基于低轨通信星座的导航增强技术发展概述

在我国北斗三号卫星导航系统全面完成组网建设的背景下,世界卫星导航步入新时代.各卫星导航大国均瞄准更高服务精度、更加多样功能、更加可靠服务,正在着手开展新一代系统建设和技术迭代.随着各国对于大型低轨通信星座的积极开发与广泛部署,应用低轨卫星技术实现导航增强与PNT系统备份能力,因其易与GNSS协同,具有提高全球自主导航精...     

基于改进POCET技术的通导一体化信号设计

随着低轨卫星组网的发展,结合我国北斗三号全球卫星导航系统的全面建成,研究兼容北斗的通信导航一体化技术日益迫切。为使卫星上的高功率放大器工作在非线性饱和区,以达到较高的发射功率效率,需要保证合成信号的恒包络特性。考虑北斗导航信号与低轨卫星通信信号频点不同,且待复用信号分量较多,以相位优化恒包络发射（POCET）技术为基础,提出了一种改进的多频点多非独立信号分量恒包络复用技术,对七路信号进行复用,利用罚函数进行目标函数优化得到最优解。通过分析其信号特性,表明该方法具有较高的复用效率,并能有效抑制非独立分量造成的波形畸变,从而实现通信导航一体化信号设计,为未来基于低轨卫星的通信导航一体化波形设计提供了思路。     

基于改进POCET技术的通导一体化信号设计

随着低轨卫星组网的发展,结合我国北斗三号全球卫星导航系统的全面建成,研究兼容北斗的通信导航一体化技术日益迫切。为使卫星上的高功率放大器工作在非线性饱和区,以达到较高的发射功率效率,需要保证合成信号的恒包络特性。考虑北斗导航信号与低轨卫星通信信号频点不同,且待复用信号分量较多,以相位优化恒包络发射(POCET)技术为基础,提出了一种改进的多频点多非独立信号分量恒包络复用技术,对七路信号进行复用,利用罚函数进行目标函数优化得到最优解。通过分析其信号特性,表明该方法具有较高的复用效率,并能有效抑制非独立分量造成的波形畸变,从而实现通信导航一体化信号设计,为未来基于低轨卫星的通信导航一体化波形设计提供了思路。     

北斗卫星通信导航信号激励器的方案设计和应用

根据北斗卫星系统工作原理,提出了北斗卫星通信导航信号激励器的方案设计和在直升机型号设计中的应用。该激励器具有模拟北斗卫星通信导航信号的功能,其作用是在航电系统地面综合联试中,为机载北斗接收机和组合导航系统提供激励信号。     

内嵌高斯白噪声模块的可编程卫星信号模拟源

由于卫星通信的遥测参数和数据格式的多样性,为满足不同卫星测试的要求,需要提供不同的信号源。考虑到成本因素,采用遥测参数和数据格式均可编程卫星信号模拟源。给出了内嵌高斯白噪声模块的可编程卫星信号模拟源的系统组成及工作原理,对其中关键模块——已调副载波生成模块和高斯白噪声生成模块进行了分析讨论,前者采用包括直接数字频率合成方法在内的全数字方法,后者采用延时斐波那契算法和公式法的算法组合。试验结果表明:本方案实现的可编程卫星信号模拟源能够满足多数卫星测试的需要。     

DOA estimation for attitude determination on communication satellites

In order to determine an appropriate attitude of three-axis stabilized communication satellites, this paper describes a novel attitude determination method using direction of arrival （DOA） estimation of a ground signal source. It differs from optical measurement, magnetic field measurement, inertial measurement, and global positioning system （GPS） attitude determination. The proposed method is characterized by taking the ground signal source as the attitude reference and acquiring attitude information from DOA estimation. Firstly, an attitude measurement equation with DOA estimation is derived in detail. Then, the error of the measurement equation is analyzed. Finally, an attitude determination algorithm is presented using a dynamic model, the attitude measurement equation, and measurement errors. A developing low Earth orbit （LEO） satellite which tests mobile communication technology with smart antennas can be stabilized in three axes by corporately using a magnetometer, reaction wheels, and three-axis magnetorquer rods. Based on the communication satellite, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The method could be a backup of attitude determination to prevent a system failure on the satellite. Its precision depends on the number of snapshots and the input signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） with DOA estimation.     

A Family of SHF Tactical Satellite Communication Ground Terminals

On February 8, 1969, an experimental tactical communications satellite, TACSAT I, was successfully placed in synchronous orbit at the equator off the coast of South America. This paper concerns itself with a family of SHF tactical satellite communications ground terminals utilizing the SHF capability of that satellite. The material presented provides the system concepts necessary for the understanding of the ground terminals, their relationship to the satellite, and some insight into the design problems encountered during the development of a family of five types of terminals. The system concepts are presented in terms of communication modes, frequency assignments, and implementation of the respective modes. The beacon system for frequency control and signal acquisiticn siticn is described along with the factors involved in design of equipment implementing the analog FM, the alert message, frequency hopping, and, differential phase-shift keyed (DPSK) modes. The final configurations of each of the five terminals are described and illustrated through photographs and generalized block diagrams, and the capability of each is briefly outlined.     

Land mobile satellite propagation experiments in Kyoto City

In February of 1990, land mobile satellite propagation experiments were conducted in Kyoto City, Japan, using the Engineering Test Satellite V (ETS-V). The signal transmitted from the satellite was received and recorded at a mobile unit moving in different streets of the downtown area. The streets chosen have typical downtown medium and high rise buildings, electric utility poles, trees, etc., which caused obstruction to the satellite line of sight. The propagation characteristics such as fade/nonfade distribution, joint fade and nonfade distribution, phase distribution, and their dependence on the antenna type are discussed for the measured link. Error characteristics in digital communication for the above link have been qualitatively analyzed on the basis of the measured signal level fluctuation. Effect of interleaving and coding to improve the communication link is also discussed     

基于通用无线电外设的北斗信号仿真系统

研究了基于通用软件无线电外设(USRP)的北斗信号仿真系统。给出了北斗卫星电文的生成方式,使用Matlab读取星历信息并定义编码产生北斗卫星信号,并利用USRP实现北斗卫星电文的调制发射,利用接收机对该信号进行捕获接收,并对信号附加的多普勒频移进行仿真。最后通过接收机对仿真系统产生的信号进行接收验证。通过此仿真系统可更直观地研究北斗卫星信号,对研究北斗卫星导航系统具有一定的参考意义。     

Characterization of High-Rate QPSK Channel with Adaptive Equalization

A computer simulation model capable of predicting the performance nce of a high-dta-rate end-to-end communication system with adaptive equalization is described in this paper. The model is used to characterize the behavior of NASA's proposed tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS), while accounting for signal distortion effects due to operational conditions and the required hardware are components necessary to fulfill mission objectives. Specifically, the performance of the TDRSS high-dta-rate lik (300 Mbps) is defined, both with and without adaptive equalization.     

Optical fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system design

The geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) is a limited natural resource and its efficient utilization is very important. The geostationary tether satellite (GTS) system has a number of satellites aligned along the local vertical on either side of the nominal geostationary position. The system is synchronized with the Earth's rotation and all the various altitudes are geostationary, Furthermore, optical-fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system has been introduced to improve the GTS system, with regard to increment of communication capacity, simplification of interference paths and intersatellite link (ISL) capability. The F-GTS system design is discussed with the purpose of achieving a realistic satellite network. Three frequency bands, i.e., the 14/11, 30/20, and 50/40 GHz bands, are examined for selection of the optimum frequency band. The F-GTS system example for covering the service areas in Japan is discussed with regard to satellite antenna diameter, communication capacities, etc. To apply the F-GTS system to the whole GSO, the diagonal azimuth orbit arrangement method is proposed for low latitude service areas. Moreover, the F-GTS communication capacity and total communication capacity, when the F-GTS systems are applied to the whole GSO, are also examined.     

民用飞机卫星通信系统的设计和适航验证考虑

随着我国航空事业的快速发展,关于机载卫星通信的业务需求越来越强烈。卫星通信覆盖面积大、通信容量大、通信距离远、机动灵活、传输线路稳定可靠,是克服现有甚高频、高频通信系统局限性的最佳选择。首先对卫星通信系统进行了概述,在此基础上全面论述了卫星通信系统设计过程的考虑事项、并提出适航符合性验证的方法建议,为民用飞机卫星通信系统的适航批准提供支持。     

高动态信号模拟器中的多普勒模拟算法

 为了测试卫星定位系统接收机的性能,须用信号模拟器来模拟各种条件下真实的卫星发射信号。卫星信号模拟器由软件、硬件和上位机三部分组成。系统主要包含目标运动轨迹计算、误差计算、导航电文生成及信号调制发射等功能模块。中频信号处理中的多普勒频移模拟是高动态卫星信号模拟器要解决的一项关键技术。为此,提出了一种全相参的多普勒模拟算法,基于真实的高动态运动模型解算出伪码和载波的频率字,在现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）中通过数控振荡器(NCO)设计产生真实的动态卫星信号。通过实际测试并与理论数据进行了比对验证,模拟出的动态特性与真实卫星信号的多普勒特性一致。     

星载AIS收发机的关键技术初探

研究了现有的VHF频段的船用自动识别系统在超小或微型卫星应用中的若干关键技术。阐述了大气层、降雨、多径失真、多普勒频移对星载AIS通信的影响,接收到的星载AIS信号的载噪比以及星上天线的设计等。研究结果表明,多普勒频移对于星载AIS通信的影响是最主要的,而大气和气侯情况对星载AIS通信的影响则较小。     

卫星授时与时间传递技术进展

近年来,卫星导航技术发展迅速.卫星导航系统以精密时间测量技术为基础,实现了伪距测量,进而实现定位.同时,卫星导航系统还提供了高精度授时功能.综述了卫星导航系统的授时和时间频率传递技术、基于通信卫星的授时技术以及双向卫星时间频率传递(TWSTFT)技术等.随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的建成和提供服务,BDS授时应用研究正在快速发展.基于BDS/GNSS多系统的精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递技术已成为重点研究方向,未来将会应用于国际时间比对.同时,随着卫星通信技术尤其是低轨通信卫星技术的快速发展,低轨通信卫星授时会成为一个有潜力的研究方向.     

Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system     

Performance evaluation of digital beamforming strategies for satellite communications

Smart antennas are becoming one of the promising technologies to meet the rapidly increasing demands for more capacity of satellite communication systems. A main component in a smart antenna system is beamforming. Because of the limitations of analog beamforming, digital beamforming will be employed in future satellite communication systems. We evaluate the performance of various digital beamforming strategies proposed in the literature for satellite communications: 1) single fixed beam/single user, 2) single fixed beam/multiple users, 3) single adaptive beam/single user, and 4) single Chebyshev dynamic beam/multiple users. Multiple criteria including coverage, system capacity, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and computation complexity are used to evaluate these satellite communication beamforming strategies. In particular, a Ka-band satellite communication system is used to address the various issues of these beamforming strategies. For the adaptive beamforming approach, subarray structure is used to obtain the weights of a large 2D antenna array, and a globally convergent recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to realize the adaptive beamforming algorithm in parallel. The new subarray-based neural beamforming algorithm can reduce the computation complexity greatly, and is more effective than the conventional least mean square (LMS) beamforming approach. It is shown that the single adaptive beam/single user approach has the highest system capacity.     

通信导航一体化技术研究进展

近年来,大众对泛在位置服务的需求不断增长,卫星导航在室内等场景下覆盖能力不足,已无法满足人们的需求。由于通信信号覆盖范围广、用户数量大、信号频带宽,将通信信号用于定位可成为卫星导航的有效补充。在此背景下,随着通信和定位技术的快速发展,通信和导航的耦合程度不断加深,产生了通信导航一体化技术(CPIT),并成为了国内外的研究热点。通信系统中毫米波、多入多出(MIMO)、波束成形等技术为CPIT的发展带来了新的契机。首先介绍了CPIT的演进过程;然后就CPIT中的关键技术进行了总结并分析了其研究现状;最后对CPIT的发展进行了展望。     

Photocounting Receiver Performance for Detection of Multimode Laser or Scattered Radiation

Photocounting distributions, the decision threshold, and the probability of error are obtained for a binary optical communication system in which both the signal and background radiation are Gaussian processes. This would be the case, for example, when the radiation source is a nonlocked multimode laser or when the received radiation is scattered from a satellite. Dark current is considered. The results indicate that when possible, counting times should be adjusted to be large in comparison with the background radiation coherence time, and optical amplification before detection should be employed.     

甚高频全向信标改造成数字通信测向综合化系统的几种新方案

受卫星导航的冲击，甚高频全向信标（VOR）在未来航行系统中将失去它的重要地位，最终可能关闭。为充分利用VOR的频段和设备资源，本文提出了四种VOR发射机改造方案：第一是间断发射的慢速时空调制系统；第二是连续发射的二进制四相时空调制系统；第三是码分有参考信号时空调制系统；第四是时分有参考信号时空调制系统。给出了四种系统信号调制、编码、接收机设计等解决方案。改造系统的主要优点是将数字通信和无线定向综合为一体。