推重比-10级发动机综述

本文首先介绍了第四代战斗机及其动力装置的战术技术要求，分析了国外推重比10-级发动机的设计技术，并通过对飞机推重比和发动机推重比的关系、飞机推力与飞行器阻力之间的夫系，对我国推重比10-级发动机提出了技术要求、参数选择。     

基于未知输入观测器的涡扇发动机直接推力控制

针对某型涡扇发动机,进行直接推力控制回路设计方法研究.基于未知输入观测器(UIO)原理建立了涡扇发动机机载模型和推力估计器,UIO通过解耦外界干扰实现了全飞行包线推力的准确估计;提出了直接推力闭环反馈控制的双回路结构设计方案,内环转速控制,外环推力控制,有利于实现各回路控制参数的独立设计.仿真验证结果表明:基于UIO的模型基涡扇发动机直接推力控制具有良好的控制稳定性和抗干扰性能,对于发动机不同工作点直接推力控制,推力控制误差不超过0.1%,转速控制偏差不超过0.2%.      

翼身融合背撑发动机反推绕流流场数值研究

基于RANS（Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes）方法,采用SST（shear stress transport）湍流模型和进排气边界条件,对翼身融合背撑发动机反推绕流流场进行了数值模拟,探究得到反推气流动力影响下机体气动载荷的变化规律,并评估了不同发动机功率下反推的增阻效果,以及对进气道流场畸变特性进行了初步的分析。结果表明:反推气流会显著影响机体气动载荷的分布状况,发动机前方的机体表面压力逐渐增大,经过反推出流带后,表面压力急剧减小,沿展向其影响逐渐减弱;在一定范围内,反推气流的轴向折流角越大,对气动载荷分布的影响越剧烈,增阻效果也越好;轴向折流角和来流马赫数的变化会影响进气道流场畸变特性。      

Thermal-structural analysis of regenerativelycooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX/Methane rocket engines

To predict the thermal and structural responses of the thrust chamber wall under cyclic work,a 3-D fluid-structural coupling computational methodology is developed.The thermal and mechanical loads are determined by a validated 3-D finite volume fluid-thermal coupling computational method.With the specified loads,the nonlinear thermal-structural finite element analysis is applied to obtaining the 3-D thermal and structural responses.The Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model calibrated by experimental data is adopted to predict the cyclic plastic behavior of the inner wall.The methodology is further applied to the thrust chamber of LOX/Methane rocket engines.The results show that both the maximum temperature at hot run phase and the maximum circumferential residual strain of the inner wall appear at the convergent part of the chamber.Struc tural analysis for multiple work cycles reveals that the failure of the inner wall may be controlled by the low-cycle fatigue when the Chaboche model parameter γ3 =0,and the damage caused by the thermal-mechanical ratcheting of the inner wall cannot be ignored when γ3 ＞ 0.The results of sen sitivity analysis indicate that mechanical loads have a strong influence on the strains in the inner wall.     

Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

一种涡轴发动机系统应急状态快速响应控制方法

针对直升机应急状态下特殊快速响应需求,基于涡轮放气原理,提出了一种新的应急状态快速响应控制方法.在应急状态下,除了燃油控制外,同时将涡轮放气量作为发动机控制变量,采用多变量鲁棒方法设计了应急状态直升机/涡轴发动机三变量快速响应控制器,该综合控制方法不仅实现了直升机垂飞通道的控制,而且在保持输出功率通道稳定,即自由涡轮转速恒定的前提下,借助于涡轮放气实现了燃气涡轮转速的闭环控制,有效实现了发动机功率快速跟随能力.最后,以直升机UH-60/涡轴发动机T700综合模型为对象,仿真验证了在直升机应急状态急升-急降过程中,直升机垂飞速度、发动机自由涡轮转速以及燃气涡轮转速跟踪指令的情况,结果表明:相比传统的PID(proportional integration differential)控制,基于快速响应控制方法建立的闭环系统响应迅速,动静态品质良好,能够达到直升机应急状态的特殊设计要求.      

新B747-8发动机开始飞行测试

4月8日,欧盟委员会公布了最新的不安全航空公司“黑名单”。这也是欧盟自2006年3月以来第1O次更新该名单。最新名单在上一份名单的基础上增加了贝宁的所有航空公司、哈萨克斯坦的6家航空公司以及泰国和乌克兰各一家航空公司。而原有的安哥拉、赤道几内亚、印度尼西亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、利比里亚、塞拉利昂、斯威士兰、刚果（金）等国家的所有航空公司、     

Robust control for constant thrust rendezvous under thrust failure

A robust constant thrust rendezvous approach under thrust failure is proposed based on the relative motion dynamic model. Firstly, the design problem is cast into a convex optimization problem by introducing a Lyapunov function subject to linear matrix inequalities. Secondly, the robust controllers satisfying the requirements can be designed by solving this optimization problem.Then, a new algorithm of constant thrust fitting is proposed through the impulse compensation and the fuel consumption under the theoretical continuous thrust and the actual constant thrust is calculated and compared by using the method proposed in this paper. Finally, the proposed method having the advantage of saving fuel is proved and the actual constant thrust switch control laws are obtained through the isochronous interpolation method, meanwhile, an illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed control design method.     

未来发动机立足助力绿色航空——访普惠公司副总裁

自1929年由普惠黄蜂发动机提供动力的洛宁号飞机在华提供上海-汉口之间的邮政服务以来,普惠公司在中国有了长足的发展,普惠与中国航空业已经建立了长期的业务合作伙伴关系。今天,普惠公司在航空发动机、航天推进系统和工业燃气轮机的设计、制造和服     

Reduced-dimensional MPC controller for direct thrust control

With the development of the aircraft gas turbine engine, a control system should be able to achieve effective thrust control to gain better operability. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a novel direct thrust control approach based on an improved model predictive control method through a strategy that reduces the dimension of control sequence. It can not only achieve normal direct thrust control tasks but also maximize the thrust level within the safe operation boundaries. Only t...     

Research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching

In order to reach a compromise between fast response control and torques matching control in double turboshaft engines, research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching is conducted. Meanwhile, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) method is proposed, which combines the control index of the power turbine speed with torques matching of double engines creatively. In addition to the control index, the difference of output torques between each engine is also incorporated in the objective function as a penalty term to ensure constant speed control and short torques matching time. Simulation results demonstrate that relative to unilateral torques matching, the settling time of the bidirectional matching method can be reduced by nearly 30.8%. Nevertheless, compared with the bidirectional torques matching method under the cascade PID controller, the NMPC method can decrease the overshoot of the power turbine speed by 65% and reduce the matching time by 15.5% synchronously. Besides fast response control of turboshaft engines, fast torques matching control of double engines is accomplished as well.     

Method for designing constant thrust power schedule

In order to make the power level angle (PLA) have the same bijection relationship with the thrust when the environment changes before operational limit exceedance, and ensure the pilots ability of unrestricted throttle movement as well as the safety of the engine, a method used to design a constant thrust power schedule was proposed. The research was based on a simulink turbofan engine model and the results were organized as look-up tables in different structures with limitations. Simulation was done to confirm the validity and demonstrate the effectiveness of the schedule obtained with the approach. The constant thrust takeoff schedule, constant thrust idle schedule and constant thrust part power schedule with the present constant thrust control (CTC) method were proved to be valid. The results can be applied to this specific engine but the method can be applied to any areoengine and can be even extended to the unmanned plane.      

可重复使用运载器连续推力轨迹回转机动方法研究

针对可重复使用运载器(RLV)原场返回过程中所面临的轨迹回转问题,提出了一种在亚轨道高度进行姿态调整并使飞行轨迹回转、指向发射场方向的机动方法.在RLV与上面级分离之后,利用RLV自身推力抵消背离发射场速度,最终使RLV飞行方向指向发射场并进入再入返回阶段.采用连续推力方案,利用最优控制理论推导得出满足轨迹回转终端要求的机动指令.仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现RLV与上面级分离后轨迹迅速回转,可为之后的返回原发射场提供保障.     

Modern turboprop engines

The turboprop engine has played a major role in short haul commuter aircraft and military transport and patrol aircraft where speed is not critical. In recent years NASA have proposed the application of turboprops, coupled to advanced propellers usually referred to as ‘propfans’, at conventional turbofan speeds. The achievement of this goal would provide significant savings in fuel without sacrifice of flight speed. The paper reviews the past history and current state of development of modern turboprops, noting that there has been very little recent development of high power units. Current trends suggest a shift from the NASA goal away from turboprops to a new breed of engine using the generic name Ultra High Bypass systems. Although the future of the turboprop for high speed transportation may appear dubious, there is no doubt that the turboprop is going to continue to play an increasingly important role in the short haul commuter aircraft market.     

液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术

为了验证液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术,采用流-固耦合方法对推力室内壁材料、外壁厚度、冷却通道高宽比等影响推力室内壁寿命的因素进行了数值模拟.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在不同内壁材料、不同外套厚度、不同冷却通道高宽比下单循环各阶段的应力、应变分布,对计算结果进行后处理,得到了内壁损伤.结果表明,采用高强度及延展性内壁材料、低刚性外套、大冷却通道高宽比可以减小推力室内壁损伤,延长推力室内壁使用寿命.      

Practical compensation for nonlinear dynamic thrust measurement system

The real dynamic thrust measurement system usually tends to be nonlinear due to the complex characteristics of the rig, pipes connection, etc. For a real dynamic measuring system,the nonlinearity must be eliminated by some adequate methods. In this paper, a nonlinear model of dynamic thrust measurement system is established by using radial basis function neural network(RBF-NN), where a novel multi-step force generator is designed to stimulate the nonlinearity of the system, and a practical compensation method for the measurement system using left inverse model is proposed. Left inverse model can be considered as a perfect dynamic compensation of the dynamic thrust measurement system, and in practice, it can be approximated by RBF-NN based on least mean square(LMS) algorithms. Different weights are set for producing the multi-step force, which is the ideal input signal of the nonlinear dynamic thrust measurement system. The validity of the compensation method depends on the engine’s performance and the tolerance error0.5%, which is commonly demanded in engineering. Results from simulations and experiments show that the practical compensation using left inverse model based on RBF-NN in dynamic thrust measuring system can yield high tracking accuracy than the conventional methods.     

某型飞机/发动机一体化性能计算

研究了飞机/发动机一体化性能计算模型,并开发了一套相应的可视化计算软件.计算模型包括发动机非安装性能计算模型,进气道、尾喷管/后体特性转换模型,安装性能计算模型以及飞机性能计算模型.根据进气道、尾喷管安装特性法(INSTAL),利用进气道、尾喷管/后体特性转换程序求出实际的进气道、尾喷管安装特性,结合非安装性能计算程序,计算了发动机安装性能,并在此基础上计算了飞机性能.该软件已用于某型飞机的一体化性能计算,使用结果表明:①与经验公式法相比,采用INSTAL所得发动机安装性能估算结果与资料值接近程度普遍提高,最高可提高13%;②该软件计算结果合理,计算所需时间短,计算精度较高.      

Regression rate estimation for standard-flow hybrid rocket engines

The present effort is towards predicting with some accuracy hybrid rocket engine fuel regression rates under standard flow conditions. A convective heat feedback modelling approach is applied in tying the mass-flux-dependent heat flux directed into the regressing fuel surface, to the subsequent solid fuel grain regression rate. Factors such as transpiration, hydraulic port diameter, and effective fuel surface roughness are incorporated into the phenomenological surface regression rate model. A number of comparisons between the model's predicted results and corresponding experimental data are made, in illustrating the efficacy of the present approach for a classical head-end-injection engine. Where substantial differences between theory and experiment exist, this might be due to one of several identifiable factors related to non-standard flow, such as the presence of radiant heating, swirl or flow impingement in or at the boundaries of the experimental core flow.     

微型推力器阵列测试台研究

为了满足微型推力器阵列测试的需求,以4个高精度压电石英传感器为核心,设计了可以测试一个或者两个点火推力器的主推力并能计算出其位置坐标的测试台,并对测试系统进行了静态标定方法和动态谐响应分析研究,对台架X形板进行了去除材料85%以上的拓扑优化,最终使得本系统从理论上满足测试要求.      

单模块超燃发动机推力测量天平研制

介绍了用于单模块超燃发动机推力测量的力传感器单分量天平的研制、应用,通过脉冲燃烧风洞和长时间风洞试验,天平/模型/支撑系统频率为20 Hz,在脉冲燃烧风洞有效试验时间内(约300 ms)可获得较为稳定的测力信号,基本满足脉冲燃烧风洞单模块发动机测力要求.在相同试验条件下,脉冲燃烧风洞和长时间风洞获得了相同的发动机推力收益,验证了天平测量数据的准确性.