高速滚动轴承保持架自由振动特性研究

通过对航空发动机主轴承保持架自由振动的计算分析,表明:保持架不存在小于751.12 Hz的固有频率;在整体按圆环的规律振动的同时,过梁和侧梁存在弯曲、剪切等局部振型;由于保持架的转动,存在不相等且与转动速度相关的前后行波频率,保持架可能共振的频率数目增多,而保持架又受到多种周期性的干扰,高速转动时更易激发共振,造成破坏,因此在设计中必须对保持架的振动问题给予重视.      

外形及工况参数对轴承柔性保持架动力学性能的影响

考虑保持架柔性处理及滚动轴承各组件间的相互作用关系,利用ADAMS/View平台构建了真空条件下不同保持架的轴承刚柔耦合多体动力学分析模型,采用正交试验法分析了转速、保持架厚度和兜孔形状对保持架动态特性的影响规律。结果表明：随着轴承转速增加,保持架转速稳定性降低,动态接触力和打滑率升高,质心轨迹呈“筒状”;保持架厚度对保持架动态性能影响最大,质心轨迹受兜孔形状影响最大;动量轮用保持架最优工况及设计为：轴承转速为2000 (r/min),厚度为2 mm,兜孔形状为方型兜孔。     

多孔聚酰亚胺含油轴承保持架的磨损机理研究

在实际运转过程中,空间含油轴承保持架在兜孔、引导面上均表现出不同程度的磨损发黑现象,认清其磨损机理对于指导含油材料设计、提升空间轴承性能至关重要.采用冷压热烧结的方法制备了多孔聚酰亚胺(PPI)材料,通过打磨处理改变PPI表面形态,继而研究了表面形态对其摩擦磨损及摩擦界面输供油性能的影响,并在此基础上提出了含油材料的磨损模型.结果表明,PPI材料的磨损发黑源于孔隙边缘的微区承载,在高压载荷作用下孔隙边缘会发生剪切变形、断裂,产生的摩擦热会诱发聚酰亚胺材料或润滑油的分解和碳化.含油保持架的磨损会对轴承持续运转产生影响,孔隙边缘发生的剪切变形以及产生的磨屑会封堵保持架表面孔隙,破坏摩擦界面输供油路径,导致摩擦系数的波动和磨损的持续变大,对轴承的运转稳定性和摩擦噪音产生潜在的负面影响.     

难熔金属钽基自润滑复合材料的研制与应用

本文阐述采用粉末冶金热压烧结工艺,研制难熔金属钽基自润滑复合材料及其应用。讨论了该材料在大气中的摩擦磨损特性以及材料润滑相的结构分析。将该材料加工成保持架,在高真空条件下进行了轴承寿命试验;结果表明,保持架综合性能良好,可有效地提供润滑该类轴承的润滑条件。     

基于代理模型的高超声速飞行器协同优化设计

建立了类X-51A高超声速飞行器的多学科模型,包括外形、气动、推进、质量、热流、弹道等学科.采用多学科设计优化(MDO, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)方法中的协同优化(CO, Collaborative Optimization)进行了计算,计算流程中构建了两个子系统优化器与弹道学科的代理模型,使用代理模型替代了计算耗时的真实模型.同时为了对比,采用了多学科可行法(MDF, Multidisciplinary Feasible Method)进行了优化计算.结果表明,二者的优化结果基本一致,优化之后的飞行器质量比初始构型飞行器降低了15.2%,航程提升了63.5%,并且使用代理模型后计算效率也得到了很大的提升.验证了基于代理模型的协同优化方法应用于高超声速飞行器设计中的有效性.     

高超声速热流计算湍流模型性能评估

采用计算流体力学方法,通过对高超声速来流下双椭球热流计算,综合分析了影响壁面热流预测精度的因素.针对工程上4种常用的湍流模型:BL(Baldwin-Lomax)模型、SA(Spalart-Allmaras)模型、k-ω模型及SST(Shear-Stress Transport)模型,评估了其在高超声速热流预测中的性能,获得了湍流模型下壁面法向网格雷诺数对热流计算的影响规律.此外,对高马赫数下不同后掠角钝舵模型进行热流计算,获得了后掠角对钝舵前缘热流峰值的影响规律.研究表明,两方程湍流模型相比一方程和零方程模型更适合高超声速气动热计算,其中SST模型对热流预测精度更高,总体性能更为优异;钝舵驻点线最大热流随后掠角增大呈非单调变化,在后掠角约为22°时热流达到峰值.      

求解等温相变问题的解耦法

基于焓法模型导出了一种求解等温相变问题的简单计算模型.计算模型将温度场与液相分数场进行解耦,即可分别求解出相变控制体和非相变控制体的温度;以长方体容器为例,用计算模型进行计算并将计算结果与实验数据及焓法计算结果进行对比验证,结果吻合的很好;利用计算模型,对长方体容器和圆柱体容器内相变材料熔化时间进行数值计算比较.结果表明,在容器体积和特征尺寸相同的条件下,长方体容器内相变材料的熔化时间几乎只有圆柱体容器的一半.      

一种空间轴承的自适应共振解调故障诊断方法

针对传统共振解调故障诊断方法中需依赖主观经验和反复调试选取合适带通滤波器参数的问题,以及包络信号频谱中随机成分对分辨故障特征频率的干扰问题,提出一种空间精密轴承的自适应共振解调故障诊断方法.一方面,根据振动信号功率谱计算重心频率和频率标准差,进而以此确定带通滤波器的中心频率和带宽,实现自适应带通滤波;另一方面,通过频谱平均方法弱化包络信号频谱中的随机成分,使得故障特征谱线清晰度加强.模拟故障信号和实测振动信号的诊断结果表明该方法算法简单,效率高,对保持架磨损故障诊断效果良好,验证了其可行性和有效性.     

基于航天器解体事件的空间碎片寿命算法

研究了针对航天器解体事件所生成的空间碎片的寿命计算方法.给出了基于NASA标准航天器解体模型的航天器解体算法.该算法生成的一系列碎片参数,将作为寿命计算的初始条件.总结了现有求解碎片寿命的算法,并提出了一种半分析算法.该算法运用平均根数法的思路,计算了在J2摄动项的影响下,碎片的半长轴和偏心率的变化率;并采用微分积分法预报半长轴和偏心率随时间的变化.为了适应时变大气模型,该算法限制了计算步长.通过与数值法的比较分析了算法的计算速度和精度.选用了3种大气模型:SA76、GOST和MSIS-00,分析了不同大气模型在计算碎片寿命之间的差异.通过与P-78卫星解体事件的实测数据对比验证了整个算法的正确性.      

超声速横向气流中燃料雾化的数值模拟

对超声速横向气流中燃料雾化过程采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法进行了数值模拟,气相场用欧拉法计算,液相场采用拉格朗日粒子跟踪方法计算,通过方程源项考虑液相对气相的影响.在液相的拉格朗日计算中采用改进的混合雾化模型来研究雾化过程.针对超声速横向气流中雾化的特点,结合雾化机理和实验测量结果,对原有的混合雾化模型进行了改进,并将改进后的计算结果与TAB(Taylor Analogy Breakup)模型和Reitz波模型的计算结果进行了对比.结果表明:改进的混合雾化模型的计算结果与实验测量值符合较好,更适合用于超声速横向气流中燃料雾化的数值模拟.     

面向空间废物处理的微生物燃料电池隔膜材料

为了寻求可提高微生物燃料电池（MFC,Microbial Fuel Cell）产电性能的隔膜材料,对碱性电池隔膜纸、锂离子电池隔膜纸及两种不锈钢活性炭隔膜材料进行了系统的分析和比较.结果表明,碱性电池隔膜纸虽然有良好的质子透过性,但其水分渗透性和氧扩散较高,有待进一步的改进;辊压活性炭和涂刷活性炭隔膜的功率输出均优于目前MFC常用的阳离子交换膜,这是由于前两者的隔膜阻力小;而辊压活性炭和涂刷活性炭隔膜的特点接近,且涂刷活性炭隔膜的成本更低,是较为理想的MFC隔膜材料.     

Double null points and magnetic reconnection

2D reconnection is possible only in connection with the existence of a singularity in the magnetic field line topology, associated with a magnetic null point or a current sheet. Both of these provide an X-type structure of the magnetic field where fields of opposite polarity meet and reconnect. In 3D a similar topology is found in a null point pair, when the null points are connected by a separator line. The separator is defined as the intersection line of the two null-point fan planes. This paper reports on the topological evolution of this configuration with respect to different perturbations emerging from imposed boundary velocities, using a nonlinear numerical approach.     

电流片的形成

采用二维三分量的耗散磁流体力学模型,对由于光球层的剪切运动引起的四极磁场内电流片的形成过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,磁分隔线在磁场的演化过程中起关键作用。电流主要在分隔面和根部剪切梯度较大的磁环中形成,其中在分隔线上最强。磁分隔线可以被拉长,形成强电流片,随着速度剪切位置的不同,电流片的形成模式也不同,既可以形成与光球层垂直的电流片,也可以形成平行的电流片。      

Hardware development and tests in the GIRL project

The German Infrared Laboratory GIRL is a liquid helium-cooled telescope with four focal plane instruments dedicated to astronomical and aeronomical observations.Hardware tests were performed with a thermal model of the cryostat and other components as active phase separator, optical switches, main mirror, baffle etc.In the test phase the thermal behavior of the system was checked out in a step by step procedure. The timeline of the individual experiments and of two representative orbits were simulated by electrical heaters. Temperatures and helium flow rates for the different operation modes were measured.An outlook shows that the project phase in 1982 is dedicated to further development and tests of hardware and complete definition and specification of all GIRL systems.     

流道弯曲度对微重力膜式水气分离性能的影响

开展微重力膜式水气分离性能仿真研究,对水气分离技术设计与优化具有重要意义。针对微重力入口边界气液界面多尺度问题（入口流型问题）提出了基于界面概率近似方法的欧拉双流体模型,采用动量源项法解决几何多尺度问题（分离膜边界问题）,为仿真研究提供了有效的入口及渗透边界。研究了典型工作参数下流道弯曲度对膜分离性能的影响,并从流动形态和作用力贡献2个方面分析了影响机理。结果表明:膜分离性能随流道弯曲度增大而降低,影响程度与入口含气率相关;直流道适于选作膜式静态水气分离器主要流道形式。      

我国通信卫星用的镉镍蓄电池

文中论述了镉镍单体电池中陶瓷金属封接技术、影响电池比能量的因素、隔膜的选择和镉电极对电池性能的影响。在此基础上又进一步阐述了组合电池的设计,框架式结构的产生、碳纤维材料的使用和充电控制技术。     

Girl — the German infrared laboratory for spacelab

GIRL is a liquid helium cooled 50 cm telescope equipped with four focal plane instruments dedicated to astronomical and aeronomical observations. These instruments, a detector array, a photopolarimeter, an Ebert-Fastie-spectrometer and a Michelson-interferometer make up an “infrared observatory” having high sensitivity and high spectral and spatial resolution. Si:Ga-, Si:Sb-, Si:As-, Si:P-, Ge:Be-, Ge:Cu- and Ge:Ga-detectors with NEP-values as low as $\text{3 10}{}^{\mathrm{?17}}\text{W Hz}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ have been tested and will be used to cover the wavelength range 3…120 μm. A full size “thermal model” of the GIRL cryostat containing 300 1 of superfluid helium at 1.6 K has been tested at the industrial prime contractor MBB; results of these tests will be presented in a following paper by F. Dahl et al. Several new techniques for cold telescopes are used in GIRL, for instance a glass ceramics primary mirror, a low power chopping secondary and an active helium phase separator. The scientific objectives include studies of star formation regions and active galaxies as well as measurements of spurious gases in the earth atmosphere. GIRL will be pointed by the Instrument Pointing System (IPS) and is scheduled to fly on Spacelab in 1986/87.     

Multi-wavelength study of a coronal mass ejection: a flare event from AR#9393

The active region, AR#9393, produced a number of intense flares during March–April 2001. In this paper, we report the analysis of an X1.1 flare event of April 2, 2001 and its associated coronal mass ejection. The timing and location of the H_α eruption, radio burst activities, and the onset of mass ejection suggest an energy release that occurred close to the surface of the sun. At this region, as shown by the magnetogram, X-ray and EUV images, the field configuration was complex and the 3-D extrapolation revealed the presence of a magnetic null point. Results also suggest that the energy release is followed by the magnetic reconnection between the low-lying loops near the separator point and outlying loops. This study provides the support for the magnetic break-out process to trigger the energy release in eruptive flare event.     

FC72-氮气混合气体流动冷凝效率研究

混合气体（可凝蒸气与不可凝气体）相对于纯可凝蒸气,其流动冷凝过程更为复杂,冷凝效率受不可凝气体的浓度及冷凝温度影响.为对空间任务蒸发冷凝实验平台排放的废气FC72进行清理回收,针对所研制的FC72气液分离与收集器,在地面环境下对不同浓度的混合气体在不同冷凝温度下进行了流动冷凝效率实验.结果表明,对于FC72与氮气的混合气体,当冷凝器温度一定时,随着FC72浓度的增加,该气液分离与收集器的冷凝效率提高.在冷凝器温度约为-10℃,FC72浓度高于70%时,流动冷凝效率达到80%以上;当冷凝器温度降低至约-13℃,FC72浓度高于30%时,流动冷凝效率达到70%以上;当冷凝器温度降至约-15℃,FC72浓度高于20%时,流动冷凝速率均达到60%以上.      

One-week habitation of two humans in an airtight facility with two goats and 23 crops – Analysis of carbon,oxygen, and water circulation

Human habitation and animal holding experiments in a closed environment, the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), were carried out. The CEEF were established for collecting experimental data to estimate carbon transfer in the ecosystem around Rokkasho nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Circulation of O₂ and CO₂, and supply of food from crops cultivated in the CEEF were conducted for the first time in the habitation experiments. Two humans known as eco-nauts inhabited the CEEF, living and working in the Plant Module (PM) and the Animal and Habitation Module (AHM), for a week three times in 2005. On a fresh weight basis, 82% of their food was supplied from 23 crops including rice and soybean, cultivated and harvested in the PM, in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. For the goats, the animals held in the experiments, all of their feed, consisting of rice straw, soybean plant leaves, and peanut shells and peanut plant leaves, was produced in the PM in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. The O₂ produced in the PM by photosynthesis of the crops was separated by the O₂ separator using molecular sheaves, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the AHM atmosphere. The CO₂ produced in the AHM by respiration of the humans and animals was separated by the CO₂ separator using solid amine, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the PM atmosphere. The amount of O₂ consumed in the AHM was 46–51% of that produced in the PM, and the amount of CO₂ produced in the AHM was 43–56% of that consumed in the PM. The surplus of O₂ and the shortage of CO₂ was a result of the fact that waste of the goats and the crops and part of the human waste were not processed in these habitation experiments. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the eco-nauts was 64–92% of that in the harvested edible part of the crops. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the goats was 36–53% of that in the harvested inedible part of the crops. One week was not enough time for determination of gas exchange especially for humans and animals, because fluctuation of their gas exchange was quite high. The amount of transpired water collected as condensate was 818–938 L d⁻¹, and it was recycled as replenishing water compensating transpiration loss of nutrient solution. The amount of waste nutrient solution discharged from the PM was 1421–1644 L d⁻¹. The waste nutrient solutions from rice and other crops were processed through micro filters (MFs) separately. The MF filtrated solutions were processed with reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter separately and divided into filtrated water and concentrated waste nutrient solution. The concentrated waste nutrient solution from the crops other than rice was processed through an ultra-micro filter (UF) and reused, although that from rice was discharged in 2005. Concentrations of nutritional ions in the UF filtrated solution were determined, the depleted ions were added back, the UF filtrated solution was diluted with the RO membrane filtrated water, and the nutrient solution for the crops other than rice was regenerated. The nutrient solution for rice was newly made each time, using concentrated solution from an external source and the RO membrane filtrated water. Average amounts of water used in the AHM (L d⁻¹) were determined as follows: drinking by humans (filtrated water), 1.5; cooking, etc. (filtrated water other than for drinking), 14.3; drinking by goats, 3.8; showering (hot water), 13.2; showering (cold water), 0.1; washing of hand and face and brushing teeth, 4.1; washing of dishes, dish clothes and towels, 36.4; and washing of animal holding tools, 0.3. The waste water was processed by a RO purification system and recycled for toilet flushing and animal pens washing. A circulation experiment for water was started in 2006 and a circulation experiment for waste materials is planned for 2007. In 2006, a single duration of the air circulation experiments was 2 weeks, although the human habitants were changed after 1 week.