Fluid dynamics of unsteady separated flow. Part II. Lifting surfaces

In the quest for increased maneuverability advanced aircraft have to operate at high angles of attack where the aerodynamics are dominated by the effects of separated flow. Likewise, winged space vehicles, such as the space shuttle orbiter, also fly at high incidence during re-entry in order to restrict heating to the windward side, thereby minimizing heat shield requirements. Thus, the vehicle designer needs to be able to assess what effects the separated flow will have, especially on the vehicle dynamics, as these effects are often adverse and always of large magnitude relative to the attached flow aerodynamics. In spite of rapid development of computational means, purely theoretical methods for prediction of the effect of separated flow on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics are not presently available, and will not be for some time. To compound the problem for the vehicle designer, dynamic simulation in an experiment requires the testing to be performed at full scale Reynolds number. The present paper shows a practical solution to this dilemma. An analytic method is described that uses static experimental data to predict the separated flow effect on rigid and elastic vehicle dynamics. Key parameters in the analytic relationship between steady and non-steady aerodynamics are the following: (1) The time lag occurring before a change of flow conditions can affect the separation-induced aerodynamic loads. (2) The accelerated flow effect, i.e. the pressure gradient lag relative to the static aerodynamic characteristics. (3) The moving wall effect, i.e. the effect of the non-steady boundary condition at the vehicle surface. Using the existing experimental data base an analytic theory is formulated that can predict the separation-induced unsteady aerodynamics if the static characteristics are known from theory or experiment.     

载人登月人货分运与人货合运模式对比分析

由于载人航天任务所具有的确保航天员安全的特殊属性,载人登月任务模式往往因此必须考虑救生等多种环节和因素,变得十分复杂。针对目前载人登月人货分运及人货合运两种任务模式,通过比较分析表明,从安全性、任务风险、飞船设计约束、发射窗口、测控支持复杂度方面来看,人货合运模式要优于人货分运模式,但是人货合运模式中的重型火箭如果被要求按照载人火箭标准进行设计和考核,其研制周期、经费方面的投入将会增加。     

利用车载试验分离惯导平台误差研究

分析了车载试验时平台的安装方式以及所需要的外测信号等问题,给出了误差模型以及导航误差方程,设计并进行相关软件仿真。结果表明,在现有外测信号精度下,该方法可分离出惯导平台误差中加速度计和陀螺仪的零次项误差系数,对加速度计的一次项误差系数分离效果也较好。     

Flight dynamics modeling of a small ducted fan aerial vehicle based on parameter identifcation

This paper presents a simple and useful modeling method to acquire a dynamics model of an aerial vehicle containing unknown parameters using mechanism modeling,and then to design different identifcation experiments to identify the parameters based on the sources and features of its unknown parameters.Based on the mathematical model of the aerial vehicle acquired by modeling and identifcation,a design for the structural parameters of the attitude control system is carried out,and the results of the attitude control flaps are verifed by simulation experiments and flight tests of the aerial vehicle.Results of the mathematical simulation and flight tests show that the mathematical model acquired using parameter identifcation is comparatively accurate and of clear mechanics,and can be used as the reference and basis for the structural design.     

利用GPS进行姿态估计的一种算法

首先建立了全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）姿态确定的观测方程;然后给出了利用ＧＰＳ进行飞行器姿态估计的模型,并对该模型进行了线性处理;最后利用攻推广卡尔曼滤波技术,针对某飞行器进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明,对于不同的测量噪声和系统噪声,滤波器都有较好的估计,姿态估计的精度明显高于单纯ＧＰＳ姿态确定的精度,可以满足大多数飞行器对姿态确定的要求,证实了模型和算法可用性。     

Challenges in high-alpha vehicle dynamics

The evolution of aerospace vehicles towards ever-increasing maneuverability, including flight at high angles of attack and vehicle motions of large amplitudes and high angular rates, has led to the need for prediction of vehicle aerodynamics that are dominated by unsteady separated flow effects. The existing data base is reviewed to determine to what degree the following critical issues are understood: 1. Cause and effect of asymmetric forebody flow separation with associated vortices. 2. Cause of slender wing rock. 3. Effect of vehicle motion on dynamic airfoil stall. 4. Extrapolation from subscale tests to full-scale free flight. To extend the present knowledge to include the coupling existing between novel aerodynamic controls and the vehicle dynamics is the challenge facing designers of future agile aircraft operating at high angles of attack.     

采用纵横扭一体化建模技术分析火箭牵制释放过程动响应

分析火箭在释放过程中的动响应是将牵制释放技术运用到我国大推力火箭中的关键技术之一。采用纵横扭一体化梁模型分析火箭牵制释放动响应,将发射台对火箭的影响简化成相应的载荷和边界条件,采用分段计算的方法,把发射过程分成点火前的静止、点火后的牵制以及释放三阶段,计算了每个牵制点的牵制力变化规律,以及释放过程箭体上不同部位的动响应特点,并建立了相应的三维模型,进行对比论证。结果表明：纵横扭一体化梁模型在分析整体响应特性时模型简单,精度较高,可用于设计前期的初步分析。     

超音速绕凹角湍流分离流动的计算

本文用统一的Levy-Lees变换以及正算法与逆算法相结合,求解了超音速绕凹角湍流分离流动。 对附着流区用边界层正算法,压强分布用流过尖劈统一的高超音速与超音速公式,湍流模型取代数涡粘性模型;对凹角分离区用边界层逆算法,给定位移厚度δ~*分布,湍流模型取代数松弛模型;边界层计算采用Cebeci-Keller Box方法;计算成功地算得分离流场,较好地预估了分离点与重附点位置以及壁面压强分布与表面摩擦应力分布。     

起落架四点布局无人机地面运动研究

以国内某四轮无人机为研究对象,在考虑摩擦力、侧向力和角速率等各种因素的情况下,全面分析研究了四轮无人机地面滑跑时的运动特点和受力情况,建立了六自由度刚体飞行器地面运动的动力学方程和运动学方程。在此基础上,对全量非线性模型进行了起飞、着陆时地面运动的仿真,该仿真结果表明了系统模型的正确性。     

基于正交试验的航行体弹道仿真优化设计

为确保水下发射航行体再入水后弹道安全,分析了航行体弹道影响因素,构建了带有阻尼板航行体的弹道数学模型,将发射后航行体与发射载体的最近距离作为安全性判定标准,采用正交试验方法,对水下航行体的阻尼板数量、尺寸及张开角度3个参数进行了仿真优化分析。仿真结果表明:当阻尼板数量为6块、长度为800 mm、张开角度为80°时,水下发射航行体质心z方向侧移量最大,航行体尾端与发射载体假想壁距离最大,安全性最高。     

车辆模型几何驱动技术研究

利用计算机对道路交通事故进行再现,其中最重要的是对事故中车辆的运动进行模拟。提出一种模型所在坐标系固定的前提下对其进行驱动的方法,实现了模型的显示比例、车辆模型的车身颜色的参数化设定。最后针对一起具体的交通事故进行模拟,结果表明该方法能够对实际道路交通事故进行准确再现。     

飞翼式UCAV低空段动静稳定性研究

采用飞翼式气动布局的UCAV能够很好地满足现代作战的要求。这种非常规布局的飞机, 由于它缺少尾翼, 对于飞机的动静稳定性分析来说是一个挑战。对于无垂尾飞机, 其稳定性的主要努力方向应该在低空段。本文在低空段, 对于飞机的纵向和侧向运动上采用解藕的分析方法获得飞机的运动方程; 接着根据风洞试验的数据, 在MATLAB中建立仿真模型获得飞机的仿真曲线, 通过对仿真曲线的分析, 验证了飞机的纵向和侧向的不稳定性。最后, 通过与已经成功应用于实战的B-2隐形飞机的对比, 分析了在应用控制增稳的控制技术后, 飞翼式布局的UCAV的实用性。     

吸气式激光推进飞行器发动机特性分析

介绍了吸气式脉冲激光爆轰推进的环聚焦构形飞行器概念,建立了进气道流动模型;利用Chapman-Jouguet爆轰理论和Sedov自相似律,建立了冲量发生与推力传递模型,给出了冲量耦合系数及等效比冲与飞行参数、激光脉冲参数之间关系的解析表达式。计算了发动机冲量耦合系数及等效比冲随飞行高度、马赫数、入射激光强度和脉宽等因素变化的曲线,结果可为相关构形飞行器的弹道与激光器工作模式设计提供参考。     

小型固体运载火箭六自由度弹道仿真

针对控制系统采用侧喷流发动机和栅格舵的新型小型多级固体运载火箭开展六自由度弹道仿真研究。给出侧喷流发动机安装模型和推力模型以及开关机控制规律,阐明气动力和气动力矩计算方法;并建立了固体发动机推力模型,以及完整的六自由度弹道动力学和运动学模型。仿真结果表明:建立的六自由度弹道仿真模型能正确反映运载火箭飞行特性;研究的固体运载火箭满足将300kg有效载荷送入200km太阳同步轨道的运载能力要求;姿态控制系统满足运载火箭姿态控制精度要求;侧喷流推进剂质量分配合理,为总体方案论证和初步设计提供了理论依据。     

高超声速飞行器俯冲段制导控制一体化设计方法

针对高超声速飞行器高速俯冲飞行段制导控制系统设计问题,建立了俯冲飞行段制导控制一体化低阶设计模型,提出了一种新颖的六自由度(6DoF)制导控制系统设计方法。基于目标-飞行器三维空间相对运动模型和坐标系转移关系建立了三维全耦合俯冲相对运动模型,推导得到了飞行器加速度在弹道坐标系三轴的分量与飞行器三通道角速率间的解析模型,进而结合飞行器绕质心动力学模型建立了以气动舵偏角为控制输入的俯冲飞行段制导控制一体化低阶设计模型。该制导控制一体化低阶设计模型降低了俯冲飞行段制导控制系统的模型阶数,减少了六自由度制导控制系统的设计参数,省略了传统设计方法中根据期望过载反求气动欧拉角的过程;同时利用解析模型替代了传统方法中姿态控制环路的跟踪控制过程,简化了制导控制系统的设计流程,为制导控制一体化设计提供了一种新的分析思路。数值仿真结果验证了本文提出的制导控制一体化设计方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

飞行器亚、超音速气动载荷数值计算

应用Greem函数法数值模拟飞行器的气动载荷。给出了求解亚、超音速定常和非定常载荷的统一方法。数值模拟中釆用双曲四边形代替四边形元素;采用联合流场概念改进诱阻计算;并用计算机绘图原理核查输入的几何参数是否正确。以矩形翼及双三角翼航天飞机(089B模型)为例进行了数值模拟,结果与试验数据符合较好。     

Linux下无人机软件故障注入系统研究与设计

基于linux系统的软件故障注入方法,设计了一个软件故障注入系统UAVFI_L,采用硬件覆盖和故障模型的方法,模拟无人机系统的硬件故障,并着重讨论了在总线上注入故障的试验策略。最后用一台工控机和飞控计算机通讯,注入故障。故障注入试验结果表明了这种方案的正确性和可行性。     

Time-varying transfer function extraction of an unstable launch vehicle via closed-loop identification

The aerospace launch vehicle, developed today by manufacturers, is characterized by high nonlinearity, open loop instability and time-varying behaviors. The transfer functions of the vehicle can be extracted using well-known linearization methodology. This paper presents an alternative to obtain the transfer functions via closed-loop identification using six degrees of freedom nonlinear simulation software. The pitch program is taken into account as the external excitation. Control and stability of the process are performed using robust PID controller. The model structure with some unknown parameters is obtained after mathematical modeling, thus the case of our problem is a parameter identification one. Time-variant parameters are estimated by Kalman filter approach with the aid of ARX model structure.     

吸气式重复使用运载器弹道仿真研究

在对国内外吸气式可重复运载器的发展现状进行了分析后,建立了吸气式重复使用运载器动力学模型、地球模型以及大气模型等数学模型;建立了空天飞行器的弹道仿真系统。并以某吸气式重复使用运载器为研究对象,利用MATLAB编写程序,进行了飞行弹道的模拟仿真。仿真试验表明,计算方法及相应的仿真系统是合理可行的,可应用于吸气式重复使用运载器可行性的评价。     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.