基于沉浸边界法的二维拍动翼数值模拟

运用沉浸边界法对二维拍动翼流场进行了数值模拟,系统地分析了最大俯仰角、拍动频率和升沉俯仰运动的相位差等参数对拍动翼流场的影响.结果显示:当达到一定条件时,尾流出现反卡门涡街,使机翼得到正的推力而产生逆流前行的趋势.在本文的研究范围内发现,拍动翼的平均推力系数随最大俯仰角的增大先增大后减小,随着频率的增大而增大,同时,拍动翼的推进效率随最大俯仰角的增大而增大,随拍动频率的增大而减小,且当升沉俯仰运动的相位差在90°～100°之间时,存在着最大推进效率.本文所得结果为进一步研究鸟类飞行和鱼游等仿生力学提供了理论基础.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。      

基于CST法的新能源无人机翼型优化设计

针对新能源无人机高空低速长航时的特点,开展对低雷诺数翼型气动性能优化研究。以带精英策略的非支配排序的遗传算法(NSGA-II)为优化算法,并采用CST(Class Function/Shape Function Transformation)翼型参数化方法,对低雷诺数翼型的多目标优化进行探讨。经过对AH79-100B翼型进行效率因子和俯仰力矩系数的多目标优化,结果是翼型的效率因子变化较小,但作为主要优化目标的俯仰力矩系数则有明显下降,成功降为优化前翼型的89%。这说明了该气动优化方法在低雷诺数环境下的有效性,为低雷诺数翼型的设计及优化提供参考。     

圆柱／翼型干涉流场的试验研究

在风洞出口低速流中,以NACA0012尾缘钝化翼型为模型,利用粒子成像测速系统,研究了圆柱/翼型结构干涉流动时翼型前缘、近壁和尾缘区域的流场.试验结果表明,由于上游圆柱引起的卡门涡街和翼型相互干涉,在翼型前缘存在大尺度涡的变形、拉伸和破裂,在翼型表面近壁区域和尾迹流场中仅存在小尺度湍流涡,由此可以推断翼型前缘可能是干涉噪声的主要声源区.     

扑动翼型的低雷诺数气动特性分析

通过求解引入拟压缩项的不可压Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了绕扑动翼型的低雷诺数非定常流动。针对厚度在4%-12%之间的NACA对称翼型,分析了翼型厚度等参数对扑动翼型气动特性的影响。在低雷诺数条件下,对于纯俯仰运动,随着翼型厚度的减小,平均阻力系数也变小。而对于纯沉浮运动,发现翼型厚度对气动特性的影响和俯仰运动有很大的差别,平均阻力系数随着翼型厚度的减小而变大。通过对沉浮运动一个周期流线图的分析,认为这是翼型前缘涡的影响造成的。由于前缘涡的影响,翼型厚度增加,平均压差阻力系数变小,甚至会出现负值。雷诺数的影响研究表明,随着雷诺数的增加,扑动翼型的阻力系数减小的趋势越缓慢。     

柔性对涡街中细丝运动状态的影响

在涡街中,细丝的运动状态和其推进性能是密切相关的,研究柔性对涡街中细丝运动状态的影响,可以为柔性飞行器在编队飞行时的柔性设计提供参考。给出三种不同的细丝柔性分布模式,通过浸入边界法,探究在不同涡街中（卡门涡街和反卡门涡街）柔性对细丝运动状态的影响,并总结细丝运动状态随柔性的变化规律。结果表明：当细丝柔性发生改变时,细丝...     

电磁力控制翼型体绕流的数值研究

为考察包覆电磁激活板的翼型体绕流特性,采用数值模拟的方法研究了低雷诺数下电磁力对翼型体流场结构和绕流过程的影响,探讨了不同迎角和不同电磁力大小对翼型体尾流涡街形态和流体边界层结构的影响。计算结果表明,作用于翼型体表面的电磁力可以明显改变流体边界层的结构,抑制边界层分离,并有效提高翼型体的升力。     

不同涡脱落模式下垂直轴风力机叶片的气动响应

为研究尾流中不同涡脱落模式下垂直轴风力机(vertical-axis wind turbine,VAWT)叶片的气动响应，基于攻角变化相似性，进行了叶片正弦俯仰振动的比拟实验。研究发现：在弦长雷诺数O(10⁵)范围内，尾流存在3种涡型结构：前缘离散涡(leading-edge vortex,LEV)、蜿蜒尾流(undulating wake,UW)和反卡门涡街(reverse von Kármán vortex street,Rv KVS)；随着叶尖速比λ增大，VAWT叶片缩减频率k增大，攻角幅值α m减小；叶轮叶片几何尺度比R/c较小时，在低λ产生LEV涡型的可能性较小，在高λ产生Rv KVS涡型的可能性较大；R/c较大时，在低λ产生LEV涡型的可能性较大，在高λ产生Rv KVS涡型的可能性较小。LEV涡型导致轻动态失速，造成VAWT叶片发生高频俯仰振动，但对叶轮转矩和VAWT功率影响不大。Rv KVS涡型的出现，伴随叶片升力和转矩幅值增大以及平均推力的产生，会使VAWT叶片扭矩载荷增大，也会使叶轮转矩和输出功率提升。据此提出基于VAWT的新式风墙构型，在继承N...     

运输机机翼、机身和翼身组合体气动特性雷诺数效应的数值模拟研究

通过CFD方法对运输机单独机身、翼身组合体及不同厚度和弯度的翼型进行了数值模拟研究,分析了雷诺数对机身和翼身组合体气动特性的影响规律,通过雷诺数对有弯度的翼型及旋成体气动特性影响的研究,初步解释了雷诺数对机身和机翼影响差别的原因。     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

Individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures over an airfoil during dynamic stall

The individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures is studied experimentally by changing the phase lag between the geometrical angle of attack and the plunging angle of attack. Five phase lags are chosen as the experimental parameters, while the Strouhal number, the reduced frequency and the Reynolds number are fixed. During the motion of the airfoil, the leading edge vortex, the reattached vortex and the secondary vortex are observed in the flow field. The leading edge vortex is found to be the main flow structure through the proper orthogonal decomposition. The increase of phase lag results in the increase of the leading edge velocity, which strongly influences the leading edge shear layer and the leading edge vortex. The plunging motion contributes to the development of the leading edge shear layer, while the pitching motion is the key reason for instability of the leading edge shear layer. It is also found that a certain increase of phase lag, around 34.15° in this research, can increase the airfoil lift.     

涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

Wake structure and similar behavior of wake profiles downstream of a plunging airfoil

Very limited attention has already been paid to the velocity behavior in the wake region in unsteady aerodynamic problems.A series of tests has been performed on a flapping airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel to study the wake structure for different sets of mean angle of attack,plunging amplitude and reduced frequency.In this study,the velocity profiles in the wake for various oscillation parameters have been measured using a wide shoulder rake,especially designed for the present experiments.The airfoil under consideration was a critical section of a 660 kW wind turbine.The results show that for a flapping airfoil the wake structure can be of drag producing type,thrust producing or neutral,depending on the mean angle of attack,oscillation amplitude and reduced frequency.In a thrust producing wake,a high-momentum high-velocity jet flow is formed in the core region of the wake instead of the conventional low-momentum flow.As a result,the drag force normally experienced by the body due to the momentum deficit would be replaced by a thrust force.According to the results,the momentum loss in the wake decreases as the reduced frequency increases.The thrust producing wake pattern for the flapping airfoil has been observed for suffi ciently low angles of attack in the absence of the viscous effects.This phenomenon has also been observed for either high oscillation amplitudes or high reduced frequencies.According to the results,for different reduced frequencies and plunging amplitudes,such that the product of them be a constant,the velocity profiles exhibit similar behavior and coalesce on each other.This simi larity parameter works excellently at small angles of attack.However,at near stall boundaries,the similarity is not as evident as before.     

不同雷诺数下翼型气动特性及层流分离现象演化

低雷诺数下空气黏性效应突出,翼型表面普遍存在层流分离现象,相比常规雷诺数情况气动特性显著恶化。采用带预处理的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟技术和低雷诺数低湍流度风洞油流显示试验技术,对FX63-137翼型不同雷诺数下气动特性和流动结构展开深入研究。通过风洞油流显示试验可以清晰获得低雷诺数层流分离流动的两道油流汇集线。数值模拟结果表明其分别为时均化主分离线和二次分离线,两种结果定性定量均吻合较好,证明了本文的研究方法有效可靠;雷诺数从500 000降至20 000,翼型气动特性和层流分离流动结构均发生显著的变化,伴随阻力系数剧增和升力系数剧降,时均化流动结构从附体至出现经典的长层流分离泡,并最终演化为后缘层流分离泡,相应的两种分离泡的非定常流动结构也存在显著差异;对于阻力系数和升力系数而言,存在不同的临界雷诺数,因为导致阻力系数剧增的机理在于经典长层流分离泡的产生使翼型压差阻力大增,而造成升力系数剧降的主要原因在于后缘层流分离泡使得等效翼型后部弯度减小;非定常结果显示正是由于翼型表面漩涡周期性的生成与脱落,才造成了低雷诺数下升力系数的周期性波动。翼型上表面主分离涡即将脱落时,流线在后缘附近再附,升力系数达到峰值;而当流体从下表面向上卷起二次分离涡时,尾部流线大尺度分离,升力系数降至谷值。     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

大迎角振动翼型绕流的数值模拟

通过对非定常N-S方程的数值求解,研究了最大厚度为12％的Karman-Trafftz翼型在Re数为1000时的大迎角俯仰振动。其中着重分析了旋涡结构与表面压强分布的关系。数值研究表明,后缘形状、折合频率等对涡结构演化有重要影响。后缘涡顺利地从后缘脱落时,失速涡在上翼面能诱导出较大的吸力。后缘涡在翼面上驻留时,各涡产生复杂的相互干扰,对失速涡在上翼面产生吸力有不利影响。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of threedimensional vortex structures of a pitching airfoil at a transitional Reynolds number

This research examines the vortex behaviors and aerodynamic forces in dynamic stall phenomena at a transitional Reynolds number(Re = 90000) using experimental and numerical approaches.Periodic sinusoidal pitching motion at two different reduced frequencies is used to achieve the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 airfoil.Several leading edge vortices form and detach in the dynamic stall stage.The flow then quickly transitions to a full separation zone in the stall stage when the angle of attack starts to decrease.There is discrepancy between the phaseaveraged and instantaneous flow field in that the small flow structures increased with angle of attack, which is a characteristic of the flow field at the transitional Reynolds number.The interaction between the streamwise vortices in the three-dimensional numerical results and the leading edge vortex are the main contribution to the turbulent flow.In addition, the leading edge vortex that supplies vortex lift is more stable at higher reduced frequency, which decreases the lift fluctuation in the dynamic stall stage.The leading edge vortex at higher reduced frequency is strong enough to stabilize the flow, even when the airfoil is in the down-stroke phase.