流(TAPS)燃烧室在以0号柴油为燃料时的反应特性。结果表明:采用TAPS燃烧室由于空气分配方式的改变,总压恢复系数在0.97以上,高于经典单环燃烧室。由于柴油黏度和燃点的影响,使用柴油为燃料时最低常压点火油气比高于0.05,要比相同结构采用航空煤油为燃料时的点火油气比高,但慢车贫油熄火极限没有明显的变化,维持在0.006~0.008之间。采用压力雾化的预燃级存在燃料混合不均匀的问题,导致燃烧效率只能达到0.99,为要求值的下限,但燃烧室出口温度分布系数小于0.25,达到了所要求的性能指标。由于采用了预混预蒸发燃烧,污染物排放中NOx的干基体积分数为1.76×10-5,明显低于所要求的性能指标,但CO的干基体积分数较高达到了5.02×10-4。综合比较各项性能指标,该燃烧室在点火、贫油熄火、燃烧室出口温度分布和NOx排放上表现出了一定的优势,但燃烧效率低和CO排放高还是需要解决的问题。      

燃油分级比对LESS燃烧室压力振荡频率的影响

实验研究了燃油分级比对low emissions with stirred swirls(LESS)燃烧室压力振荡频率的影响,在燃烧室进口压力为1.14~2.77MPa,燃烧室进口温度为645~808K,总油气比为0.0242~0.0303,燃烧室压降为3.14%~3.64%范围内,随着燃油分级比减小(32.7%降到5.21%),压力振荡频率下降.采用了简单均匀介质直管道模型和CFD数值方法分析燃油分级比对压力振荡频率的影响.结果表明:燃油分级比引起火焰区的起始位置、轴向长度和平均温度的变化是导致压力振荡频率变化的主要原因.      

Low-NOx Combustor Development pursued within the scope of the Engine 3E German national research program in a cooperative effort among engine Manufacturer MTU,University of Karlsruhe and DLR German Aerospace Research Center

MTU Aero Engines, the University of Karlsruhe and the DLR Aerospace Research Centre co-operated within the scope of the German national aeronautical research program Engine 3E. The program was focused on improving high-bypass turbofan engines. As a part of this program, a low-emission single-annular combustor was developed. The NOx emissions of this combustor are significantly reduced by using the rich-lean combustion concept.The basic idea of this concept is to avoid stoichiometric combustion conditions by splitting the combustion domain into a fuel-rich zone (low-oxygen zone) and a fuel-lean (low temperature zone). The NOx reduction capability of a combustor of this type scales with the homogeneity of the mixture in the rich zone and the time interval needed for the transition from the rich to the lean zone.Based on the insights gained from this cooperative research, an annular combustor was developed and tested at pressures up to 20 bar and inlet temperatures up to 800 K. The tested annular combustor was found to have NOx emissions of about 40% of the ICAO 96 standard. The carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions of the combustor are of about the same levels as present state of the art combustors.