级间燃烧室在航空发动机上应用分析

采用F100-PW229的参数,对发动机增设级间燃烧室后进行了非理想循环分析,比较了不同马赫数下级间燃烧室与加力燃烧室的性能差异,分析了部件效率对带级间燃烧室发动机性能的影响,对比了主燃烧室、级间燃烧室、加力燃烧室的燃烧效率;计算结果与理想循环存在差异:亚声速下,级间燃烧室发动机推力的增加需要相近增量的耗油率,超声速下同等耗油率可增加约10%推力;其经济性、机动性介于常规发动机和带加力燃烧室发动机之间;最后对增设级间燃烧室的发动机进行了参数优化.      

冲压发动机突扩燃烧室燃烧效率的计算方法

通过对大量的试验结果分析,对Lefebvre A H和Gordon A H等人提出的燃烧效率参数θ进行了改进。提出了一个综合参数Ω。并找到了冲压发动机燃烧室燃烧效率η_c与Ω之间的定量关系式。利用这个关系式可以对燃烧效率进行计算。计算与试验结果误差约为5％～10％。计算方法也适用于一般的冲压发动机燃烧室燃烧效率计算。其精度为5％～10％。     

CFM56发动机的几种新改型

室后,与装单环腔燃烧室的-5B相比,NO_x减少40％。装双环腔燃烧室的-5B已在瑞士航空公司的A321飞机上投入使用。为进一步减少双环腔燃烧室的污染,CFMI公司正在研究该燃烧室的冷却系统、燃油喷嘴与控制系统。CFM56-5BX-5B装在A321上未达到降低耗油率约3％的目标后,CFMI公司决定设计一种全新的通用核心机以继续降低耗油率和为未来发动机的发展提供有效的核心机     

暂冲式燃气取样系统设计与验证

针对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室综合性能的测试需求,从取样探针、系统管路及附件选型、测控方案等角度设计了一套六点暂冲式燃气取样系统,成功实现了燃气发生器出口2.0 s和发动机燃烧室出口1.4 s取样。分别测量了燃气发生器出口测量截面Ⅰ和发动机燃烧室出口测量截面Ⅱ的O_2、CO、CO_2含量,并采用理论温升法推算燃烧室出口温度约为2 121 K。基于暂冲式燃气取样分析,为评估超燃冲压发动机燃烧室性能提供了新的研究思路。     

国外民用航空发动机低污染燃烧室的发展

由于地球大气污染加剧,低污染燃烧室的研制成为了制约民用飞机发动机发展的关键技术之一。叙述了ICAOCAEP标准对民用航空发动机污染物排放的规定,以及污染物形成机理和排放控制方法,详细介绍了美国和英国、德国等欧洲航空发动机先进国家研制的多种高效低污染燃烧室,如TAPS、TALON、TVC和ANTLE等。这几种燃烧室的污染物排放水平均比CAEP2标准规定值低50％以上,其研制、发展和使用经验,对中国低污染燃烧室的研制和发展具有重要的参考价值。     

双模态冲压发动机Ma6性能潜力受燃烧室入口参数影响的灵敏度分析

为系统掌握燃烧室入口参数对双模态冲压发动机性能潜力的影响,采用双模态冲压发动机燃烧室工作过程的一维分析方法,在飞行马赫数为6的不同燃烧室工作工况(即不同特征马赫数Mac)条件下,保持进气道捕获流量不变,研究了燃烧室入口马赫数Main和总压恢复系数σin对性能潜力(燃料比冲Isp,f)的影响。获得的数据表明,冲压发动机的性能潜力受燃烧室入口马赫数和总压恢复系数两者的综合影响,燃烧室入口马赫数越低、总压恢复系数越高,发动机性能潜力越大;在常见的燃烧室入口参数范围内(入口马赫数∈[2.4 3.5],入口总压恢复系数∈[0.3 0.7]),入口马赫数每减小0.1,燃料比冲增加约1.1%~1.8%,入口总压恢复系数越小,影响程度越大;入口总压恢复系数每增大0.1,燃料比冲增大约2.4%~4.0%,入口马赫数越大影响程度越大;存在燃烧室入口条件不同,但是发动机的比冲性能潜力相同的情况。对燃烧室分段过程的损失分析表明,在入口为超声速、加热段为亚声速(特征马赫数不大于1)工况条件下,入口马赫数增加导致燃烧区前激波串损失增大,是比冲性能降低的主要原因;燃烧室特征马赫数越大,燃烧过程导致的损失越大;从燃烧室入口到尾喷管出口全过程总压损失越小,获得的比冲性能越大。推导和拟合了冲压发动机冲量差燃料比冲随燃烧室入口马赫数和总压恢复系数的灵敏度关系式,与被拟合数据的差异在3%以内,该关系式可用于双模态冲压发动机部件参数匹配与流道一体化设计工作。     

超声速燃烧室壁面压力特征实验研究

为了评估基于燃烧室壁面压力实时监控的双模态超燃冲压发动机闭环控制系统方案的可行性,在西北工业大学地面直连式实验台上开展了一系列双模态超燃冲压发动机燃烧室地面直连式实验。实验模拟了飞行马赫数4.0条件下两个不同燃烧室构型点火燃烧的实际工作过程,测量并分析了燃烧室壁面压力脉动、压力响应和激波串前沿位置等特征。燃烧室进口来流状态为马赫数2.0、总温约880K、总压0.8~1MPa。实验结果表明,燃烧室壁面压力存在明显脉动,且脉动幅度随着油气比的增加呈现增加趋势;壁面压力响应很快,响应时间在毫秒量级,说明在超燃冲压发动机闭环控制中,通过燃烧室实时壁面压力反馈来调节供油控制燃烧室工作状态是可能的;另外,通过改变燃油流量能够实时控制隔离段激波串前沿位置。     

航空发动机加力燃烧室技术及新颖结构方案

传统发动机加力燃烧室都采用V型火焰稳定器组织燃烧,自加力出现到第三代发动机,该方案一直得到了广泛应用。随着新一代歼击机性能指标的提高,发动机加力燃烧室需要新的突破才能满足更高推重比的要求。本文介绍了第三代、第四代发动机加力燃烧室的结构方案,并根据新一代加力燃烧室一体化设计思想,介绍了新颖加力燃烧室的结构方案。     

高温升燃烧室与双燃烧室发动机性能对比分析

采用一维定常计算方法,考虑各种部件效率的影响,在双燃烧室发动机总增压比为32,涡轮前总温为1900K时,与高温升燃烧室涡轮前总温为2400K时进行了总体性能对比,并指出了双燃烧室结构发动机2个燃烧室的热量分配方法.结果表明:温升同为1463K时,高温升燃烧室发动机比双燃烧室发动机单位推力高2.7%,耗油率低3.8%.双燃烧室结构发动机更有利克服超声速下的冲压损失, Ma大于1.5之后,增力比大于高温升燃烧室发动机.      

带连续爆震加力燃烧室的涡轮发动机循环及推进性能研究

为进一步提升现有涡轮喷气发动机推进性能,可以采用连续爆震加力燃烧室,针对此,本文首先建立考虑了三种耦合热力过程的连续爆震燃烧室热力过程分析模型,通过与传统涡轮发动机性能分析模型相耦合,分析了带连续爆震加力燃烧的涡轮发动机推进性能及加力燃烧室部件特性。结果表明,由于连续爆震燃烧室具有自增压特性,当将其替代传统加力燃烧室可以显著提升加力时涡轮发动机性能;但另一方面,作为加力燃烧室,由于涡轮后气流温度过高,导致连续爆震加力燃烧室增压比的降低,通过对发动机循环参数的选择可以得到改善;同时,连续爆震加力燃烧室部件特性还受到燃烧室进气损失、反应物填充速度及反应物提前燃烧比例影响。     

采用多源涡技术强化燃料/空气小尺度混合研究

通过数值模拟,研究了在空气入口总温为294.28 K,燃料气体为乙烷(C₂H₆)时在轴向旋流器出口截面上安装多个小突片的多源涡(MSV)结构对燃烧室内燃料/空气掺混效果的影响.结果表明:在每个小突片下游产生的小尺度流向涡使得局部的燃料/空气掺混加强;装有多源涡结构的燃烧室内对应的C₂H₆质量分数在文氏管下游2 mm截面上的混合不均匀度由不带多源涡结构时的13.0%下降到小于7.4%.在该研究的范围内,当小突片总的阻塞比增大时,对应的混合不均匀度减小,掺混效果变好.      

等离子体助燃下超燃支板燃烧室燃烧特性数值研究

为了将支板喷注器与等离子体射流这两种促进超声速燃烧室燃烧的方式结合起来,设计了一种带有等离子体射流喷孔的支板燃烧室,并在超声速来流的条件下,针对燃料喷注总压、燃料喷注位置、等离子体射流介质、等离子体射流总压对燃烧室燃烧性能的影响进行了三维数值模拟。研究发现:增大燃料的喷注总压,燃烧室的燃烧范围明显增大,燃烧效率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在燃料喷注总压为2.0MPa时,燃烧效率达到最大值90.4%;不同的燃料喷注位置对燃烧室的燃烧范围影响较小;等离子体射流介质为O2时,燃烧效率最高,燃烧范围最广;提高等离子体射流的喷注总压,能够提升凹腔剪切层高度,有效促进燃烧,但同时也带来了更高的总压损失。     

RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

Experimental study of hydrogen-rich/oxygen-rich gas-gas injectors

Five types of coaxial injectors were investigated experimentally using hot hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen-rich gas, which were respectively provided by a GH2/GO2 hydrogen-rich perburner and a GH2/GO2 oxygen-rich preburner. The injectors were the shear coaxial injector, the oxidizer post expansion coaxial injector, the fuel impinging coaxial injector, the central body coaxial injector, and the shear tri-coaxial injector. The characteristic velocity efficiency and the combustor＇s wall temperatures were obtained for different design parameters through the experiments. It can be con- cluded that angles of the oxidizer post expansion and the fuel impinging have little influence on the combustion performance and the wall temperatures. The contact area between fuel and oxidizer and the mass flow rate have significant impacts on the combustion performance. The shear tri-coaxial injector has the best combustion performance but also the highest wall temperatures among the five types of injectors.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

某型干式低NOx燃烧室污染物排放试验

应用高压试验台完成了某重型燃气轮机(E级)干式低NO_x(DLN)燃烧室烧天然气污染排放性能试验与研究.各工况下CO及UHC质量分数很低,燃烧室能够保证稳定高效燃烧.燃烧效率达到99%以上;额定工况NO_x质量分数204 mg/N.m3(15%O₂),大大超出设计要求.试验结果表明:该燃烧室值班燃料比例过大,导致扩散燃烧产生NO_x效果明显;燃料预混不均匀是NO_x质量分数过高的另一重要原因.这一结论为该燃机的改进提供了可靠参考和依据.      

航空发动机燃烧室燃烧过程与排放物生成的反应动力学数值模拟

选用正癸烷作为航空煤油的替代燃料,建立了正癸烷的化学反应详细机理与简化机理(包括50种组分,118个基元反应).分别采用详细机理与简化机理对正癸烷在激波管中的着火延迟时间、在预混燃烧炉内的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果进行了对比分析.同时,耦合该简化机理与CFD计算软件Fluent,对某型航空发动机环管形燃烧室中单个火焰筒内流动特性与燃烧过程、排放物及活性中间组分生成的反应动力学特性进行了详细分析,并与采用C₁₂H₂₃为燃料的单步反应机理的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:采用简化机理计算得到的着火延迟时间、反应物与各主要生成物摩尔分数的整体变化趋势与实验数据吻合较好;与采用C₁₂H₂₃为燃料的单步反应机理相比,采用正癸烷为替代燃料的简化反应机理计算得到的温度场分布更符合实际,其出口平均温度亦更为接近燃烧室出口设计温度;同时,能更为详细了解燃料低温裂解过程及裂解产物、中间产物及主要排放物的生成规律.      

Effect of dilution holes on the performance of a triple swirler combustor

A triple swirler combustor is considered to be a promising solution for future high temperature rise combustors. The present paper aims to study dilution holes including primary dilution holes and secondary dilution holes on the performance of a triple swirler combustor. Experimental investigations are conducted at different inlet airflow velocities(40–70 m/s) and combustor overall fuel–air ratio with fixed inlet airflow temperature(473 K) and atmospheric pressure. The experimental results show that the ignition is very difficult with specific performance of high ignition fuel–air ratio when the primary dilution holes are located 0.6H(where H is the liner dome height)downstream the dome, while the other four cases have almost the same ignition performance. The position of primary dilution holes has an effect on lean blowout stability and has a large influence on combustion efficiency. The combustion efficiency is the highest when the primary dilution holes are placed 0.9H downstream the dome among the five different locations.For the secondary dilution holes, the pattern factor of Design A is better than that of Design B.     

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

低排放燃烧室NO_x排放试验及预测方法研究

为了研究中心分级贫油低排放燃烧室的排放特性和排放预测方法,针对一个低排放头部方案,在单头部燃烧室试验件上,在不同的温度、压力、油气比、供油模式和分级比条件下,测量其排放性能。以Lefebvre排放经验预测公式为基础,采用经验分析方法拟合排放试验数据,归纳出适用于本头部方案的排放预测公式。表征预测好坏的判定系数R2在小工况下和大工况下分别为0.95和0.93,表明预测结果与试验结果符合度较好。小工况和大工况排放特性不同,对仅预燃级喷油的小工况工作模式,NO_x排放主要受化学恰当燃烧温度和预燃级局部当量比的影响;对预燃级和主燃级同时喷油的大工况工作模式,NO_x排放主要受燃烧区温度和主燃级燃油比例的影响。