面向综合环境监测的星载SAR技术发展

针对中国微波遥感对地观测在信息维度、反演精度、观测效率和体系架构等方面存在的问题,基于国家重点研发计划“星载新体制SAR综合环境监测技术”的研究内容与成果,探讨了面向综合环境监测的若干未来星载SAR技术发展。在超大幅宽成像方面,提出分段渐变重频时序设计方案和基于最优线性无偏估计的低过采样变重频数据处理算法,实现了跨盲区大幅宽星载SAR成像;在宽幅星载SAR高灵敏度成像方面,提出中频数字波束合成高效星上实时处理架构和加权因子快速生成算法,采用16通道机载飞行试验数据验证,图像信噪比提升约112dB;在多极化星载SAR成像方面,分别提出一种简缩极化分解算法及混合全极化方位模糊抑制方法,在P/L波段机载飞行试验中得到验证;在高精度干涉SAR技术方面,提出基于改进相位补偿方案的层析SAR处理方法,利用P波段全极化层析SAR数据验证,获得优于0.9m的森林高度反演精度;在综合环境监测星座架构设计方面,针对广域地表高程、地表形变、海浪谱能量、洋流速度和生物量应用,完成品质因数达100的高分宽幅SAR卫星方案,其观测效能和观测维度较目前在轨SAR卫星有大幅提升。     

Synergetic use of SAR and Thermal Infrared data to study the physical properties of the lunar surface

The surface layer of the Moon preserves vital evidences of lunar impact and cratering processes due to the absence of any Aeolian and fluvial erosion processes acting on it. By examining these evidences, which are recorded throughout the evolutionary history of the Moon, several basic aspects of lunar science can be understood, and this has direct relevance to the surfaces of other airless bodies within the solar system. In this study, rock abundance data obtained from Thermal Infrared (TIR) observations and radar Circular Polarization Ratio (CPR) data sets obtained from polarimetric SAR observations were correlated at some sample sites on the lunar surface. Preliminary results yielded qualitative and quantitative estimates for surface rock abundances. Except at distal ejecta deposits of young, bright craters a general correlation was observed between the two datasets. Mixed results were observed from the impact melt flows where the situation is complex due to the possible subsurface-volume and volume-subsurface interactions of the radar waves. But the flow features were clearly separated from the interior and ejecta regions of their parent craters in terms of CPR and rock abundances. The extent and distributions of pyroclastic deposits and dark haloed regions could not be distinctly identified at the resolution of datasets utilized. Near Gerasimovich D crater, the Diviner Radiometer has provided the first TIR observations of a newly discovered impact melt flow which was not visible in the optical imagery. This facilitated the first ever quantitative comparisons of the radar CPR and rock abundance values near such a region. Also, significant differences in spatial patterns between the radar and rock concentration data sets were observed, owing to the differences in the sensitivity of the two observations.     

监测位移预报的非等间距相关系数平稳序列法

建立了监测位移时间序列分析、建模和预报的非等间距相关系数平稳序列法.采用随机过程理论导出了模型的整体极大似然估计,在保证参数估计量优良统计特性的同时,克服了现行组合模型方法难以处理非等间距监测位移序列的问题.通过数字模拟仿真技术解释了传统插值处理产生较大误差的原因.计算实例表明该方法具有较高的建模和预报精度.      

PS-InSAR技术在伯克利山滑坡监测中的应用

针对伯克利山的滑坡问题,利用从1992年到2010年期间获得的大量ERS1/2,Radarsat-1,TerraSAR-X星载雷达数据,提出运用永久散射体(PS-InSAR,Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar)技术,以一幅主图像为基准,与其他SAR图像分别进行差分干涉处理,并限定幅度和相位双重阈值选择PS点,分析其相位在时域空域的频谱特性,最后通过滤波处理提取形变部分,结果成功地定位了伯克利山的滑坡区域,得到了地形的形变速率,为今后的灾害预警打下了基础.     

基于Hybrid-TOPS的星载SAR运动目标监视新模式

针对传统星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)模式下运动目标测速范围有限、精度低等问题,本文提出了一种基于Hybrid-TOPS的星载SAR运动目标监视新模式。首先,利用混合度因子对星载SAR成像模式进行定量化的描述。在此基础上,通过TOPS模式与逆TOPS模式的组合提出一种运动目标监视新模式,该模式不仅能实现对同一区域的多次观测,且具有方位向连续观测的能力。然后,利用新模式所获取的不同方位向观测角度下的SAR序贯图像,再结合图像配准和基于新模式的运动目标参数反演即完成目标方位向速度信息的精确提取。最后,仿真验证了新模式的有效性与运动信息提取的精确性。      

Monitoring of maize lodging using multi-temporal Sentinel-1 SAR data

Lodging is a common phenomenon in maize production, which seriously affects its yield, quality, and mechanical harvesting capacity. With good penetrating power, satellite radar can monitor crop growth even under cloudy weather conditions. In this study, a method based on the change in plant height before and after lodging in maize is proposed to calculate the lodging angle and monitor the lodging degree by using dual-polarization Sentinel-1A data. The results show that the optimal sensitive polarization combinations of maize plant height before and after lodging are VH/VV and VV, respectively. The lodging angle is calculated using the plant height inversion results before and after lodging. The overall accuracy of classifying lodging grade of maize is 67%. The proposed model based on lodging angle could effectively mapped the maize lodging range on a regional scale and classify the lodging grades.     

No direct correlation between galactic cosmic rays and earth surface temperature

We have searched for a correlation between galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and global earth surface air temperature (GST) datasets going back to the year 1900. The linear correlation coefficient between GCRs and GST varies erratically, exhibiting both positive and negative values over time scales varying from about 5–20 years. Since the finding of no persistent correlation is not supported by predictive theory but is what one should expect for two random, un-correlated time series, we infer that GCRs do not influence global surface air temperature.     

Subsidence rate monitoring of Aghajari oil field based on Differential SAR Interferometry

Land subsidence, due to natural or anthropogenic processes, causes significant costs in both economic and structural aspects. That part of subsidence observed most is the result of human activities, which relates to underground exploitation. Since the gradual surface deformation is a consequence of hydrocarbon reservoirs extraction, the process of displacement monitoring is amongst the petroleum industry priorities. Nowadays, Differential SAR Interferometry, in which satellite images are utilized for elevation change detection and analysis – in a millimetre scale, has proved to be a more real-time and cost-effective technology in contrast to the traditional surveying method. In this study, surface displacements in Aghajari oil field, i.e. one of the most industrious Iranian hydrocarbon sites, are being examined using radar observations. As in a number of interferograms, the production wells inspection reveals that surface deformation signals develop likely due to extraction in a period of several months. In other words, different subsidence or uplift rates and deformation styles occur locally depending on the geological conditions and excavation rates in place.     

A multiple-CubeSat constellation for integrated earth observation and marine/air traffic monitoring

CubeSats has evolved from purely educational tools, to useful platforms for technology demonstration and many practical applications. This paper reviews a CubeSat constellation mission involving 3 CubeSats launched into orbit on Sep. 25th 2015, aiming to demonstrate the integrated application of low-cost CubeSat technologies with distributed payloads using a group of satellites, as well as to demonstrate several new technologies. The mission scenario, the satellite system design, the innovative technologies and instruments or devices used on the CubeSats and the in-orbit experimental results and the payload data analysis, as well as some experiences and lessons learned, are presented and summaried.     

Conditional sea surface statistics and their impact on geophysical sea surface parameters retrieved from SAR altimetry signals

In this study we present an analytical formulation of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) altimetry signals including narrow banded nonlinear wave fields and conditional statistics between wave elevation displacements, horizontal wave slopes and vertical wave particle velocities. Considering the wave elevation displacements coskewness with respect to horizontal slopes leads to an analytical formulation of the electromagnetic bias within a SAR-mode altimeter stack. This formulation can be either parametrized by the significant wave height (SWH) and mean wave steepness, or in terms of the variance of vertical wave velocities. The effect of conditional vertical wave particle velocity variances with respect to the observed horizontal wave slopes close to nadir incidence angles leads to an effective reduction of the azimuth blurring of SAR-mode stacks. We present here a formulation of this effect by examining JONSWAP ocean wave spectra. In most cases this effect reduces the azimuth blurring by 10% to 30%. Additionally we investigate the effect of a nonlinear wave elevation displacement probability density function (PDF) on estimated geophysical parameters. We were able to show that including an elevation displacement skewness of 0.13 improves significantly the SWH consistency between altimetry and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 ERA5 results.All of these effects are validated with respect to ERA5 model data in the North East Atlantic region and in situ data located in the German Bight and Baltic Sea.The developed model can be used in both SAR and conventional altimetry retrackers.     

基于DEM的星载SAR图像模拟以及用于图像精校正

根据星载SAR的距离-多普勒成像原理对DEM的三维位置点进行成像几何位置的计算,然后根据经验公式给出了雷达后向散射系数的模拟方法。针对DEM格网间隔和SAR图像分辨率的不同,以及由于侧视成像雷达的特点而导致山区的迎坡和背坡模拟图像点密度不均匀等问题,采用了基于DEM格网点内插的算法。最后应用模拟的SAR图像和真实图像匹配来实现星载SAR图像的几何精校正处理。通过采用RADARSAT的实际图像进行了图像的模拟和几何校正,证明了方法的可行性。     

用真实IMU/GPS数据进行机载SAR运动补偿处理

分析了机载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)条带成像模式的运动补偿技术原理,通过对激光IMU/GPS(Inertial Measurement Units/Global Positioning System)组合提供的位置参数进行分析,表明Y12载机平台具有很大的运动误差,在此基础上利用高精度激光IMU/GPS组合提供的天线相位中心精确位置参数,结合距离-多普勒成像算法进行了机载SAR数据的运动补偿处理,试验表明利用此IMU/GPS提供的运动参数进行对具有很大运动误差的SAR数据运动补偿后,已不需要计算负担沉重的自聚焦类算法进行残留运动误差补偿,就能得到高质量的高分辨率SAR图像.     

Integrated drought monitoring index: A tool to monitor agricultural drought by using time-series datasets of space-based earth observation satellites

In this study, integrated drought monitoring index (IDMI) was proposed as a tool to assess and monitor the spatio-temporal dynamics of agricultural drought during the northeast monsoon season for the period from 2000 to 2016 in Tamil Nadu state, south-eastern part of Indian peninsula. The IDMI is characterized as the principal component of precipitation condition index (PCI), soil moisture condition index (SMCI), temperature condition index (TCI), and vegetation condition index (VCI) derived from time-series satellite observations of climate hazards group infra-red precipitation with stations (CHIRPS), European space agency climate change initiative (ESA-CCI) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). The study shows that in the year 2016, about 44.4 and 17.8% of Tamil Nadu state was under extreme and severe drought conditions, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the study shows that PCI is the most influential parameter to IDMI, followed by VCI and TCI. The validation of IDMI with 3-month standardized precipitation index (SPI) by using Pearson correlation test shows a strong positive correlation between IDMI and 3-month SPI with correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.73 and 0.77 for the wet (2005) and dry year (2016), respectively. The study clearly demonstrates the potential of IDMI derived from time-series datasets of earth observation satellites as a tool in assessment and monitoring of spatio-temporal dynamics of agricultural drought. The proposed IDMI could be effectively used as a reliable tool to monitor agricultural drought and develop its mitigation strategies to minimise the adverse effects of drought on agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods of the people.     

Exploiting the Sentinel-3 tandem phase dataset and azimuth oversampling to better characterize the sensitivity of SAR altimeter sea surface height to long ocean waves

Being the very first SAR mode altimeter tandem phase, the Sentinel-3 A/B tandem phase has provided an unprecedented opportunity to better characterize the sensitivity of SAR altimetry retrievals to high-frequency processes, such as long ocean waves. In this paper, we show that for some sea-state conditions, that are still to be precisely characterized, long ocean waves are responsible for high-frequency (spatial and temporal) coherent Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) signals. It is found that the peak wavelength corresponds to the dominant swell wavelength. Furthermore, the short time lag between S3-A and S3-B acquisitions allows performing cross-spectral analyses that reveal phase shifts consistent with waves travelling according to the wave dispersion relation. It is also demonstrated that the classical 20 Hz sampling frequency is insufficient to properly sample most swell-induced SLA signals and that aliasing can generate errors over the entire frequency spectrum, including at long wavelengths. These results advocate for the use of azimuth oversampling (40 Hz or 80 Hz). Low-pass filtering should be applied prior to any down-sampling to 20 Hz, in order to prevent long-wavelength errors induced by spectral leakage.     

共聚焦三维数据表面重建的一种反走样方法

用边界体素的集合表示物体表面,将边界体素作为点投影到屏幕上形成光照图像时,可能出现空洞和图像走样.改进了体素表面算法:用剖分立方体算法得到物体的边界体素集,然后用边界体素的中心点构造投影表面点,用脚印函数计算表面点对显示图像平面上像素的影响范围,以此值作为该像素的权值,形成最后的图像.这样,边界体素不是只投影到一个点上,而是有一个投影区域,从而避免空洞现象,并减轻走样现象.实验证明,该方法具有较快的表面重建速度,消除了空洞,改善了显示效果.     

基于去噪的SAR复图像SPIHT压缩算法

提出一种对合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)复图像压缩的改进的分层树集合分割(SPIHT,Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees)算法,高效完成SAR复图像压缩,既有效地保留了SAR复图像的相位信息,又抑制了斑点噪声.首先根据SAR复图像的统计特征进行预处理,然后进行小波变换,对不同子带的小波变换系数采取不同的门限,进行软门限斑点噪声抑制,再经过SPIHT量化编码,得到压缩后的码流.仿真实验表明,在64倍高压缩比的情况下,通过对重建SAR复图像数据的相位误差、等效视数、平均空域相关系数等指标的测量,验证了该算法仍然具有很好的性能.      

A holistic approach to the monitoring of land cover changes in Sri Lanka using intermediate remote sensing techniques

Heavy social and economic pressure on the available land resources in Sri Lanka are causing major land-cover changes. They need to be assessed to serve as input data for decision-making processes e.g. in agricultural or ecological planning.The Sri Lanka/Swiss Satellite Imagery Interpretation Project has developed a holistic approach to the mapping and monitoring of the land-use and the land-cover changes. The method applies intermediate level technology and is based on a benchmark/masking technique using satellite images, aerial photography and field surveys.The regular monitoring of changes of land-use types as a whole, e.g. forests, is part of the approach as well as the periodic assessment of changes within a specific land category, e.g. the seasonally cultivated riceland.The activities have to be transferred from the level of scientific research to the actual application within a reasonable time frame using the local resources. Discussed are also some of the problems inherent in the implementation of remote sensing activities in a so-called Third World country.     

GPS data processing of networks with mixed single- and dual-frequency receivers for deformation monitoring

In order to obtain crustal deformations of higher spatial resolution, existing GPS networks must be densified. This densification can be carried out using single-frequency receivers at moderate costs. However, ionospheric delay handling is required in the data processing. We adapt the Satellite-specific Epoch-differenced Ionospheric Delay model (SEID) for GPS networks with mixed single- and dual-frequency receivers. The SEID model is modified to utilize the observations from the three nearest dual-frequency reference stations in order to avoid contaminations from more remote stations. As data of only three stations are used, an efficient missing data constructing approach with polynomial fitting is implemented to minimize data losses. Data from large scale reference networks extended with single-frequency receivers can now be processed, based on the adapted SEID model. A new data processing scheme is developed in order to make use of existing GPS data processing software packages without any modifications. This processing scheme is evaluated using a sub-network of the German SAPOS network. The results verify that the new scheme provides an efficient way to densify existing GPS networks with single-frequency receivers.     

Adjustment of systematic errors in ALS data through surface matching

Surface matching is a well researched topic in both Computer Vision (CV) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or ground based light detection and ranging (LiDAR), but the extent of the range images derived from these technologies is typically orders of magnitude smaller than those derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as airborne LiDAR. Iterative closest point (ICP) and its variants have been successfully used to align and register multiple overlapping views of the range images for CV and TLS applications. However, many challenges are encountered in applying the ICP approach to ALS data sets. In this paper, we address these issues, explore the possibility of automating the algorithm, and present a technique to adjust systematic discrepancies in overlapping strips, using geometrical attributes in a given terrain. In this method, the ALS point samples used in the algorithm are selected depending on their ability to constrain the relative movement between the overlapping laser strips. The points from overlapping strips are matched through modified point to plane based on the ICP method.     

Application of CZCS data to productivity and water quality studies in the Northern Adriatic Sea

The Northern Adriatic Sea is a shallow ocean basin with considerable fresh water input and presents some unique water-optical features realted to:- suspended matter input caused by rivers and resuspension of bottom sediments;- phytoplankton production because of nutrient input from rivers and bottom;- dissolved organic matter (yellow substance) production by decomposition processes of the organic material.All these features influence the spectral reflectance of the water and make the algorithms for CZCS data interpretation quite different from those used in open ocean (type I) water. Therefore, special test-site specific algorithms must be derived from in-situ measurements of water-optical parameters and the water constituents. The results from such measurements are presented together with the algorithms and the evaluated CZCS data obtained from them. It is then discussed how the experimental and evaluated satellite data can be used to evaluate standing crop and productivity.