定位于材料基因组计划的镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定

寻找新一代镍基单晶高温合金中Re的替代元素以实现少Re甚至无Re化是当前高温合金领域的研究热点。从扩散系数角度出发寻找具有与Re相当或者更低扩散系数的元素是有效的研究策略之一。在多元合金中,互扩散系数矩阵可全面表征任一合金元素的扩散能力。因此,精确测定不同合金元素在镍基高温合金γ和γ'相中随成分和温度变化的互扩散系数矩阵是当务之急。首先,概述当前镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的现状,以及用于多元合金互扩散系数测定的传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法和新型数值回归方法。由于传统Matano-Kirkaldy方法效率低,文献中鲜有镍基高温合金三元及更高组元体系互扩散系数矩阵的报道。本研究小组最近基于Fick第二定律和原子移动性概念发展起来的新型数值回归方法,可用于任意组元合金精准互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定。随后以Ni-Al-Ta三元合金γ相为例详细阐述新型数值回归法用于合金互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定以及测定结果的可靠性验证过程。之后,简述本研究小组关于镍基高温合金γ和γ'相互扩散系数矩阵测定的最新进展。目前已经完成了核心三元合金体系Ni-Al-X(X=Rh,Ta,W,Re,Os和Ir)γ及γ'相互扩散系数矩阵的高通量测定,并对结果可靠性进行了细致的验证。通过对比不同元素在镍基高温合金中的互扩散系数,初步提出新一代镍基高温合金中Re的可能替代元素及合金成分设计的关键。最后,指出镍基高温合金互扩散系数矩阵测定的下一步工作和互扩散系数矩阵高通量测定的发展方向。     

长江三角洲地区机场现状分析及优化建议

长江三角洲地区的机场分布密度已居全国之首,并且高于发达国家水平。通过分析比较当地基本情况和国外大都市的机场分布与经营状况,指出现在长三角地区机场的状况和存在的问题。在不修建新的国际机场条件下,提出了优化现有机场资源的思想和一些具体措施。     

Magnetic Turbulence in the Geospace Environment

Magnetic turbulence is found in most space plasmas, including the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the interaction region between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. Recent spacecraft observations of magnetic turbulence in the ion foreshock, in the magnetosheath, in the polar cusp regions, in the magnetotail, and in the high latitude ionosphere are reviewed. It is found that: 1. A large share of magnetic turbulence in the geospace environment is generated locally, as due for instance to the reflected ion beams in the ion foreshock, to temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath and the polar cusp regions, to velocity shear in the magnetosheath and magnetotail, and to magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. 2. Spectral indices close to the Kolmogorov value can be recovered for low frequency turbulence when long enough intervals at relatively constant flow speed are analyzed in the magnetotail, or when fluctuations in the magnetosheath are considered far downstream from the bow shock. 3. For high frequency turbulence, a spectral index α?2.3 or larger is observed in most geospace regions, in agreement with what is observed in the solar wind. 4. More studies are needed to gain an understanding of turbulence dissipation in the geospace environment, also keeping in mind that the strong temperature anisotropies which are observed show that wave particle interactions can be a source of wave emission rather than of turbulence dissipation. 5. Several spacecraft observations show the existence of vortices in the magnetosheath, on the magnetopause, in the magnetotail, and in the ionosphere, so that they may have a primary role in the turbulent injection and evolution. The influence of such a turbulence on the plasma transport, dynamics, and energization will be described, also using the results of numerical simulations.     

关于建立高阶差分格式的问题

为了能在不太密的网格上捕捉到流场的细致结构。通常采用高阶精度的差分 式进行数值模拟。为能抑制计算中和在激波附近产生的虚假波动,本文从物理构思出发,提出了建立高阶格式的两个基本原则,作者称之为抑制波动的原则和稳定性原则。     

磁流体湍流中的结构和能量传输

磁流体湍流中存在多种相干结构,包括电流和涡旋结构。文章主要对近几年有关磁流体湍流相干结构及其相关的能量传输的一些工作进行了介绍。不同于中性流体湍流中的管状结构,磁流体中的相干结构多呈现为片状,强电流片附近也存在强涡片结构。磁流体湍流中的能量级串使能量跨尺度从大尺度传递至小尺度;与中性流体湍流能量传输主要集中在相近尺度上不同,磁流体湍流除了动能传输,还有磁能传输,以及动能与磁能之间的跨尺度互相转换。研究表明,磁流体湍流中的能量传输及耗散具有强间歇性,集中在较小区域范围,且与相干结构存在关联。在存在背景磁场的情况下,磁流体湍流中的相干结构在背景磁场方向上被拉长,而同样方向上的能量传输受到抑制。在高马赫数的情况下,激波的产生会使能量传输明显增强,同时带来很强的间歇性,结构函数标度律远远偏离线性标度关系,并且随着阶数的增加,标度指数会达到饱和值。     

公允价值在我国新会计准则中的应用及对策

自20世纪90年代以来，公允价值在国际会计准则和美、英等国会计准则中的地位日益凸显，其应用范围一再扩展。受这一趋势的影响，我国于20世纪90年代后期在部分具体会计准则中开始引入公允价值，但公允价值在我国的应用并非一帆风顺，先后经历了“引入、回避、重新引入”的曲折过程。重新引入公允价值成为我国新会计准则的最大亮点，但面临着市场环境不完善、公司治理结构不完善、会计人员素质整体水平偏低、会计监督体制不健全等方面的突出问题。因此，我国应当采取加强公允价值理论研究、加强相关法规制度建设、进一步完善市场环境、完善公司治理结构、加强道德教育与业务培训、完善内部会计控制制度、强化外部审计监督等措施，以促进公允价值在我国的推广应用。     

E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战

E 级(Exascale)计算机有望在2020年前后投入使用,E 级计算将给计算科学和科学研究带来革命性的变化。计算流体力学(CFD)作为超大规模计算机应用的重要领域之一,将迎来前所未有的发展机遇,同时也将面临极其严峻的技术挑战。本文对当前国内外超大规模 CFD 计算的现状进行了概述,探讨了未来 CFD 的发展趋势,并对 E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战进行了分析,最后提出了适应未来 E 级计算的 CFD 发展思路与建议。为了实现 E 级计算的宏伟目标,CFD 与计算机科学、应用数学等学科的“协同设计”势在必行。我们期待本文的分析能对我国的高性能计算应用、CFD 发展有一定的启示作用。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

Industry application of behavioral science

One of the more significant errors in the history of science occurred during the “marginal revolution” in economics near the end of the nineteenth century. Rather than explicitly recognize in basic theory that the happiness we seek to maximize in life originates within oneself, the early theorists formulated their equations as though human satisfaction resided in external things-as in so much utility (economist's term for satisfaction) per pound of sugar. Over the past 125 years, economists have developed mainstream mathematical economics on this incorrect basis resulting in the ill-founded neoclassical Equilibrium Theory. Because of this error economic theory is fundamentally timeless. The present theory, in its canonical form, corrects the early marginalist's error by identifying utility (time-integrated pleasure) exclusively with the stream-of-consciousness attending (expected) mental and physical activity. Time is now explicit in basic theory, thereby allowing, for the first time, the substantive computer-modeling of time-dependent, small- and large-scale economic systems. Furthermore, this new approach is methodologically compatible with mainstream sociology and institutional economics, allowing increased interdisciplinary cooperation that may influence policy and thereby affect industry and markets. And safety engineering stands to benefit from the accommodation of neuropsychology in understanding human error in the supervision and control of technology     

临近空间低动态飞行器控制研究综述

针对临近空间低动态飞行器出现的新的控制问题,分析和总结了临近空间低动态飞行器控制进展状况和发展趋势。首先,基于飞艇和浮空器等临近空间低动态飞行器的特点,归纳总结了其飞行控制问题。在此基础上,结合这类飞行器的当前发展状况,从飞行器控制角度出发,着重介绍总结了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制系统执行机构配置、数学模型、姿态控制、定点控制、速度控制、航迹优化、轨迹跟踪控制、升空和返回控制、压力控制,以及应用的多种控制策略的研究进展。最后,在已有的控制问题研究发展的基础上,提出了临近空间低动态飞行器在控制研究领域所要解决和关注的若干问题。     

V: SEA LEVEL: Benefits of GRACE and GOCE to sea level studies

The recently published Third Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have underlined the scientific interest in, and practical importance of past and potential future sea level changes. Space gravity missions will provide major benefits to the understanding of the past, and, thereby, in the prediction of future, sea level changes in many ways. The proposal for the GOCE mission described well the improvements to be expected from improved gravity field and geoid models in oceanography (for example, in the measurement of the time-averaged, or ‘steady state’, ocean surface circulation and better estimation of ocean transports), in geophysics (in the improvement of geodynamic models for vertical land movements), in geodesy (in positioning of tide gauge data into the same reference frame as altimeter data, and in improvement of altimeter satellite orbits), and possibly in glaciology (in improved knowledge of bedrock topography and ice sheet mass fluxes). GRACE will make many important steps towards these ‘steady state’ aims. However, its main purpose is the provision of oceanographic (and hydrological and meteorological) temporally-varying gravity information, and should in effect function as a global ‘bottom pressure recorder’, providing further insight into the 3-D temporal variation of the ocean circulation, and of the global water budget in general. This paper summaries several of these issues, pointing the way towards improved accuracy of prediction of future sea level change. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

地域环境是塑造人体肠道微生物的主导因素

肠道是人体最大的微生物菌库,肠道微生物的群落结构和功能改变会影响人体的免疫和代谢系统,与多种疾病的发生和发展有关。宿主的遗传、年龄、性别、疾病状态、用药、激素水平、生活环境、地域、饮食和生活习惯等均会不同程度地影响人体肠道稳态。饮食和生活习惯不仅会在短期内塑造肠道菌群,长期来看也是调整和干预肠道菌群最有效的方式。有研究认为肠道微生物差异始于宿主基因,但最新的一项研究发现,宿主基因型仅可解释个体间微生物差异的1.9%, 而生活在同一地域环境中、饮食和生活习惯相近的人,其肠道菌群组成和功能更加相似^[1]。一项中国人群的研究中也证实了地域是决定肠道菌群特征的决定性因素^[2]。这一方面提示我们在进行肠道微生物与疾病的临床干预性研究中应充分考虑宿主生活的地域环境、饮食和生活习惯,另一方面也提醒我们进行地域特异性肠道微生物研究的重要性和价值。我国幅员辽阔, 地域丰富,民族众多,但目前我国的肠道微生物研究多集中在东南沿海等发展程度较高的城市,在西北地区却相当缺乏。 我国西北地区地处高原地带,高海拔,低氧压,昼夜温差大,造就了独特的生活环境、饮食文化和风俗习惯,在当地生活着包括藏、回、东乡、裕固等多个少数民族的人群,因此进行我国西北地区少数民族人群肠道微生物的研究对探究特定地域环境和饮食生活条件下人群的健康和疾病发生及发展具有重要价值,同时,也有助于寻找新的疾病治疗菌株,为地域性高发病和疑难杂症等的预防和诊治提供基于肠道微生物的参考^[2]。     

Trends in the Neutral and Ionized Upper Atmosphere

This article reviews our knowledge of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These changes are part of complex and comprehensive pattern of long-term trends in the Earth’s atmosphere. They also have practical impact. For example, decreasing thermospheric density causes the lifetime of orbiting space debris to increase, which is becoming a significant threat to important satellite technologies. Since the first paper on upper atmosphere trends was published in 1989, our knowledge has progressed considerably. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect the whole atmosphere, not only the troposphere. They cause warming in the troposphere but cooling in the upper atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are not the only driver of long-term changes and trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Anthropogenic changes of stratospheric ozone, long-term changes of geomagnetic and solar activity, and other drivers play a role as well, although greenhouse gases appear to be the main driver of long-term trends. This makes the pattern of trends more complex and variable. A?consistent, although incomplete, scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is presented. Trends in F2-region ionosphere parameters, in mesosphere-lower thermosphere dynamics, and in noctilucent or polar mesospheric clouds, are discussed in more detail. Advances in observational and theoretical analysis have explained some previous discrepancies in this global trend scenario. An important role in trend investigations is played by model simulations, which facilitate understanding of the mechanisms behind the observed trends.     

PIV技术在复杂二相流场中的应用

光学元器件随飞行器在大气中飞行时,其工作性能越来越多地受到大气悬浮汇聚微粒的影响。大气微粒在复杂流场中呈现何种运动汇聚效应,对于合理准确评估机载光学元器件的工作效能具有十分重要的工程意义,而复杂气动流场中微粒分布状态的预估一直是飞行器外界环境研究中的一个难点。气动问题的复杂性、大气中微粒的多样性一直是制约各种试验手段展开、数值模型建立的主要因素。利用先进的激光粒子图像技术,在风洞中对舵面旋涡主导的复杂流场中的微粒速度及分布特性进行了实验研究。在测量舵面翼梢脱落旋涡特性的基础上,通过激光片光扫描流场全域,同时高帧频CCD相机同步曝光,利用PIV 拍摄到的流场中涡流截面内微粒分布的瞬态图像。结合图像后处理技术,对原始粒子图像进行互相关、二值化处理,通过对图像区域内的灰度值计算,统计相对流场截面内的粒子浓度系数,得到在复杂旋涡结构流场内瞬态粒子的分布特性规律。研究结果表明,利用大气中微粒在激光片光下的米氏散射原理,可以有效地拍摄到复杂流场结构下粒子光学散射及分布的特性图像,解决了传统环境测试设备无法对复杂条件下流场内粒子分布进行实时测量的缺陷;在旋涡为主导的流场中,大气中的微粒由向心力牵引,在涡核周围达到平衡运动状态,微粒环绕涡核形成一条环状带,这一区域中的粒子浓度系数要远大于自由流场中的微粒,涡核中心粒子呈“空洞”状态。     

浅谈局域网安全策略的设计与实现

详细阐明了如何打造安全的局域网,其中包括安装安全的Windows2000服务器,配置Win dows2000服务器提高安全性能,及局域网内工作站上网安全防护措施。     

WAVES: The radio and plasma wave investigation on the wind spacecraft

The WAVES investigation on the WIND spacecraft will provide comprehensive measurements of the radio and plasma wave phenomena which occur in Geospace. Analyses of these measurements, in coordination with the other onboard plasma, energetic particles, and field measurements will help us understand the kinetic processes that are important in the solar wind and in key boundary regions of the Geospace. These processes are then to be interpreted in conjunction with results from the other ISTP spacecraft in order to discern the measurements and parameters for mass, momentum, and energy flow throughout geospace. This investigation will also contribute to observations of radio waves emitted in regions where the solar wind is accelerated. The WAVES investigation comprises several innovations in this kind of instrumentation: among which the first use, to our knowledge, of neural networks in real-time on board a scientific spacecraft to analyze data and command observation modes, and the first use of a wavelet transform-like analysis in real time to perform a spectral analysis of a broad band signal.     

Enrichment of the Hot Intracluster Medium: Numerical Simulations

The distribution of chemical elements in the hot intracluster medium (ICM) retains valuable information about the enrichment and star formation histories of galaxy clusters, and on the feedback and dynamical processes driving the evolution of the cosmic baryons. In the present study we review the progresses made so far in the modelling of the ICM chemical enrichment in a cosmological context, focusing in particular on cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We will review the key aspects of embedding chemical evolution models into hydrodynamical simulations, with special attention to the crucial assumptions on the initial stellar mass function, stellar lifetimes and metal yields, and to the numerical limitations of the modelling. At a second stage, we will overview the main simulation results obtained in the last decades and compare them to X-ray observations of the ICM enrichment patterns. In particular, we will discuss how state-of-the-art simulations are able to reproduce the observed radial distribution of metals in the ICM, from the core to the outskirts, the chemical diversity depending on cluster thermo-dynamical properties, the evolution of ICM metallicity and its dependency on the system mass from group to cluster scales. Finally, we will discuss the limitations still present in modern cosmological, chemical, hydrodynamical simulations and the perspectives for improving the theoretical modelling of the ICM enrichment in galaxy clusters in the future.     

惯性技术在光电探测技术中的应用

惯性技术是通过惯性传感器敏感载体运动信息,自主建立运动载体姿态基准的手段。随着现代光电探测技术的不断发展,光电武器装备在侦察、监视、定位、导航和通信等场合的应用越来越广泛,惯性技术在光电探测技术与光电设备中的作用也越来越重要。本文介绍了光电探测技术和典型机载光电系统、惯性技术的发展历程,详细介绍了惯性技术在光电探测技术中的应用情况,分析了其对作战方式和作战效能所带来的变化和提升,阐述了惯性技术在光电探测技术应用的未来发展需求和趋势。     

计算飞行力学的产生和发展

综述了计算飞行力学的产生背景、问题表述、理论框架和飞行力学的计算系统,以及计算飞行力学在未来飞行器研制和应用研究中的重要意义。     

分光计调节环节的补充及其应用

分光计是各高等院校在大学物理实验课教学中常用的一种仪器装置。分光计的调节对大学生基本实验技能的训练和培养有着十分重要的作用。本人在大学物理实验课全面开放式教学中,通过《分光计的使用》实验项目的教学实践、探索,提出了对分光计调节环节的补充建议,不仅使分光计调节环节的要求更加严谨,而且在实践教学的学生实验成绩评定考核方面,以及在实验指导教师对实验仪器装置精密度的检测方面都具有十分现实的应用意义。