Antarctic meteor observations using the Davis MST and meteor radars

This paper presents the meteor observations obtained using two radars installed at Davis (68.6°S, 78.0°E), Antarctica. The Davis MST radar was installed primarily for observation of polar mesosphere summer echoes, with additional transmit and receive antennas installed to allow all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The Davis meteor radar performs dedicated all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The annual count rate variation for both radars peaks in mid-summer and minimizes in early Spring. The height distribution shows significant annual variation, with minimum (maximum) peak heights and maximum (minimum) height widths in early Spring (mid-summer). Although the meteor radar count rate and height distribution variations are consistent with a similar frequency meteor radar operating at Andenes (69.3°N), the peak heights show a much larger variation than at Andenes, while the count rate maximum-to-minimum ratios show a much smaller variation. Investigation of the effects of the temporal sampling parameters suggests that these differences are consistent with the different temporal sampling strategies used by the Davis and Andenes meteor radars. The new radiant mapping procedure of [Jones, J., Jones, W., Meteor radiant activity mapping using single-station radar observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 367(3), 1050–1056, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10025.x, 2006] is investigated. The technique is used to detect the Southern delta-Aquarid meteor shower, and a previously unknown weak shower. Meteoroid speeds obtained using the Fresnel transform are presented. The diurnal, annual, and height variation of meteoroid speeds are presented, with the results found to be consistent with those obtained using specular meteor radars. Meteoroid speed estimates for echoes identified as Southern delta-Aquarid and Sextantid meteor candidates show good agreement with the theoretical pre-atmospheric speeds of these showers (41 km s⁻¹ and 32 km s⁻¹, respectively). The meteoroid speeds estimated for these showers show decreasing speed with decreasing height, consistent with the effects of meteoroid deceleration. Finally, we illustrate how the new radiant mapping and meteoroid speed techniques can be combined for unambiguous meteor shower detection, and use these techniques to detect a previously unknown weak shower.     

Crustal deformation characteristics of Sichuan-Yunnan region in China on the constraint of multi-periods of GPS velocity fields

In order to obtain deformation parameters in each block of Sichuan-Yunnan Region (SYG) in China by stages and establish a dynamic model about the variation of the strain rate fields and the surface expansion in this area, we taken the Global Positioning System (GPS) sites velocity in the region as constrained condition and taken advantage of the block strain calculation model based on spherical surface. We also analyzed the deformation of the active blocks in the whole SYG before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, and analyzed the deformation of active blocks near the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in detail. The results show that, (1) Under the effects of the carving from India plate and the crimping from the potential energy of Tibetan Plateau for a long time, there is a certain periodicity in crustal deformation in SYG. And the period change and the earthquake occurrence have a good agreement. (2) The differences in GPS velocity fields relative Eurasian reference frame shows that the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya'an earthquake mainly affect the crustal movement in the central and southern part of SYG, and the average velocity difference is about 4–8?mm/a for the Wenchuan earthquake and 2–4?mm/a for the Ya'an earthquake. (3) For the Wenchuan earthquake, the average strain changed from 10 to 20 nanostrian/a before earthquake to 40–50 nanostrian/a after the earthquake, but before and after the Ya’an earthquake, the strain value increased from about 15 nanostrian/a to about 30 nanostrian/a. (4) The Wenchuan earthquake has changed the strain parameter of each active block more or less. Especially, the Longmen block and Chengdu block near the epicenter. The research provides fundamental material for the study of the dynamic mechanism of the push extrusion from the north-east of the India plate and the crimp from Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and it also provides support for the study of crustal stress variation and earthquake prediction in Sichuan Yunnan region.     

Subsidence rate monitoring of Aghajari oil field based on Differential SAR Interferometry

Land subsidence, due to natural or anthropogenic processes, causes significant costs in both economic and structural aspects. That part of subsidence observed most is the result of human activities, which relates to underground exploitation. Since the gradual surface deformation is a consequence of hydrocarbon reservoirs extraction, the process of displacement monitoring is amongst the petroleum industry priorities. Nowadays, Differential SAR Interferometry, in which satellite images are utilized for elevation change detection and analysis – in a millimetre scale, has proved to be a more real-time and cost-effective technology in contrast to the traditional surveying method. In this study, surface displacements in Aghajari oil field, i.e. one of the most industrious Iranian hydrocarbon sites, are being examined using radar observations. As in a number of interferograms, the production wells inspection reveals that surface deformation signals develop likely due to extraction in a period of several months. In other words, different subsidence or uplift rates and deformation styles occur locally depending on the geological conditions and excavation rates in place.     

基于自仿射分形建模的干涉仿真

对合成孔径雷达干涉仿真进行了深入研究,阐述了干涉仿真的基本原理,分析了影响干涉合成孔径雷达图像质量的各种噪声干扰因素,重点讨论了干涉合成孔径雷达仿真模型以及建立准确模型的重要性.比较了目前常用的干涉仿真模型,分析了这些模型在仿真过程中存在的缺陷,并基于自仿射分形理论建模仿真了实际的干涉过程,获得了满足合成孔径雷达空间采样率的数字高程模型.仿真结果表明,利用自仿射分形理论仿真不仅可以真实逼真地反映自然目标场景的随机起伏特性和雷达图像特有的几何畸变现象,而且可以对去相干因素进行定量分析,同时有助于验证干涉处理算法和优化系统设计.      

主星带辅星群干涉SAR编队设计的约束条件

针对主星带辅星群干涉SAR的星载双站、斜视、空间基线等特点,从系统工作过程和测高性能分析角度出发,分别对主星带辅星编队干涉SAR编队设计的几个变量(主星与辅星群的距离、基线的长度和指向角)提出设计约束条件。对辅星回波时序、信噪比进行分析,得到主、辅星间距离设计的约束条件;对干涉测高精度进行分析,重点考虑空间基线去相关对干涉相位误差进而对测高精度的影响,给出基线长度和指向角与干涉测高精度的关系,得到基线长度和指向角设计的约束条件。仿真分析表明,由于干涉车轮和干涉钟摆编队是基于正侧视干涉几何提出的,它们的测高性能不是最优的。     

雷达技术在小天体任务中的应用研究

在小天体任务中,雷达技术可用于浅表层探测和全球内部结构探测。总结了国内外雷达技术在天体探测任务中的应用现状,分析了单站和双站雷达系统的不同应用场景,对比了单站雷达中的轨道器雷达、表面巡视器雷达的不同特点。在此基础上,研究了小天体的可能结构、可能物质,介绍了单站、双站雷达的基本工作原理,提出了针对不同结构小天体可采用的雷达探测体制。针对尺寸较大的分层结构小天体,可采用单站雷达探测天体的浅表层,获取表层和浅表层的介电常数以及表层的深度;对于尺寸较小的碎石堆结构小天体,可采用双站雷达观测天体透射波,获取天体的介电常数和全球内部结构。最后通过仿真实验,验证了双站雷达对于探测碎石堆状小行星全球内部结构的有效性。     

分布式SAR超分辨成像的卫星编队构形优化设计方法

编队构形设计是分布式卫星系统总体设计的关键问题,提出了一种编队构形优化设计方法。针对主星带辅星群体制分布式合成孔径雷达(SAR)超分辨率任务,从优化系统效能的角度出发,将满足超分辨性能的时间比率和分辨率改善因子作为编队构形优化设计的目标函数,以基线矢量为中间变量,建立了目标函数与编队卫星轨道根数的关系,并采用遗传算法求解。对不同卫星数目的编队系统进行了优化设计仿真,并与干涉车轮和钟摆编队构形方案进行了分析比较,数值结果验证了该优化设计方法的有效性和正确性。该设计方法还可改变优化目标函数,以适应用户的任务要求。     

单通道SAR实现ATI动目标检测的新方法

研究了采用单通道合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)多视沿航迹向干涉(ATI,Along Track Interferometry)实现地面慢速运动目标指示的检测方法.分析了该方法所需的步骤,即利用重叠或不重叠的窗构造子视,对子视分别成像,相位误差校正并求干涉.关于其中起关键作用的相位误差校正步骤,提出了利用信号子空间投影进行相位配准的补偿方法.借助该鲁棒的自适应方法可以从某种程度上解决子图像间的去相关问题,降低相位随机性的影响,从2幅子视图像的干涉相位图上敏锐地检测到运动目标.通过仿真实验,验证了该方法可以有效地从强杂波中检测动目标,为单通道SAR实现地面运动目标指示(GMTI,Ground Moving Target Indication)、扩展已有SAR系统功能提供可靠的途径.      

面向InSAR的空气扰动影响机翼挠曲变形建模

针对多节点InSAR机翼挠曲变形误差问题，提出了一种基于机理模型综合参数辨识的方法对空气扰动影响机翼挠曲变形分层建模。首先，将大气湍流作为InSAR成像工作段的主要空气扰动，并基于Dryden模型分析得出了载机工作高度和速度是影响大气湍流的主要因素，将大气湍流影响机翼挠曲变形建模转换为载机在不同工作状态（高度变化、速度变化）的机翼挠曲变形分层建模。其次，基于空气动力学理论及悬臂梁变形理论建立机翼挠曲变形机理模型，借助计算流体力学与计算结构力学仿真分析获取实验数据辨识模型参数。最后，通过仿真实验验证，所提方法与模态叠加原理计算横向位移精度均优于0.6 mm（相对误差0.3%），轴向位移精度均优于0.015 mm（相对误差0.2%）。对实验室搭建的分布式光纤光栅测量系统进行测试，利用模态叠加原理计算变形量来验证所提方法，横向位移精度优于0.3 mm（相对误差1%），轴向位移精度优于0.06 mm（相对误差3%）。      

直接数字式合成技术之研究

直接数字式合成(DDS)技术,是近几年来发展迅速的一种频率合成新技术。DDS具有输出相对带宽宽、频率转换时间短、频率分辨力高且输出相位连续、可产生宽带正交信号,易集成等优点。在通信、雷达、遥控遥测、电子对抗、电子扩频以及现代化的仪器仪表工业等许多电子领域显示出广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了直接数字式合成技术的特点及其应用情况,阐述了DDS的基本原理并对其在应用中的一些合成方法做了相互对比。     

An Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System for the detection of thermal and TEC anomalies around the time of the Varzeghan,Iran, (Mw = 6.4) earthquake of 11 August 2012

Anomaly detection is extremely important for forecasting the date, location and magnitude of an impending earthquake. In this paper, an Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) has been proposed to detect the thermal and Total Electron Content (TEC) anomalies around the time of the Varzeghan, Iran, (M_w = 6.4) earthquake jolted in 11 August 2012 NW Iran. ANFIS is the famous hybrid neuro-fuzzy network for modeling the non-linear complex systems. In this study, also the detected thermal and TEC anomalies using the proposed method are compared to the results dealing with the observed anomalies by applying the classical and intelligent methods including Interquartile, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods. The duration of the dataset which is comprised from Aqua-MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) night-time snapshot images and also Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM), is 62 days. It can be shown that, if the difference between the predicted value using the ANFIS method and the observed value, exceeds the pre-defined threshold value, then the observed precursor value in the absence of non seismic effective parameters could be regarded as precursory anomaly. For two precursors of LST and TEC, the ANFIS method shows very good agreement with the other implemented classical and intelligent methods and this indicates that ANFIS is capable of detecting earthquake anomalies. The applied methods detected anomalous occurrences 1 and 2 days before the earthquake. This paper indicates that the detection of the thermal and TEC anomalies derive their credibility from the overall efficiencies and potentialities of the five integrated methods.     

Landslide monitoring by combining of CR-InSAR and GPS techniques

Considering the limitations related to the landslide monitoring by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, the method of integration of Globe Positioning System (GPS) with Corner Reflector Interferometric SAR (CR-InSAR) techniques is proposed in this paper. Firstly, deformation in radar line-of-slight (LOS) direction is optimized by introducing the GPS-measured height and atmospheric delay products into the CR-InSAR model. Then, GPS-measured horizontal deformation and CR-InSAR measured LOS deformation are combined to produce the more accurate vertical deformation. Finally, high precision three-dimensional deformation (N, E, U) is projected to the along-slope direction to monitor the actual movement of landslide. In order to test this method, four X-band stripmap-mode TerraSAR images, eight Trihedral Corner Reflectors (TCR) data and eight GPS observed data are collected to monitor the deformation of three potential landslide fields located at the north of Shaanxi province, China. The detailed analysis demonstrates that the estimated precision of along-slope direction is about two times better for proposed method (±1.1 mm) versus GPS (±2.1 mm) in this case. Meanwhile, our result indicates that almost all of the monitoring points present the trends of sliding down along the slope at the different levels from April 9 2011 to August 30 2011, showing the certain instability. Further investigation of the relationship between the magnitudes of displacement at CR points and the implementation of early control reflects the rationality of our result. Our proposed method could provide of the strong support in the high precision landslide deformation monitoring.     

超声波流量测量中流速计算方法的对比

超声波流量计(UFM,Ultrasonic Flow Meter)通过测量管路中顺流和逆流方向的超声波传播时间变化计算流速,因此超声波传播时间的准确测量对流量计的精度影响至关重要.对超声波流量计的测量方法进行研究,从环境温度的变化、时间测量的准确性、不确定度的计算3个方面,对比超声波传播时间差法和频率差法对流量测量精度的影响.通过超声波流量测量实验,验证了在流量计未校准的情况下,与频率差法相比,时间差法的测量精度更高,且其校准系数曲线的线性度更好,校准后可在全流量范围内获得更高的测量精度.     

一种防空导弹制导精度影响因素的定量分析方法

主动雷达制导是先进防空导弹的主要制导方式之一。主动雷达导引头的作用距离、测角精度、时间常数等决定了末制导精度,但具体影响情况却较难量化,导致制导控制系统指标分解的合理性无法评估。本文提出了一种基于物理模型的制导精度快速评估方法,从建立主动雷达导引头指标描述的数学表征出发,采用数值评估手段,获得比例导引末制导精度影响因素的定量分析准则。数值结果表明,提出的方法可快速得到初始指向误差、导引头测角精度、探测盲距、导弹过载等对制导精度影响的定量化结果,为导弹制导控制系统指标分解提供依据。     

基于相干度优化的极化顺轨干涉SAR慢小目标CFAR检测

为改善干涉合成孔径雷达（SAR）系统对慢动小目标的检测性能,研究了全极化顺轨干涉SAR（AT-POLINSAR）实现慢动目标恒虚警（CFAR）检测的方法。首先,通过对单基线AT-POLINSAR的系统设计,明确了其在现有技术条件下的可实现性,并对其信号形式与极化干涉回波进行了建模分析。然后,针对AT-POLINSAR 6维极化干涉矢量提出了以背景杂波平均相干度为优化准则的极化降维新方法,构建了一种统计分布类型与单极化干涉数据相同的次优极化标量干涉回波,从而使目前单极化顺轨干涉SAR（AT-INSAR）慢动目标CFAR检测方法可直接扩展至全极化情形。最后,通过检测实验对次优极化与单极化的慢动目标检测性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,次优极化方法能充分利用全极化信息提高INSAR对慢小目标的检测概率。      

北极69°N和78°N空间碎片凝视探测的对比分析

利用北极69°N和78°N两套非相干散射雷达的首次空间碎片联合观测数据进行空间碎片参数（距离、速度、散射截面积、等效直径等）的对比分析,得出以下结论:两部雷达探测的碎片高度均主要分布在500～1100km和1400～1600km区间,但78°N雷达探测的碎片数量较多;空间碎片的径向速度均在-1.5～1.5km…-1区间,其中大部分为负值,说明在此次探测试验中碎片运动方向主要以远离雷达或地球为主;ESR雷达探测的空间碎片射截面积约为10-5～10-2m2,等效直径主要分布在4～10cm,而UHF雷达探测的空间碎片散射截面积约为10-6～10-2m2,等效直径主要分布在2～6cm,说明在同一高度上69°N雷达探测能力更强;经合理设置判据参数后得出重复检测次数,78°N雷达和69°N雷达分别有32次和14次重复检测,两部雷达共有4次重复检测.这些结果为空间碎片检测和建模提供了参考.      

基于FPGA的高性能电离层测高仪数控系统设计

为建立天地一体化电磁观测系统,实现电离层等的实时准确观测,为地震机理的研究与地震预报工作提供科学有效的数据,提出了一种高性能电离层测高仪数控系统设计方案将应用于电磁卫星的地面同步验证系统中,给出了数控系统的时序控制单元、发射单元和接收单元等的具体实现.在收发延迟可变的雷达时序控制下,发射单元利用直接数字合成技术产生1～30MHz的脉冲信号,40位类巴克码对脉冲信号进行二进制相位调制编码,随后交替发射正交极化波;接收单元利用高速模数转换器实现信号的数字化,采用FPGA技术进行下变频处理.本数控系统的设计可直接获取回波信号的极化信息,高度分辨率为1.5km,探测周期小于2min.实验结果表明,该数控系统方案切实可行.      

地磁场与电离层异常现象及其与地震的关系

利用中国地磁台网与电离层台站资料,总结了大地震前出现的地磁低点位移、地磁日变异常及电离层f0F2(F2层临界频率)异常现象.对比研究了1997年11月8日玛尼7.5级与2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前磁场与电离层异常分布及特征.结果显示,两次巨大地震前磁场与电离层短临异常时空分布特征有较好的一致性,震中周围出现日变异常、拉萨台出现电离层f0F2明显异常;震前约1个月出现地磁低点位移,其突变分界线通过震中地区.