可重复使用空间飞行器的飞行控制

分析了空间飞行器飞行控制系统要解决的问题,空间飞行器的发展过程,各类空间飞行器飞行控制系统设计目的和主要特点,可重复使用的发射飞行器飞控系统的主要设计要求,在设计要求的确定,飞行控制律设计和飞行控制系统设计中要解决的关键技术.      

180天长期密闭环境对志愿者骨代谢、糖脂代谢的影响及其相关性分析

长期空间飞行过程中航天员处于狭小密闭的失重环境中,密闭环境对机体骨代谢与糖脂代谢的影响尚不明确.通过4人180天受控生态生保系统集成实验,分析长期处于密闭环境的4名志愿者血清中骨代谢、糖脂代谢指标变化,并根据骨与能量代谢相互调控理论,分析二者相关性.实验结果表明,长期密闭舱内生活影响了骨代谢与糖脂代谢,表现为骨形成指标...     

空间重粒子击中卤虫卵的定位技术及其生物效应

为了能够估价空间重粒子对单个生物细胞的放射生物学效应,我们设计、制成了卤虫卵-核乳胶夹层式生物包.经搭载我国“8885”卫星飞行数天后回收.用图象分析仪研究了空间重离子在核乳胶上留下的径迹及其分布;并实验观察了卤虫卵的前期发育情况.看到:随星飞行过的卤虫卵与地面对照组相比,其发育能力明显降低,表现为孵化率低且发育时间推迟.实验表明:生物样品板-核乳胶影象定位技术能清楚而比较准确地给出卤虫卵(或其他生物细胞)受重离子作用的信息,是重离子生物效应及其作用机理研究的可行实验手段及分析方法之一.     

美国X射线脉冲星导航计划及其启示

□□2004年,美国国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)提出了X射线脉冲星导航计划,以满足未来航天任务从近地轨道、深空至星际空间飞行的持续、高精度自主导航应用需求.本文将介绍脉冲星的基本概念和美国X射线脉冲星导航计划,概述X射线脉冲星导航的基本原理和工程意义,以及国内研究的基础条件和开展此项研究工作的可行性和必要性.     

高精度空间加速度计及其应用

高精度空间加速度计不仅可以用来测量航天器受到的非引力, 例如航天器受到地球的热辐射压力、太阳辐射压力、大气阻力等, 而且还可以作为惯性参考用来改善航天器的微重力水平, 即对航天器进行无拖曳控制. 通过对开环加速度计基本工作原理的研究, 概述了高精度空间加速度计的发展趋势和现状, 介绍了几种不同类型的高精度空间加速度计, 重点讨论了其在地球科学和空间基础物理研究中的应用.      

单自由度太阳帆板极月轨道月球卫星的初步热分析与热设计

对国外极月轨道月球卫星的热设计进行了概述,并以一个极月轨道月球卫星为例,介绍了采用单自由度太阳帆板技术的某极月轨道月球卫星.针对该卫星,对其奔月飞行和在极月轨道上环月运行时的外热流与空间散热问题进行分析,根据分析结果,初步提出了该卫星的热设计方案,重点对有效载荷热控问题, ±y侧仪器设备的热控问题,以及热控百叶窗的应用技术等进行了描述.     

美国空军策划未来天战

据空间网报道,美国空军已经草拟了一份长达176页题为“转型飞行计划”的文件。该文件对如何最好地扩展美国空间军事力量提供了全面的审视,明确指出美国需要在近几年内组成一支航天武装舰队。文件阐述了有关空间优势与保护空间设施、禁止敌方进入空间和迅速发射航天器替代损坏或者被摧毁的空间设施等内容,通篇强调了对空间的利用。“转型飞行计划”从空间全球激     

基于空间映射的视觉注意力分配预测模型

为预测飞行员视觉注意力分配,在SEEV(Salient Effort Expectancy Value)模型和多因素模型的基础上引入注意控制空间和资源分配空间的概念.前者描述了影响注意力分配因素,而后者则反应了兴趣区域所获得的注意资源.并通过空间映射建立注意力分配的预测模型,应用模糊层次分析的方法对模型进行结算.为验证预测模型效度,采用16名被试在飞行模拟器上开展基于异常信息恢复的工效学实验,通过眼动追踪装置记录注视点分布作为注意力分配指标.被试需要根据实验条件对主飞行显示器仿真界面中的目标信息状态进行监视,并通过驾驶杆的指定操作对异常信息进行响应.实验结果表明,注意力分配预测模型的理论结果与工效实验中注视点分布的实验结果显著相关且吻合较好,验证了预测模型的可用性.     

空间微生物实验技术研究进展

微生物具有结构简单、生长周期短、繁殖快、便于搭载等优点,被作为生物模型用于空间环境下的生命现象研究、地外生命探测以及开展以微生物为重点关注对象的行星保护任务研究.随着中国空间站在轨建造任务的临近,微生物空间实验技术开发以及相应的实验装置研制需要加快部署.本文以已实现空间应用的微生物技术为基础,从微生物空间培养、保存、检...     

空间培养箱中实时观察GFP标记开花基因表达方法与技术

绿色荧光蛋白（Green Fluorescent Protein,GFP）已被广泛用作一种强有力的生物发光报告蛋白.但是,其在空间植物培养箱中应用尚存很大困难.本文提出一种在空间植物培养箱中利用LED作为激发光源,对拟南芥中开花基因启动子控制下GFP基因表达的观察与分析方法,为在空间生物学实验中研究基因表达模式提供了新的方法和技术.      

国外高分辨率对地成像观测系统现状与发展趋势

分析了国外以光学、雷达、高光谱载荷为主的高分辨率对地成像观测系统的现状和发展趋势,旨在为我国新一代高分辨率对地观测系统提供参考。研究表明：随着微纳卫星、高性能载荷、人工智能等关键技术的快速发展和应用,国外规划的新一代对地观测系统以智能小卫星集群为主,卫星平台研究集中于高性能微纳卫星、软件定义卫星、小卫星群组;载荷研究在提高载荷时间、空间、光谱分辨率的基础上,智能化、一体化、轻小型化是未来的发展趋势。     

太阳空间探测进展与展望

摘要：为了探索太阳空间探测活动的发展方向,在广泛调研太阳空间探测任务的基础上,综合考虑任务实施年代、轨道设计、探测要素、技术特点和成果影响力,选取了10个典型空间太阳探测器,对其科学目标、有效载荷、卫星平台特性和科学发现进行了分析,提炼总结了太阳空间探测的进展和发展趋势。总体而言,太阳探测器运行轨道逐步多样化,有效载荷探测要素更加丰富,探测精度、时空分辨率等显著提升,但仍存在大量问题待解决。在分析现阶段成果和待解决问题的基础上,提出了太阳空间探测的发展展望,指出了全方位、多要素探测是破解太阳物理和空间天气预报发展瓶颈的可行途径。     

中国月球及深空空间环境探测

深空探测承载着人类航天技术发展、探索宇宙奥秘和寻找地外生命及人类宜居地的重任,成为各航天大国关注的热点。我国月球与深空探测虽然起步晚,但起点高,正在追赶并将实现领先。简要回顾了我国月球及深空空间环境探测的载荷情况、数据结果、理论和应用研究成果,简述了当前在研的自主火星空间环境探测目标以及规划中的未来深空探测任务,并根据当前国际发展态势,及我国在研、规划中的月球及深空探测任务情况,分析了我国月球及深空空间环境探测的关键科学问题、载荷技术发展趋势、理论与模拟的研究需求,最后对深空环境探测进行了展望。     

Development of the High Altitude Student Platform

The High Altitude Student Platform (HASP) was originally conceived to provide student groups with access to the near-space environment for flight durations and experiment capabilities intermediate between what is possible with small sounding balloons and low Earth orbit rocket launches. HASP is designed to carry up to twelve student payloads to an altitude of about 36 km with flight durations of 15–20 h using a small zero-pressure polyethylene film balloon. This provides a flight capability that can be used to flight-test compact satellites, prototypes and other small payloads designed and built by students. HASP includes a standard mechanical, power and communication interface for the student payload to simplify integration and allows the payloads to be fully exercised. Over the last two years a partnership between the NASA Balloon Program Office (BPO), Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF), Louisiana State University (LSU), the Louisiana Board of Regents (BoR), and the Louisiana Space Consortium (LaSPACE) has led to the development, construction and, finally, the first flight of HASP with a complement of eight student payloads on September 4, 2006. Here we discuss the primary as-built HASP systems and features, the student payload interface, HASP performance during the first flight and plans for continuing HASP flights. The HASP project maintains a website at http://laspace.lsu.edu/hasp/ where flight application, interface documentation and status information can be obtained.     

The high altitude student platform (HASP) for student-built payloads

An outstanding issue with aerospace workforce development is what should be done at the university level to attract and prepare undergraduates for an aerospace career. One approach adopted by many institutions is to lead students through the design and development of small payloads (less than about 500 grams) that can be carried up to high altitude (around 30 km) by a latex sounding balloon. This approach has been very successful in helping students to integrate their content knowledge with practical skills and to understand the end-to-end process of aerospace project development. Sounding balloons, however, are usually constrained in flight duration (∼30 min above 24 km) and payload weight, limiting the kinds investigations that are possible. Student built picosatellites, such as CubeSats, can be placed in low Earth orbit removing the flight duration constraint, but the delays between satellite development and launch can be years. Here, we present the inexpensive high altitude student platform (HASP) that is designed to carry at least eight student payloads at a time to an altitude of about 36 km with flight durations of 15–20 h using a small zero-pressure polyethylene film balloon. This platform provides a flight capability greater than sounding balloons and can be used to flight-test compact satellites, prototypes and other small payloads designed and built by students. The HASP includes a standard mechanical, power and communication interface for the student payload to simplify integration and allows the payloads to be fully exercised. HASP is lightweight, has simple mission requirements providing flexibility in the launch schedule, will provide a flight test opportunity at the end of each academic year.     

Accommodations for earth-viewing payloads on the international space station

The design of the International Space Station (ISS) includes payload locations that are external to the pressurized environment. These external or attached payload accommodation locations will allow direct access to the space environment at the ISS orbit and direct viewing of the earth and space. NASA sponsored payloads will have access to several different types of standard external locations; the S3 Truss Sites, the Columbus External Payload Facility (EPF), and the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM-EF). As the ISS Program develops, it may also be possible to locate external payloads at the P3 Truss Sites or at non-standard locations similar to the handrail-attached payloads that were flown during the MIR Program. Earth-viewing payloads may also be located within the pressurized volume of the US Lab in the Window Observational Research Facility (WORF). Payload accommodations at each of the locations will be described, as well as transport to and retrieval from the site.     

Simulation of launch and re-entry acceleration profiles for testing of shuttle and unmanned microgravity research payloads

Microgravity experiments designed for execution in Get-Away Special canisters, Hitchhiker modules, and Reusable Re-entry Satellites will be subjected to launch and re-entry accelerations. Crew-dependent provisions for preventing acceleration damage to equipment or products will not be available for these payloads during flight; therefore, the effects of launch and re-entry accelerations on all aspects of such payloads must be evaluated prior to flight. A procedure was developed for conveniently simulating the launch and re-entry acceleration profiles of the Space Shuttle (3.3 and 1.7 × g maximum, respectively) and of two versions of NASA's proposed materials research Re-usable Re-entry Satellite (8 × g maximum in one case and 4 × g in the other). By using the 7 m centrifuge of the Gravitational Plant Physiology Laboratory in Philadelphia it was found possible to simulate the time dependence of these 5 different acceleration episodes for payload masses up to 59 kg. A commercial low-cost payload device, the “Materials Dispersion Apparatus” of Instrumentation Technology Associates was tested for (1) integrity of mechanical function, (2) retention of fluid in its compartments, and (3) integrity of products under simulated re-entry g-loads. In particular, the sharp rise from 1 g to maximum g-loading that occurs during re-entry in various unmanned vehicles was successfully simulated, conditions were established for reliable functioning of the MDA, and crystals of 5 proteins suspended in compartments filled with mother liquor were subjected to this acceleration load.     

Achievements of Space Scientific Experiments Aboard SJ-8 Satellite

As scientific experiment payloads, microgravity experiments of fluid physics, life science,combustion science, physics and accelerator measurement were conducted on board the Chinese recoverable satellite SJ-8 during 18-day orbital flight. The experimental payloads and an experiment support system constituted the microgravity experiment system of the flight mission. This article has presented the briefs of the scientific achievements of these space experiments, the composition and performance of the Microgravity Experimental System (MES) and the general picture of the overall flight mission, respectively.      

Space Life Science of China

In the past two years, China's space life science has made great progress. Space biomedical and life science programs have carried out ground-based research for the first batch of projects, and are preparing to carry out space-based experiments along with the construction of China's space station. And space life science payload of the space station completed the development of positive samples. Thus, with the development of lunar exploration and Mars exploration projects, astrobiology research has also made a lot of basic achievements. On the basis of summarizing the development of space life science in China, this paper mainly introduces the important progress of payload technology and life science research.