火星样品回送任务2018年发射

由欧空局和法国国家空间研究中心主办的“国际火星样品回送会议”7月9～10日在巴黎举行。会议由美国航空航天局和国际火星探测工作组协办。与会专家宣布将在2018年发射火星样品回送探测器．称其是迄今规划出的最复杂和耗资最高的火星探测项目。这项无人探测任务旨在采集火星土样和岩样并送回地球。     

俄有望全面加入“外空火星”计划

美国、欧洲和俄罗斯航天局高级官员12月7日同意就使俄方成为美欧一联合火星探测项目的全面伙伴进行磋商。‘被欧空局称为“外空火星”的该项目因NASA预算限制而受阻。三方官员会谈后乐观地认为,俄方能够提供质子号火箭在2016年发射由欧洲牵头的一个火星通信轨道器和主要由欧洲和俄罗斯提供的一套遥感仪器,并借此成为项目的全面成员。     

萤火一号火星探测器星地测控对接试验技术

介绍了萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器星地对接测控试验任务及过程.给出了参与试验的YH-1火星探测器、俄罗斯与欧空局地面站设备等的组成和主要技术指标.介绍了试验项目及其原理,分析了副载波多普勒频移测量和电磁屏蔽等关键技术.列出了试验确定的主要技术指标.试验结果证明YH-1火星探测器星地测控参数匹配,相关技术参数可满足火星探测要求,同时确认了地面改造建设是成功的.     

前苏联/俄罗斯火星探测器研制特点

介绍了前苏联/俄罗斯火星探测器概况,分析了其火星探测器太阳电池阵、结构、测控、推进、热控,以及综合测试等分系统的先进技术特点与设计理念.其产品的模块化、测试的自动化、优化的发射流程可为我国未来火星探测项目提供借鉴.     

调查报告称猎兔犬不该发射

欧空局调查人员认为，该局原本不应该为猎兔犬2火星着陆探测器放行。欧空局对由伦敦开放大学科学家皮林格尔教授领导的这一项目提供了支持。但与“火星快车”轨道探测器一同飞往火星的该小型着陆器2003年12月25日着陆时失踪，显然是已坠毁。而事故的具体原因一直没有查清。调查人员称，欧空局犯了几点根本性错误，其中包括把猎兔犬2当成了“火星快车”的另一件仪器，而不是一个独立的探测器。     

欧俄要联合载人探测火星

英国媒体8月19日报道说．欧空局局长多尔丹在莫斯科航展上说．该局和俄罗斯联邦航天局将联合开展首次载人火星探测。但他没有给出时间表．也未说明将采用哪方的飞船。双方联合开展的“火星”500载人火星飞行模拟项目已持续了442天．封闭在隔离设施内的志愿者还要在其中停留78天。     

凤凰传奇 美国“凤凰”号火星探测器运动全程

火星素有"探测器吞噬者"之称,各国共向火星发射了15个探测器,但迄今只有5个着陆成功。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)火星探测项目的主管道格·麦克奎斯逊在NASA总部表示:"火星经常向你扔出曲线球,误导你的判断。"     

欧洲推出4名火星任务模拟志愿者

欧空局选定的参加火星飞行任务模拟的4名志愿者去年12月11日在巴黎与媒体见面。作为欧空局载人航天署与俄罗斯生物医学问题研究所“火星”500火星任务模拟项目的一部分，从2009年3月24日起，其中两人将与4名俄罗斯志愿者一起在设在莫斯科的一座隔离设施内生活和工作105天，以为将在2009年晚些时候开始的全面模拟做准备。全面模拟也将由6人参加，但封闭时间将达到执行载人火星探测所需的520天。这4人是从5600名报名者中挑选出来的．其中法国3人，德国1人。     

未来的深空探测与空间环境模拟

文章介绍了国内外有代表性的深空探测计划的内容、特点和意义,包括:欧空局的Exo Mars火星车、美国"2020火星车"以及中国的2020火星探测计划;金星着陆探测进展情况;欧空局木星系统探测计划"木星冰月亮探索者(JUICE)"和美国的"木卫二飞越任务(Europa Clipper)";"蜻蜓号(Dragonfly)"土卫六探测项目;美国的"彗星天体生物学探索取样返回(CAESAR)"项目;月球探测计划等。还分析了未来深空探测对空间环境模拟的具体要求,空间环境模拟对推动深空探测发展的重要意义;提出了对我国未来开展空间环境模拟试验的建议。     

欧洲将发植被荧光测绘卫星

<正>欧空局地球科学顾问委员会已决定推荐一项将通过测绘全球植被荧光来了解植物碳贮量的卫星任务作为"地球探测者"计划的第8项任务。这项任务称为"荧光探测者"(FLEX),拟在2021或2022年发射。欧空局对地观测项目负责人李比希9月18日向FLEX任务团队和落选的"碳星"任务团队通报了这     

Automation and Robotics for Human Mars Exploration (AROMA)

Automation and Robotics (A&R) systems are a key technology for Mars exploration. All over the world initiatives in this field aim at developing new A&R systems and technologies for planetary surface exploration. From December 2000 to February 2002 Kayser-Threde GmbH, Munich, Germany lead a study called AROMA (Automation and Robotics for Human Mars Exploration) under ESA contract in order to define a reference architecture of A&R elements in support of a human Mars exploration program. One of the goals of this effort is to initiate new developments and to maintain the competitiveness of European industry within this field.     

中国VLBI网火星快车卫星跟踪资料的定位归算

我国已经启动了火星探测计划, 中国VLBI网（CVN）将肩负起相关探测器的测轨与定位任务     

The European space exploration programme: current status of ESA's plans for Moon and Mars exploration

After a large consultation with the scientific and industrial communities in Europe, the Aurora Space Exploration Programme was unanimously approved at the European Space Agency (ESA) Council at ministerial level in Edinburgh in 2001. This marked the start of the programme's preparation phase that was due to finish by the end of 2004. Aurora features technology development robotic and crewed rehearsal missions aimed at preparing a human mission to Mars by 2033. Due to the evolving context, both international and European, ESA has undertaken a review of the goals and approach of its exploration programme. While maintaining the main robotic missions that had been conceived during Aurora, the European Space Exploration Programme that is currently being proposed to the Aurora participating states and other ESA Member States has a reviewed approach and will feature a greater synergy with other ESA programmes. The paper will present the process that led to the revision of ESA's plans in the field of exploration and will give the current status of the programme.     

A pilot survey of attitudes to space sciences and exploration among British school children

Over 200 school children in eight schools in the east of England were surveyed to determine their interest in space exploration and awareness of current space activities. Of those surveyed, 33% were interested in space to ‘discover a new planet’, and 24% to find life on another planet. When asked to list space exploration organisations 77% listed NASA. Six of those surveyed listed ESA (<0.5%). The data bring starkly to light, despite the Huygens landing on Titan and Mars Express, the lack of awareness of the existence of ESA among a new generation of European school children. These data suggest that further surveys are merited to determine the factors that influence interest in space sciences and related disciplines among school children, and the source of their information.     

ESA strategic planning for space exploration

The European Space Agency (ESA) is pursuing an independent strategic planning process for consolidating a destination driven (LEO, Moon, Mars) space exploration strategy. ESA's space exploration strategy is driven by the goals to maximise knowledge gain and to contribute to economic growth. International cooperation is a key pillar of ESA's strategy as it is considered both, an enabler for achieving common goals and a benefit, opening new perspective for addressing future challenges. The achievement of ESA's space exploration strategy is enabled through international partnerships. The interagency coordination process conducted within the framework of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) plays an important role in laying the foundations for future partnerships. It has achieved so far the development of a common vision for space exploration, a common plan for implementing the vision in the form of the Global Exploration Roadmap, as well as a common approach for articulating the value of global space exploration. ESA has been a strong promoter and supporter of the interagency coordination process conducted within ISECG and thanks to its unique expertise in international cooperation the Agency has contributed to its success.     

欧洲“火星快车”探测器自行底盘概念设计的启示

通过对月球车和火星车的跟踪调研,重点介绍了俄罗斯所承担的欧洲空间局“火星快车”项目中火星车自行底盘概念的设计思想和具体实施情况。结合火星表面的复杂环境,研制方探讨了几种底盘结构设计方案,通过对比分析确立了6×6×4+4ш方案为优化方案;根据该优化方案研制的比例模型样机通过行走试验验证,结果表明自行底盘概念设计思想正确,有助于提高行星车在复杂地形中的运动能力、稳定性和可靠性。最后针对我国深空探测项目实施的需求,提出了拟开展工作建议。     

The PROCESS experiment: amino and carboxylic acids under Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in low-earth orbit

The search for organic molecules at the surface of Mars is a top priority of the next Mars exploration space missions: Mars Science Laboratory (NASA) and ExoMars (ESA). The detection of organic matter could provide information about the presence of a prebiotic chemistry or even biological activity on this planet. Therefore, a key step in interpretation of future data collected by these missions is to understand the preservation of organic matter in the martian environment. Several laboratory experiments have been devoted to quantifying and qualifying the evolution of organic molecules under simulated environmental conditions of Mars. However, these laboratory simulations are limited, and one major constraint is the reproduction of the UV spectrum that reaches the surface of Mars. As part of the PROCESS experiment of the European EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station, a study was performed on the photodegradation of organics under filtered extraterrestrial solar electromagnetic radiation that mimics Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions. Glycine, serine, phthalic acid, phthalic acid in the presence of a mineral phase, and mellitic acid were exposed to these conditions for 1.5 years, and their evolution was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after their retrieval. The results were compared with data from laboratory experiments. A 1.5-year exposure to Mars-like surface UV radiation conditions in space resulted in complete degradation of the organic compounds. Half-lives between 50 and 150?h for martian surface conditions were calculated from both laboratory and low-Earth orbit experiments. The results highlight that none of those organics are stable under low-Earth orbit solar UV radiation conditions.     

基于萤火一号技术的自主火星探测器方案

提出了基于萤火一号（YH-1）火星探测器技术的自主火星探测器方案,可携带多种有效载荷在准太阳同步圆轨道上对火星进行科学探测。该方案具有可实现性强、成本低、研制周期短等特点,并能满足火星探测后续工程中的环绕器设计要求,利于我国火星探测的长远发展。利用长征三号乙运载火箭,在西昌卫星发射中心就可实现2013/2016年的我国自主火星探测。     

美国新型载人火星探测技术方案

文章概括介绍了＂发现号＂宇宙飞船的布局结构。然后详细介绍了飞船用于火星探测的两种着陆舱的具体设计方案以及载人火星探测的任务剖面。最后分析了＂发现号＂宇宙飞船火星探测方案的关键可行技术和诸多设计优点。     

[Interior] Configuration options,habitability and architectural aspects of the transfer habitat module (THM) and the surface habitat on Mars (SHM)/ESA's AURORA human mission to Mars (HMM) study

This paper discusses the findings for [Interior] configuration options, habitability and architectural aspects of a first human spacecraft to Mars.In 2003 the space architecture office LIQUIFER was invited by the European Space Agency's (ESA) AURORA Program committee to consult the scientists and engineers from the European Space and Technology Center (ESTEC) and other European industrial communities with developing the first human mission to Mars, which will take place in 2030, regarding the architectural issues of crewed habitats.The task was to develop an interior configuration for a transfer vehicle (TV) to Mars, especially a transfer habitation module (THM) and a surface habitat module (SHM) on Mars. The total travel time Earth—Mars and back for a crew of six amounts to approximately 900 days. After a 200-day-flight three crewmembers will land on Mars in the Mars excursion vehicle (MEV) and will live and work in the SHM for 30 days. For 500 days before the 200-day journey back the spacecraft continues to circle the Martian orbit for further exploration. The entire mission program is based on our present knowledge of technology. The project was compiled during a constant feedback-design process and trans-disciplinary collaboration sessions in the ESA-ESTEC concurrent design facility.Long-term human space flight sets new spatial conditions and requirements to the design concept. The guidelines were developed from relevant numbers and facts of recognized standards, interviews with astronauts/cosmonauts and from analyses about habitability, sociology, psychology and configuration concepts of earlier space stations in combination with the topics of the individual's perception and relation of space.Result of this study is the development of a prototype concept for the THM and SHM with detailed information and complete plans of the interior configuration, including mass calculations. In addition the study contains a detailed explanation of the development of the Design process including all suggested design and configuration options.