发展空间对地观测 探测地球环境变化

当前世界各国都面临环境问题的威胁。全世界一致呼吁保护地球环境，并准备采取更大的行动。为了建立科学的基础，要从地球体系的角度来研究地球的变化。全球变化研究的主要目的是：对地球体系的运行进行长期记录；研究地球运行的关键过程；建立区域性运行过程的准确的预计模型。研究地球变化必须研究区域性或大范围所发生的过程。为此，从空间对地球观测不仅是首要的，也是最基本的任务。回“行星地球使命”计划和地球观测系统进人90年代，世界政治形势变化加速了地球环境研究的进程。1989年美国提出一项庞大的国际性空间计划——“行星地球…     

对地观测空间系统与应用发展展望

1发展概况对地观测空间系统的产生,使人类能够以前所未有的高远视野,从空间俯瞰整个地球,对国土安全、资源勘察、灾害管理等领域影响巨大。截至2013年3月31日,全球已成功发射6601个航天器,其中对地观测卫星2251颗,是发射数量最多、应用     

ESA部长级会议确定未来发展方向和投资水平

2022年11月22‒23日,欧洲空间局（ESA）成员国部长级会议在法国巴黎召开,决定共同投资约169亿欧元开展各项空间活动和计划,相比2019年部长级会议,投资额大幅增长17%。ESA将通过在对地观测、科学计划、载人和无人探索、通信与综合应用、导航、空间安全、空间运输、技术等重点领域的投资,加强其在空间领域的自主性、领先地位和可持续发展能力。     

空间目标监视系统发展现状及展望

1简况 随着全球太空资源开发热潮的进一步高涨和未来太空作战趋势的加剧,地球外层空间正逐步变成新的军事斗争领地。在这种新的军事斗争形式中,空间目标监视系统起着基础性和关键性作用。     

欧洲已启动"全球环境和安全监测"计划--欧洲空间战略的一例典范

1 前言 在,人类环境和地球未来的可持续发展问题是世界各国关注的焦点.欧洲为了表明它在制定区域性国际政策、提出可持续发展议程,以及必要时商讨国际协议等方面的能力,已正式启动了“全球环境和安全监测”（GMES）计划.该计划将联合欧洲各自分散的对地观测力量,使其成为综合的观测网络,并能提供运营服务.     

英公布民用航天战略

2月14日,英国公布了题为《英国民用航天战略：2008-2012年及更远》的新民用航天战略。主要内容包括．继续参与对地观测、空间科学和通信发展项目;在牛津郡的哈韦尔建设一座国际航天设施,重点从事气候变化、无人空间探测和应用项目;更紧密地参与国际上有关未来月球、火星和更遥远太空空间探测架构的计划;设立“国家航天技术计划”,支持发展新的创新技术和服务。     

分布式空间系统概念和应用

1分布式空间系统的概念和内涵分布式空间系统的定义:由2个或2个以上航天器(卫星或纳型卫星/立方体星等)按一定要求分布在1种或多种轨道上,共同合作完成某项空间飞行任务(例如:观测、通信、侦察、导航等),从而使飞行获得更大的价值.根据对分布在空间各个航天器之间是否有外加闭路轨道控制系统和对分布在太空的各个航天器运行过程中是否进行任何轨道操作这2个原则,分布式空间系统包涵以下3个主要内容.     

“慧眼”识地球——天宫一号有效载荷高光谱成像仪多领域应用

2011年9月29日,天宫一号目标飞行器在酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空,与相继发射的神舟八号、神舟九号飞船成功实施了无人、载人交会对接试验,标志着我国在突破和掌握空间交会对接技术上迈出了重要一步。这是我国载人航天事业发展史上的又一个重要里程碑,是中华民族为人类探索利用外层空间作出的又一卓越贡献。天宫一号作为我国空间实验室雏形,已在轨运行近两年,各搭载设备状     

中国载人航天发展简史

1 前言人类的活动范围经历了从陆地到海洋、从海洋到大气层和从大气层到外层空间的逐步拓展的过程.20世纪50年代出现的航天技术,开辟了人类探索外层空间活动的新时代.     

2014年世界航天发展回顾

<正>2014年是世界航天发展创纪录的一年,全球成功发射入轨航天器数量达到293个,刷新了2013年刚刚创造214个的最高纪录,成为历史上航天器发射数量最高的一年。空间在国家安全、经济社会发展、科技进步等方面的重要性不断提升,多个国家发布了重要的航天战略与规划,空间系统更新换代加速,多项技术取得突破性进展,航天产业规模持续增长。     

Progress of 2014—2016 China's Earth Observation and Earth Science

The support given by Earth observation data and Earth system science play an increasingly important role in global change, regional sustainable development, extreme events, and the development of social and economic needs. This field is also moving towards systematization, platforms, and standardized development. In December 2015, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed in Paris to make arrangements for global action in response to climate change by 2020. China jointly issued a climate change adaptation strategy for cities in 2016 and then elevated national action to respond to climate change. China's Earth Observation and Earth Science development is facing new challenges as it supports the national civil space infrastructure and high-resolution Earth observation system.     

月基对地观测的特点与应用潜力分析

伴随着中国月球探测计划的进展, 特别是载人登月计划的实施, 建设综合性的月球科研基地已成为正在设计和即将实施的国家规划. 为了充分发挥月球科研基地的作用, 针对月基对地观测特点和潜在应用展开分析. 根据月球轨道的独特视角, 从地球系统科学、可持续发展、空间物理和空间环境监测等方面讨论多个相关需求和潜在的研究方向. 这些需求和研究方向能够为无人或载人月球科研基地的设计, 以及制定未来发展规划提供必要参考. 同时, 这些思考和建议也为地球系统科学研究提供了新的研究视角.     

2012–2014 China's Earth Observation and Earth Science Development

Human beings are now facing global and regional sustainable development challenges.In China, Earth observation data play a fundamental role in Earth system science research. The support given by Earth observation data is required by many studies, including those on Earth's limited natural resources, the rapid development of economic and social needs, global change, extreme events, food security, water resources, sustainable economic and urban development, and emergency response. Application operation systems in many ministries and departments in China have entered a stage of sustainable development, and the State Key Project of High-Resolution Earth Observation Systems has been progressing since 2006. Earth observation technology in China has entered a period of rapid development.     

THE SPACE APPLICATION ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CHINESE UNMANNED SPACECRAFT "SZ-3"

During the 3rd mission of Chinese Unmanned Spacecraft the application sys tem of "SZ-3" (Shenzhou, a divine ship) gets a great success, all its goals are achieved. Many areas of science and breakthrough technology, including earth observation, earth environment monitoring, space material, space life science etc., are carried out in the mission. There are 44 payload instruments totally.All the instruments are working well during the orbit flight and a lot of good results are obtained. Many areas, for example the moderate resolution imag ing spectroradiometer, the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor and the space protein crystallization facility perform better than required and expected.A brief introduction of the experiments and the achievements of the mission is given in this paper.     

Synergies of Earth science and space exploration

A more flexible policy basis from which to manage our planet in the 21st century is desirable. As one contribution, we note that synergies between space exploration and the preservation of our habitat exist, and that protecting life on Earth requires similar concepts and information as investigations of life beyond the Earth, including the expansion of human presence in space. Instrumentation and data handling to observe both planetary objects and planet Earth are based on similar techniques. Moreover, while planetary surface operations are conducted under different conditions, the technology to probe the surface and subsurface of both the Earth and other planets requires similar tools, such as radar, seismometers, and drilling devices. The Earth observation community has developed some exemplary tools and has featured successful international cooperation in data handling and sharing that could be equally well applied to robotic planetary exploration. Here we propose a network involving both communities that will enable the interchange of scientific insights and the development of new policies and management strategies. Those tools can provide a vital forum through which the management of this planet can be assisted, and in which a new bridge between the Earth-centric and space-centric communities can be built.     

Evolution of Dst index,cosmic rays and global temperature during solar cycles 20–23

We have studied conditions in interplanetary space, which can have an influence on galactic cosmic ray (CR) and climate change. In this connection the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters and cosmic ray variations have been compared with geomagnetic activity represented by the equatorial Dst index from the beginning 1965 to the end of 2012. Dst index is commonly used as the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere interaction characteristic. The important drivers in interplanetary medium which have effect on cosmic rays as CMEs (coronal mass ejections) and CIRs (corotating interaction regions) undergo very strong changes during their propagation to the Earth. Because of this CMEs, coronal holes and the solar spot numbers (SSN) do not adequately reflect peculiarities concerned with the solar wind arrival to 1 AU. Therefore, the geomagnetic indices have some inestimable advantage as continuous series other the irregular solar wind measurements. We have compared the yearly average variations of Dst index and the solar wind parameters with cosmic ray data from Moscow, Climax, and Haleakala neutron monitors during the solar cycles 20–23. The descending phases of these solar cycles (CSs) had the long-lasting solar wind high speed streams occurred frequently and were the primary contributors to the recurrent Dst variations. They also had effects on cosmic rays variations. We show that long-term Dst variations in these solar cycles were correlated with the cosmic ray count rate and can be used for study of CR variations. Global temperature variations in connection with evolution of Dst index and CR variations is discussed.     

Short-term periodicities in the downward longwave radiation and their associations with cosmic ray and solar interplanetary data

In this study downward longwave (LW) atmospheric radiation data for the period of 2014–2020 were used to search for short-term periodicities using fast Fourier transform (FFT). Several local peaks in the power spectrum density were found and established. The time series exhibits a series of significant peaks (exceeding the 95% confidence limit), such as at 273 days, 227 days, 200 days, 178 days, 157 days, 110 days, 120 days, 87 days, 73 days, 53–56 days, 35–30 days, 25–27 days, 21 days, 13 days, and 9–10 days.Moreover, cosmic ray data from KACST muon detector and the Oulu neutron monitor, as well as the data for the solar radio flux at 10.7 cm (F10.7 cm), Dst index, and solar wind speed for the same period as the LW data, were used to look for common cyclic variations and periodicities matching those found in the LW radiation. This was done to investigate the possible effect of the solar activity parameters on LW radiation. Several common periodicities were observed in the spectra of all the variables considered, such as 227 days, 154–157 days, 25–27 days, and 21 days. Some of the periodicities found in the LW radiation spectrum can be attributed to the modulation of the cosmic ray intensity by solar activity. Others are attributed to the disturbances in the interplanetary magnetic field. Based on the spectral results, we suggest that the solar signals may directly or indirectly affect the variations of the downward longwave radiation, which in turn may affect climate change.