跨流域空气动力学模拟方法与返回舱再入气动研究

针对回收类航天器(返回舱)再入过程所遇跨流域多尺度非平衡绕流问题,综述基于Boltzmann方程碰撞积分物理分析与可计算建模,构造考虑完全气体、转动非平衡、含振动能激发热力学非平衡效应各流域统一Boltzmann模型方程,及由此建立返回舱再入气动力热绕流问题气体动理论统一算法研究进展与算法检验。作为方法间验证结合,进一步简述了融合再入热化学稀薄气体电离非平衡流动DSMC方法、近连续过渡流区N-S/DSMC耦合算法、经滑移边界修正的N-S方程解算器、低密度风洞实验测试等多种空气动力学模拟手段,建立求解Boltzmann模型方程气体动理论统一算法(GKUA)、DSMC、N-S/DSMC、滑移N-S解算器、低密度风洞实验验证补充,适于返回舱再入从外层空间自由分子流到近地面连续流跨流域空气动力学一体化模拟平台。将此平台用于再入H=110～30km各流域球体、高超声速尖前缘中空柱裙、返回式卫星球锥体、飞船返回舱稀薄过渡流以至近连续流区气动力/热与姿态配平绕流问题计算与实验分析比较,证实统一算法在高稀薄流区,与DSMC吻合很好;在连续流区,与(滑移)N-S解算器相一致;在中间过渡带,与N-S/DSMC耦合算法相容;具有全飞行流域很好的计算一致收敛性。简述了跨流域空气动力学几种模拟手段的适应性特点与展望,揭示了返回舱再入跨流域复杂高超声速流动变化规律。     

高超声速化学非平衡流动Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合算法

基于相同的化学反应模型,在已有计算流体力学（CFD）和直接仿真蒙特卡罗（DSMC）方法及程序的基础上,采用Modular Particle-Continuum（MPC）耦合技术,建立了包含化学非平衡Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合算法。算法结构中DSMC计算区域在CFD计算结果上根据当地克努森数自动选取。发展了适用于流场分区信息交换的亚松弛技术,抑制DSMC方法对CFD计算的影响。把DSMC方法和CFD的应用范围拓展到过渡流区,为复杂飞行器近连续过渡流区高超声速化学非平衡流动数值模拟研究提供了一种工程适用的预测分析手段。通过对二维圆柱高超声速化学非平衡绕流的算例与其他结果的比较研究,表明耦合算法不论在流场结构、流场非平衡现象,还是飞行器表面参数、整体气动力/热特性方面,都能够得到与全DSMC计算吻合的结果,证实了所建立的Navier-Stokes/DSMC耦合计算模型与方法的有效性和可靠性。仿真了某航天器解体碎片在过渡区的化学非平衡流动,得到碎片在过渡区的气动力/热特性,为碎片的陨落计算提供依据。     

天宫飞行器过渡流区高超声速绕流N-S/DSMC耦合计算

针对类天宫飞行器服役期满再入大气层多次解体过程残骸碎片绕流对气动特性干扰影响的问题,在数值求解N-S方程的CFD和DSMC方法程序研究基础上,采用MPC耦合处理原理,发展了基于Chapman-Enskog非平衡速度分布函数的耦合区域双向信息交换亚松弛计算技术,建立了适于残骸碎片两体不同间隔绕流干扰流场的N-S/DSMC耦合算法。对天宫飞行器两舱结构体在过渡流区低密度风洞试验状态进行了耦合计算,计算结果与风洞试验结果吻合很好,验证了所建立的耦合算法对再入解体残骸碎片气动特性计算的有效性和可靠性。通过对天宫飞行器解体碎片的简化外形球和球柱体在过渡流区高超声速两体干扰气动特性进行不同间隔绕流场耦合计算分析,结果表明,在一定的距离范围内,两体干扰会对残骸碎片的气动特性产生较强的影响,不同的残骸碎片外形在不同距离的干扰规律不一致。计算结果为天宫飞行器再入解体气动融合轨道数值预报提供设计依据。     

再入飞行中DSMC与Navier-Stokes两种模型的计算与分析

首次提出了再入飞行过程中"小Knudsen数特征区(即[Kn1,Kn2]域)"的概念,并用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)算法与求解Navier-Stokes方程两种模型详细研究了在这个区域中的流动.数值计算表明:采用王保国教授课题组自己编制的DSMC源程序和求解多组分、考虑热力学非平衡以及化学反应非平衡、弱守恒型Navi...     

卫星姿控发动机混合物羽流场分区耦合计算研究

研究求解喷管内流场N-S方程数值计算方法,发展基于N-S方程物面边界滑移流理论计算技术。提出求解羽流核心区轴对称DSMC模拟方法与远场三维DSMC仿真方案,发展多组元混合物羽流DSMC仿真方法。研究求解卫星姿控发动机内外近场、远场、倒流区和物面相互作用影响区多流域流场分区耦合计算技术,建立了一套用于求解混合物燃气羽流及对太阳电池帆板与卫星体表面撞击污染影响数值模拟方法。通过对分别安装于某在轨卫星不同位置两个典型姿控发动机燃气五组元混合物羽流计算研究及相关结果对比分析,证实本文数值方法可靠性。     

超声速平头圆柱绕流DSMC/EPSM混合算法研究

本文将EPSM算法与DSMC方法结合，构造了可模拟含近连续流区及过渡流区的DSMC／EPSM混合算法。运用混合算法模拟马赫数等于5．37时超声速平头圆柱绕流，并与DSMC结果进行比较，证明了DSMC／EPSM混合算法的有效性，并对两种算法的计算效率进行了比较。     

模拟真空羽流场的特征线法

介绍了特征线法（MOC法）对真空羽流场进行数值模拟的过程，用MOC法进行了喷管出口流动不均匀情况真空羽流场算例的求解，所得结果与理论分析相符合，与DSMC法计算结果吻合，提高了计算效率，节省了计算时间。结果表明：用MOC法可代替DSMC法对连续介质区进行模拟，并可在用N-S和DSMC耦合数值模拟中确定耦合边界。     

超声速平板绕流DSMC/EPSM混合算法研究

本文将平衡粒模拟方法（EPSM）与蒙特卡罗直接模拟方法（DSMC）结合，构造了可模拟含近连续流区及过渡流区的DSMC／EPSM混合算法。运用混合算法模拟马赫数等于4时超声速平绕流，并与DSMC结果进行比较，证明了DSMC／EPSM混合算法的有效性。将DSMC方法与混合算法的计算效率进行了比较。     

姿控发动机内流场及高空羽流流场的DSMC一体化数值模拟

通过引入“平衡抽样方法”有效解决了DSMC求解近连续流区所遇到的碰撞顶计算效率问题;对于过渡流及自由分子流区,构造了适合于DSM仿真的分子碰撞传能模型并配置了一种光滑过渡以减少误差的权函数。在此基础上首次实现了对姿控发动机喷管内流场及包括倒流区在内的高空弱流流场的DSMC方法一体化数值模拟。     

高超声速飞行器DSMC／EPSM自适应当地时间步长混合算法

采用优化的DSMC/EPSM混合算法,研究了高超声速飞行器三维复杂流场在近连续区的气动力热特性.发展了一种DSMC/EPSM自适应当地时间步长混合算法,根据网格内仿真分子的碰撞数,自动调整网格中进行仿真分子运动和碰撞计算的时间步长,有效地提高了程序的计算效率和计算精度.用DSMC方法、DSMC/EPSM混合算法和DSMC/EPSM自适应当地时间步长混合算法对比计算了三维复杂飞行器流场压力、热流分布量,飞行器表面气动力、热分布参数,证明了DSMC/EPSM自适应当地时间步长混合算法大幅度缩短了流场稳定所需的CPU时间,并且不降低流场模拟结果的精度.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.