国内外智能制造的发展及对我国商用航空发动机发展的启示

多个国家在全球范围内部署了智能制造发展战略,建设航空发动机智能工厂是《中国制造2025》重点支持的方向。通过介绍国外商用航空发动机公司智能制造发展现状,探讨我国建设商用航空发动机智能工厂的关键问题,明确发展行业智能制造标准化工具,促进产品智能化改造,实现生产组织数字化、网络化、智能化是实现商用航空发动机智能制造的关键技术手段。     

基于MBSE方法进行民机设计的工具链建设

随着民机系统的复杂度日益提升,系统工程的思想越来越多地被应用到民机设计中,而在系统工程中,基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)方法是未来的发展方向。阐述了基于MBSE的民机设计理念及基本的设计流程,介绍了对MBSE方法发展过程中具有重大影响意义的重要标准,针对设计流程中的每个阶段列举了当今世界比较流行的软件并介绍了这些软件的功能,最后提出了符合MBSE思想的工具链框架,为MBSE方法在民机设计中的落地提供了参考。     

Analysis of airborne GPS multipath effects using high-fidelity EM models

Airborne GPS systems are being upgraded to provide sufficient positioning accuracy to support automatic landing operations in low visibility conditions. This is made possible by differential GPS (DGPS), in which the errors common to the airborne receiver and ground station are removed by knowledge of the latter's precise location. However, errors specific to the airborne system remain, of which the dominant components are receiver noise and multipath. To support the assessment of the integrity of the signal in space, these residual errors are incorporated in a statistically based error model, designated as the "standard model." The standard model is defined as the standard deviation of a Gaussian distribution that overbounds the residual pseudo-range (PR) error. It relates the standard deviation of the overbounding distribution to the elevation angle of the satellite relative to the local level coordinate system. The international community is currently developing improved standards to enable DGPS systems to support landings in the worst visibility conditions (i.e., CAT III). As a part of this development, the standard model for multipath is being re-evaluated and an improved model is sought. In order to better characterize the residual multipath errors, tools for accurate calculation of the airframe scattering effects are needed. Development of such tools is the subject of this paper. A new method for accurately computing pseudo-range error, based on the use of high-fidelity EM models, is described. This approach provides new insight into the mechanisms causing multipath error.     

A methodology for evaluating, comparing, and selecting softwaresafety and reliability standards

The regulated industries, which in the FDA's (US Food and Drug Administration) case include the manufacturers of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices, are responsible for selecting and justifying the selection and use of appropriate national and/or international consensus standards. This paper documents the results of a scientific inquiry which was undertaken to develop a methodology to evaluate and select individual standards as well as compatible sets of standards. Initially the scope was limited to software safety and reliability standards. Since then it has been expanded to other areas. It was found that six categories of criteria are important when evaluating the potential use of software safety standards: General Factors, Product Characterization, Process Characterization, Personnel Characterization, Risk Management, and Overall Standards Framework. The criteria in each of the six categories must be addressed, How they are addressed is both a technical and a policy decision. The goal should not be to try to find the “ultimate” standard because there isn't any. Rather the goal should be to select a balanced “diet” of standards based on these six categories. The methodology provides a systematic framework from which to make an objective determination about the appropriateness of using a particular standard     

Using interchangeable virtual instrument (IVI) drivers to increasetest system performance

Instrument driver technology has evolved tremendously over the last decade. Initiatives such as SCPI and VXIplug&play have simplified remote instrument programming with standardized command messages and high-level utility functions. The latest initiative is the Interchangeable Virtual Instrument (IVI) Foundation. IVI defines standards for instrument drivers that offer benefits to provide higher performance. These benefits include instrument interchangeability, instrument simulation, and instrument state-caching. Because instrument drivers are an integral part of a modern test system, IVI promises to provide developers with the tools to increase their system performance significantly. This paper reviews the technical aspects of the IVI specification and the TVI architecture and describes how IVI can help the test system developer improve performance and lower long-term software maintenance costs     

Professional environment for knowledge workers: employers'responsibilities

Knowledge workers, including engineers and computer professionals, are recognized as being among the most valuable assets of high-technology employers. The employers' responsibilities in establishing and maintaining a mutually rewarding relationship are discussed. The value of adequate facilities, tools, and support personnel for ensuring competitive productivity by knowledge workers is considered. The employers' responsibility for assisting knowledge workers in avoiding technical obsolescence through programs to maintain technical competence is examined. The total compensation package is discussed along with alternate career paths to be made available. The responsibility of the employer to maintain high moral and ethical standards is stressed     

空中交通中尾流间隔的研究

分析了雷达尾流间隔标准的分类，通过尾流的形成机理和对后机影响的分析，建立了后机的危险遭遇模型和前机的尾流消散模型，给出了在确定的时间间隔下确定尾流危险遭遇概率的方法。     

Conceptual design and flight simulation of space stations

This paper focuses on the conceptual design and flight simulation of space stations. Its goal is to discern the factors which influence the configurational design of a space station system. This is done in order to define an adequate methodology with an adapted set of computer tools for early conceptual design of space stations. First we review the history of space station design in order to show what factors drove conceptual space station designs in the past. After that, a methodological design approach for space stations is introduced with special emphasis on design rules applicable to the development of the configuration of a space station. Finally, the design example of a minimum space station with growth potential demonstrates the way in which methods and tools established in this study can be applied to a conceptual design problem.     

Implementing reusable, instrument independent test programs in thefactory

Development of computer programs that control test sequences on Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) is costly and time consuming. Test Programs are usually written by specifying the instruments to be used in the ATE and the sequence of the setup and measurement parameters for these instruments. Reuse of test program software on other ATE is usually not possible without rewriting, revalidating and re-releasing the programs. This paper describes an implementation of a test program software development system and a standard of software runtime architecture used in our factories. The object-oriented development environment and its associated class libraries allow test programs to be written without knowledge of the ATE on which they will be run. Two main principles guided the design: the software architecture was based on recognized formal and industry standards; and our implementation used commercial off-the-shelf software products when possible. Emerging standards such as the IEEE-1226 (ABBET) as well as defacto industry standards including VXI Plug and Play have made our implementation possible. The current draft of the ABBET and P&P standards do not promote this instrument independence, but it is hoped that this will be added as the standards mature. Three immediate benefits are: cost savings that result from reusing validated test programs; cycle time reductions that result from concurrently developing test program software and ATE; and software defect reductions that result from using proven software     

使用VAPS实现座舱人机界面的设计

介绍了利用VAPS提供的相关工具实现人机界面的开发流程,并且给出了一种使用ACT文件实现外部通信的方法。     

开口销标准及其使用

对当前机械行业广泛采用的两个开口销国家标准进行了分析比较，论述了两个标准的主要区别，同时介绍了使用开口销应注意的事项。     

基于S1000D规范的发动机技术出版物BOM架构研究

根据适航法规,以及参照S1000D等国际标准,民用航空发动机技术出版物应形成包括源数据及构型控制、编写及全寿命修订、出版物验证、发布及客户支援管理等覆盖民用航空发动机产品全生命周期的核心能力。在此过程中涉及到数量庞大的数据模块、各数据模块间复杂的关联关系,以及构型管理要求等。在工作伊始,合理规划,管理好数以万计的数据模块,是开展技术出版物编制工作的重要环节。通过梳理分析民用航空发动机技术出版物中主要维修类手册及其关联关系,引入构型管理工具,提出了建立技术出版物数据模块物料清单的建设路径,通过技术出版物数据模块物料清单的建设为数据模块全寿命周期的管理提供支撑,从而有效推进了民用航空发动机的取证工作,也保障了发动机的持续适航。     

外国电影名称翻译标准

以电影名称的四个主要功能为出发点,提出衡量外国电影名称翻译的四条标准,通过一些成功的外国电影名称翻译证明了该标准的准确性。借助这四条标准对一些不成功的外国电影名称翻译提出了不同的建议。     

各种潜污水电泵标准的对比分析

现行类似的潜污水电泵标准有多种,经详细对比分析,认为各种标准本质上一致,均适用于潜污水电泵。由于标准归口单位不同造成了它们同时实施的局面,建议国家机械工业联合会能协调统一,取各种标准之长,制定出一个更为完整先进的潜污水电泵标准。     

高强度辐射场环境下电子设备的防护与设计

航空电子电气系统暴露于高强度辐射场（HIRF）环境下的误动作与工作失效等灵敏度问题,严重影响了飞行器的安全系统。因此,研究HIRF对飞机安全的影响就变得十分有必要。详细介绍了美国联邦航空局和中国民航适航部门在适航认证方面的相关标准及法规,以及设计者如何设计出符合HIRF认证标准的航空电子电气系统。     

基于CCSDS标准的航天器上行遥控链路 协议体系与可靠性技术

针对航天测控领域中上行遥控业务的协议体系选择与可靠性设计问题,在对我国现行国军标技术指标要求与现有航天测控系统天地基遥控技术特点进行归纳梳理的基础上,基于空间段信息传输无线链路特点与CCSDS(Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems,空间数据系统咨询委员会)标准规范,研究给出了适用于我国航天测控任务的空间段遥控协议体系与可靠性措施,利用梳理统计方法对上行遥控体制进行了数学建模分析,并与CCSDS给出的应用算例进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,所涉及的上行遥控体制与CCSDS标准规范的工作效能基本相当,能够满足我国航天任务上行遥控任务使用需求.     

In-flight entertainment-getting from wishlist to reality

Much of what we see in the consumer electronics stores will eventually find its way into airplanes in the form of In-Flight Entertainment (IFE). This consumer electronic equipment is often referred to as “the leading edge of technology”. Unfortunately, that same equipment that is the “leading edge” of consumer electronics, often stalls to feel like the “bleeding edge” when you try to integrate it into IFE systems for today's modern aircraft. Unlike Avionics Systems, the technologies behind IFE equipment are not usually mature before they are integrated into the aircraft. What may work well in a home environment, may not work well at all in the aircraft environment. Often this problem results in last minute redesign in an effort to make the equipment function as intended on the aircraft. Both the FAA and the aircraft manufacturer impose many requirements on the suppliers and products of IFE. Systems need to be designed for the aircraft environment. Many variations on IFE Systems have forced the creation of new standards for integration into commercial aircraft. Power, cooling, and EMC issues are becoming more of a concern as we move to fill aircraft implementations. Beyond the technical evaluations and lab/aircraft testing, one key component is customer satisfaction. This paper will cover some of the methods and tools we use to get IFE from wishlist to reality     

Integrated Diagnostics: The Navy Perspective

As part of the DOD Logistics Research and Development Program, the Navy is embarking on the development of an Integrated Diagnostics Support System. This System is composed of a number of diagnostic design tools, which are aimed at automating the diagnostic design process. When completed, the tools will be utilized in a comprehensive integrated diagnostic demonstration project applied to a Naval weapon system. The last three years have been characterized by increasing attention given to the definition, implementation, and evaluation of integrated diagnostics concepts. Integrated diagnostics is a structured process which maximizes the effectiveness of diagnostics by integrating pertinent elements, such as testability, automatic and manual testing, training, maintenance aiding, personnel and computer-aided engineering as a means for providing a cost-effective capability to detect and unambiguously isolate all faults known or expected to occur in weapon systems and equipment, and to satisfy weapon system mission requirements.     

空域飞行侧向碰撞危险的REICH模型方法研究

对现行空域进行安全性评估时，需要对空域中碰撞危险次数进行量化（每飞行小时磁撞次数），并与一个可接受的安全目标等级进行比较，以判断空域的安全性。根据REICH碰撞模型的研究方法对飞机在一定间隔标准下碰撞的可能性进行了建模，从而为任何给定间隔标准下的安全性评估提供了一种有效方法。     

Effects of Machine Tool Configuration on Its Dynamics Based on Orthogonal Experiment Method

In order to analyze the influence of configuration parameters on dynamic characteristics of machine tools in the working space, the configuration parameters have been suggested based on the orthogonal experiment method. Dynamic analysis of a milling machine, which is newly designed for producing turbine blades, has been conducted by utilizing the modal synthesis method. The finite element model is verified and updated by experimental modal analysis (EMA) of the machine tool. The result gained by modal synthesis method is compared with whole-model finite element method (FEM) result as well. According to the orthogonal experiment method, four configuration parameters of machine tool are considered as four factors for dynamic characteristics. The influence of configuration parameters on the first three natural frequencies is obtained by range analysis. It is pointed out that configuration parameter is the most important factor affecting the fundamental frequency of machine tools, and configuration parameter has less effect on lower-order modes of the system than others. The combination of configuration parameters which makes the fundamental frequency reach the maximum value is provided. Through demonstration, the conclusion can be drawn that the influence of configuration parameters on the natural frequencies of machine tools can be analyzed explicitly by the orthogonal experiment method, which offers a new method for estimating the dynamic characteristics of machine tools.