美国空间地球科学任务发展及启示

<正>空间地球科学是利用空间飞行器观测地球，获取地球系统的过程与变化及其相互作用等信息，并利用这些信息开展地球科学研究。空间地球科学强调将地球作为一个整体，研究各个特定区域或过程之间的相互联系，研究地球整体变化的规律，预测地球环境的演变和发展。随着地球系统面临的风险不断增加，对地球科学研究的需求越来越迫切，美国深刻认识到空间地球科学的重要性，制定了详细的任务发展规划，并定期开展评估，     

空间物理学科发展战略研究

空间物理学是人类进入空间时代后迅速发展起来的一门新兴的多学科交叉的前沿基础学科。其将太阳和太阳风控制的日球层空间作为一个系统，研究太阳/太阳风与行星/彗星的上层大气、电离层、磁层乃至星际介质之间的相互作用。空间物理学从本质上讲是一门实验科学，空间物理探测是空间物理学发展的基础。进入新世纪，随着空间基础设施和人类高技术活动的日益频繁，空间物理学进入新的发展阶段，强调科学与应用的密切结合。近年来，空间物理学取得了一系列重要进展。本文对接国家自然科学基金委地球科学部“宜居地球-地球系统科学”的顶层战略设计，梳理总结近年来空间物理各学科发展动态和趋势，凝练中国空间物理学未来发展的重点领域，优化学科布局，推进空间物理各学科的高质量发展。     

日本空间运输系统中长期规划

日本科学技术厅于１９９３年６月２０日，公布了空间往返运输系统中长期发展规划纲要。１．空间开发意义·根据以往空间开发的进展情况，以建立人类各种各样活动的据点，并以此作为寻求真理的对象这两个观点来探索空间。·特别是从前者探索空间，在那里活动与地球上的活动是密切不可分割的，人们试图将空间与地球构成一体，把它称为“地球圈宇宙”是很相称的。·开拓支持人类活动的“地球圈宇宙”，从中可获得新知识的空间开发，给人类带来更为丰富的知识。２．空间往返运输系统的意义与必要性·随着空间开发的集中化、多样化、大量化的发展…     

空域空间网格标识原理及应用

在对空域空间有限元的相关研究中,构建空域空间的网格标识系统,是将信息技术应用于空域管理、推进空域数字化的重要基础。在美军全球区域参考系统和通用地理位置参考系统基础上,提出了一种同时具备标识平面和立体空间位置能力的参考系统。通过在地球表面以上特定高度之下的空间内,建立一种递归剖分策略方法,将空域空间划分为若干空间网格,不同尺度下的网格既是一种地理空间位置参考系统,也是一种组成空域的基本空域体,以此实现空间位置参考与空间位置标定的混合表达,为开展空域数字化管理提供底层模型。      

技术水平有提高空间天气早知道"探测"系列科学卫星展新貌

2003年12月30日发射的中国探测-1卫星是"地球空间双星探测计划"(简称"双星计划")中的第1颗卫星,运行在赤道轨道.2004年7月25日,"双星计划"的第2颗卫星--探测-2由长征-2C改进型火箭送入地球极轨道.这2颗探测地球磁层空间的卫星分别运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星尚未覆盖的重要活动区,主要用于研究太阳活动、行星际磁层空间暴和灾害性地球空间天气的物理过程.     

发展空间对地观测 探测地球环境变化

当前世界各国都面临环境问题的威胁。全世界一致呼吁保护地球环境，并准备采取更大的行动。为了建立科学的基础，要从地球体系的角度来研究地球的变化。全球变化研究的主要目的是：对地球体系的运行进行长期记录；研究地球运行的关键过程；建立区域性运行过程的准确的预计模型。研究地球变化必须研究区域性或大范围所发生的过程。为此，从空间对地球观测不仅是首要的，也是最基本的任务。回“行星地球使命”计划和地球观测系统进人90年代，世界政治形势变化加速了地球环境研究的进程。1989年美国提出一项庞大的国际性空间计划——“行星地球…     

全球空间天气路线图及对中国的启示

随着科技的发展,空间天气对电力系统、通信导航系统和航天资产等遍布全球的技术基础设施的影响越来越深.需要加强对空间天气事件过程的理解,提升空间天气的预报能力,优化基础设施设计,从而减缓空间天气对社会造成的影响.基于这些需求,国际空间研究委员会(COSPAR)联合国际与日共存计划(ILWS)共同成立专家组,研究制定了全球2015-2025空间天气发展路线图.本文对该路线图进行介绍和解读,讨论该路线图对中国空间天气发展的启示.     

高精度空间加速度计及其应用

高精度空间加速度计不仅可以用来测量航天器受到的非引力, 例如航天器受到地球的热辐射压力、太阳辐射压力、大气阻力等, 而且还可以作为惯性参考用来改善航天器的微重力水平, 即对航天器进行无拖曳控制. 通过对开环加速度计基本工作原理的研究, 概述了高精度空间加速度计的发展趋势和现状, 介绍了几种不同类型的高精度空间加速度计, 重点讨论了其在地球科学和空间基础物理研究中的应用.      

第三届高分辨率对地观测学术年会征文

<正>由高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项管理办公室、中国科学院重大科技任务局、中国航天科技集团公司宇航部、中国航天科工集团公司空间工程部、中国电子科技集团公司科技部联合主办的高分辨率对地观测学术年会(China HighResolution Earth Observation Conference)将于2014年秋季召开.本次会议聚焦天基、临近空间、航空全维度立体高分辨率对地观测系统发展,瞄准数据资源共享与成果推广应用的根本目标,全方位展示高分辨率对地观测领域取得的研究成果,为其今后发展提供有益借鉴和参考.会议分为五个研究领域,现已全面启动征文.     

地球空间双星探测计划简介

我国空间物理学界经过几年的酝酿，由中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心科学家牵头的专家小组，于 １９９７年初提出了地球空间双星探测计划（简称双星计划），受到了国际空间物理界的关注和响应，国家科工委和中国科学院对此计划十分重视和支持．２０００年１２月国务院批准将双星计划列入“十五”计划，先期启动．现在，双星计划各系统的工作已全面开始． 双星计划的两颗小卫星，近地赤道区卫星和极区卫星，运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星没有覆盖的近地磁层主要活动区，两颗卫星相互配合，形成独立系统的空间探测计划．同时，双星计划…     

Progress of Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

The Strategic Priority Program on Space Science in 2011-2017 (hereafter referred to as SPP I), which officially went ahead in 2011, marks that a new chapter of Chinese space endeavor has been opened. The 4 satellites, Wukong/DAMPE, SJ-10, Mozi/QUESS and Insight/HXMT, has been achieving promising scientific results since their launch, e.g., Wukong directly detected a break in the teraelectronvolt cosmic-ray spectrum of electrons and positrons. To enable the sustainable development of China's space science endeavor, the Strategic Priority Program Ⅱ on Space Science (hereafter referred to as SPP Ⅱ) was officially approved in late 2017. SPP Ⅱ includes 4 satellites-EP, ASO-S, SMILE and GECAM, Intensive Study of Future Space Science Missions, Advanced Research of Space Science Missions and Payloads, Space Science Mission Concept Research, and Data Analysis Research. Dedicated to exploring the unknown, the program is aiming to address scientific questions such as the origin and evolution of the universe and life, search for extraterrestrial life, and the impact of the Sun and the solar system on Earth and human development. Chinese space science community is committed to contributing to the progress of human civilization.      

Space Weather Service for Chinese Space Science Satellites

Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science has gained remarkable achievements. Space Environment Prediction Center (SEPC) affiliated with the National Space Science Center (NSSC) has been providing space weather services and helps secure space missions. Presently, SEPC is capable to offer a variety of space weather services covering many phases of space science missions including planning, design, launch, and orbital operation. The service packages consist of space weather forecasts, warnings, and effect analysis that can be utilized to avoid potential space weather hazard or reduce the damage caused by space storms, space radiation exposure for example. Extensive solar storms that occurred over Chinese Ghost Festival (CGF) in September 2017 led to a large enhancement of the solar energetic particle flux at 1 AU, which affected the near Earth radiation environment and brought great threat to orbiting satellites. Based on the space weather service by SEPC, satellite ground support groups collaborating with the space Tracking, Telemetering and Command system (TT&C) team were able to take immediate measures to react to the CGF solar storm event.      

The exploration of halley''s comet: An example of international cooperation

During its present appearance, Comet Halley is the focus of an unparalleled global scientific effort of exploration from the ground; from Earth orbit; from Venus orbit; from interplanetary space; and from within the comet itself.

The various activities in space are coordinated by the four space agencies — the European Space Agency (ESA), Intercosmos of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) — through the Inter-Agency Consultative Group (IACG). Coordination of the activities of the ground-based observers is provided through the International Halley Watch (IHW). The IHW was established in 1980, the IACG in 1981.

The single goal of both, IHW and IACG is to maximize the overall scientific results of all efforts in the exploration of Comet Halley from the ground and from space. The obvious success of this unique endeavor might serve as example for future cooperative scientific programs.     

Face-dependent impact probabilities, velocities and angles upon LDEF by space debris and natural meteoroids

For specified geocentric orbits the impact probabilities, velocities and angles upon the different faces of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) are calculated, and it is found that quite different distributions of micro-cratering are to be expected. In particular the flux to the East (leading) face should exceed that to the West (trailing) face by a very large ratio. The North and South faces receive exposures slightly in excess of the East face for lower-velocity impacts from low-inclination orbits, but much lower exposures than the East face for high-velocity impacts from high-inclination orbits. The Space face (pointing directly away from the Earth) and the Earth face (pointing directly towards the Earth) will have been subject to very few impacts from geocentric orbits. Therefore, whilst three sides (the East, North and South) will have been hit many times by artificial space debris, the other three (the West, Space and Earth) will have been impacted almost solely by natural meteoroids from heliocentric orbits, and may be used to determine the flux of such particles in the vicinity of the Earth. The ratios of impacts upon the East, West and Space faces will be useful indicators of the velocity/orbit distribution of meteoroids.     

Progress of Strategic Priority Program on Space Science

The most important all-round progress in China's Space Science in recent years is the official go-ahead of Strategic Priority Program(SPP) on Space Science in 2011,which marks China's space science has entered a new stage.SPP on Space Science includes 4 satellites(DAMPE,SJ-10,QUESS and HXMT),the Intensive Study of Future Space Science Missions,and the Advanced Research of Space Science Missions and Payloads.It is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be achieved,and the great leaps of related high-technology will be driven through both independent space science missions and international cooperation.The implementation of the SPP on Space Science will enable the rapid development of China's space science endeavor,and contribute to the progress of human civilization.     

Progress of Strategic Priority Program on Space Scienceormalsize

The most important all-round progress in China's Space Science in recent years is the official go-ahead of Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on Space Science in 2011, which marks China's space science has entered a new stage. SPP on Space Science includes 4 satellites (DAMPE, SJ-10, QUESS and HXMT), the Intensive Study of Future Space Science Missions, and the Advanced Research of Space Science Missions and Payloads. It is expected that the innovative breakthroughs will be achieved, and the great leaps of related high-technology will be driven through both independent space science missions and international cooperation. The implementation of the SPP on Space Science will enable the rapid development of China's space science endeavor, and contribute to the progress of human civilization.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Biological assessment of Ariane 5 fairing

United Nations Space Treaties [10 and 11] require the preservation of planets and of Earth from contamination. All nations part to these Treaties shall take measures to prevent forward and backward contamination during missions exploring our solar system. As observer for the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the COSPAR (Committee of Space Research) defines and handles the applicable policy and proposes recommendations to Space Agencies [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005. http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm.]. The goal is to protect celestial bodies from terrestrial biological contamination as well as to protect the Earth environment from an eventual biohazard which may be carried by extraterrestrial samples or by space systems returning to Earth. According to the applicable specifications, including in our case the French requirements [CNES, System Safety. Planetary Protection Requirements. Normative referential CNES RNC-CNES-R-14, CNES Toulouse, ed. 4, 04 October 2002.], the prevention of forward contamination is accomplished by reducing the bioburden on space hardware to acceptable, prescribed levels, including in some instances system sterilization, assembling and integrating the appropriate spacecraft systems in cleanrooms of appropriate biological cleanliness, avoiding or controlling any recontamination risk, and limiting the probability impact of space systems. In order to prepare for future exploration missions [Debus, A., Planetary protection: organization requirements and needs for future planetary exploration missions, ESA conference publication SP-543, pp 103–114, 2003.], and in particular for missions to Mars requiring to control the spacecraft bioburden, a test program has been developed to evaluate the biological contamination under the fairing of the Ariane 5 launcher.     

PREFACE

As you have seen from the cover page, this issue of Chinese Journal of Space Science is devoted specially to the China-Russia Joint Research Center on Space Weather. In this special issue, 28 papers are selected. Most of them are jointly authored by scientists from both China and Russia. It reflects partially what the joint research center is doing and the interested research area from both China and Russia sides. The joint research center is founded in December 2000 following an official visit by a Chinese delegation led by Mr. AN Jianji, deputy director general of International Cooperation Bureau, Chinese Academy of Science