克服旋转飞行器螺旋运动的方法研究

旋转飞行器虽然具有内在稳定性，但在飞行过程中一些不确定因素会导致飞行器产生螺旋运动，而非理想的关于角动量矢量纯粹的旋转运动。结合旋转飞行器自身的特点，借鉴自旋卫生的被动章动阻尼的方法，提出了一种通过主动控制飞行器内部质量块的运动使得飞行器碑的惯量主轴发生偏移，惯量矩阵由原来的对称阵变为含有非零非对角元素的矩阵，从而改变飞行器的姿态角运动来克服螺旋运动的方法，这将有助于提高旋转飞行器的资态控制精度。以某型旋转飞行器为背景进行仿真研究，计算结果证实了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

航天器自动化测试语言研究

航天器测试语言是支撑航天器自动化测试的形式体系及航天器测试过程标准,在当前多航天器批产网络化测试的新需求下,测试语言标准体系研究对于提高航天器测试自动化水平和保障测试过程安全具有重要意义。通过对现有典型航天器测试语言的全面分析和比较,总结出基本特征,并结合当前先进的网络计算技术,提出了我国航天器测试语言发展的目标和方向,同时针对国内航天器测试语言研究设计工作的不足,给出一种航天器测试语言CATOL(China Aerospace Test and Operation Language)。该研究对提高我国航天器测试业务规范水平和测试人员的工作效率、促进航天器测试自动化研究的发展将起到一定的推动作用。     

An Overview of the Instrument Suite for the Deep Impact Mission

A suite of three optical instruments has been developed to observe Comet 9P/Tempel 1, the impact of a dedicated impactor spacecraft, and the resulting crater formation for the Deep Impact mission. The high-resolution instrument (HRI) consists of an f/35 telescope with 10.5 m focal length, and a combined filtered CCD camera and IR spectrometer. The medium-resolution instrument (MRI) consists of an f/17.5 telescope with a 2.1 m focal length feeding a filtered CCD camera. The HRI and MRI are mounted on an instrument platform on the flyby spacecraft, along with the spacecraft star trackers and inertial reference unit. The third instrument is a simple unfiltered CCD camera with the same telescope as MRI, mounted within the impactor spacecraft. All three instruments use a Fairchild split-frame-transfer CCD with 1,024× 1,024 active pixels. The IR spectrometer is a two-prism (CaF₂ and ZnSe) imaging spectrometer imaged on a Rockwell HAWAII-1R HgCdTe MWIR array. The CCDs and IR FPA are read out and digitized to 14 bits by a set of dedicated instrument electronics, one set per instrument. Each electronics box is controlled by a radiation-hard TSC695F microprocessor. Software running on the microprocessor executes imaging commands from a sequence engine on the spacecraft. Commands and telemetry are transmitted via a MIL-STD-1553 interface, while image data are transmitted to the spacecraft via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface standard. The instruments are used as the science instruments and are used for the optical navigation of both spacecraft. This paper presents an overview of the instrument suite designs, functionality, calibration and operational considerations.     

航天器自动化测试语言的设计与实现(英文)

航天器自动测试系统是基于各种测试标准的航天器综合测试信息化系统,测试语言是关于各种测试标准描述的形式体系,是提高测试效率的重要手段。在我国多航天器测试的新需求下,航天器测试语言的研究已成为航天器测试领域面临的新挑战。结合当前的测试需求,本文提出了一种高阶航天器测试语言CATOL(China Aerospace Test and Operation Language),介绍了语言的组成结构。为了刻画和定义航天器测试过程,给出了该语言子集 CATOL-PR的语法和操作语义,实现了该语言的原型系统。该语言可促进国内航天器测试的标准化工作,提高测试人员工作效率,使航天器自动化测试工作得到进一步发展。     

基于椭圆空腔虚拟势场的航天器集群控制方法

航天器集群由多个航天器在空间轨道上近距离飞行,进行信息交换,并相互协同共同完成空间任务。航天器集群作为智能集群在空间领域的表现形式,是智能集群的重要组成部分。当前,许多空间科学研究机构提出了多个航天器集群的研究计划,如 ANTS计划、APIES计划等。文章以在小行星带探测航天器集群为研究对象,提出了航天器集群的自组织控制方法,利用虚拟势场力使得与这个参考航天器构成最大距离可控的空间构型,从而保 证了航天器集群中的所有航天器共同构成松散空间构型。     

Spacecraft formation-containment flying control with time-varying translational velocity

This paper investigates the problem of Spacecraft Formation-Containment Flying Control (SFCFC) when the desired translational velocity is time-varying. In SFCFC problem, there are multiple leader spacecraft and multiple follower spacecraft and SFCFC can be divided into leader spacecraft’s formation control and follower spacecraft’s containment control. First, under the condition that only a part of leader spacecraft can have access to the desired time-varying translational velocity, a velocity estimator is designed for each leader spacecraft. Secondly, based on the estimated translational velocity, a distributed formation control algorithm is designed for leader spacecraft to achieve the desired formation and move with the desired translational velocity simultaneously. Then, to ensure all follower spacecraft converge to the convex hull formed by the leader spacecraft, a distributed containment control algorithm is designed for follower spacecraft. Moreover, to reduce the dependence of the designed control algorithms on the graph information and increase system robustness, the control gains are changing adaptively and the parametric uncertainties are handled, respectively. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

Efficiency Estimation of Electrothermal Thrusters Use in the Control System of the Technological Spacecraft Motion

The influence of various control systems of the orbital motion of a technological spacecraft on the level of microacceleration of its internal environment is simulated. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of control systems with different actuators for realization of certain gravitationally sensitive processes onboard a spacecraft.     

航天器控制系统智能健康管理技术发展综述

健康管理作为智能自主控制亟待突破的关键技术之一,是提升航天器安全可靠稳定运行能力的有效手段。结合人工智能技术的发展趋势,基于前期已建立的新型航天器智能自主控制系统通用架构,详细综述航天器控制系统的智能健康管理技术现状与发展趋势。首先,根据现有航天器设计、研制和在轨的具体情况,梳理出航天器控制系统健康管理技术所面临的挑战;然后,分别从故障预警、故障诊断和寿命评估3个方面,详细阐述基于人工智能的健康管理技术研究现状及其在航天领域的应用情况;最后,提炼出航天器控制系统健康管理技术的发展方向。     

基于鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波的双目视觉测量相对导航技术研究

针对非合作目标相对导航问题,为提高相对导航的精度和可靠性,采用双目视觉测量方法实现追踪器与目标器之间相对状态的测量,并基于鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,提出了一种鲁棒相对导航滤波方法。仿真结果表明,该方法对相对导航系统模型中的不确定性具有良好的鲁棒性,且滤波精度较高。     

Attitude coordination for spacecraft formation with multiple communication delays

Communication delays are inherently present in information exchange between spacecraft and have an effect on the control performance of spacecraft formation. In this work, attitude coordination control of spacecraft formation is addressed, which is in the presence of multiple communication delays between spacecraft. Virtual system-based approach is utilized in case that a constant reference attitude is available to only a part of the spacecraft. The feedback from the virtual systems to the spacecraft formation is introduced to maintain the formation. Using backstepping control method, input torque of each spacecraft is designed such that the attitude of each spacecraft converges asymptotically to the states of its corresponding virtual system. Furthermore, the backstepping technique and the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method contribute to the control law design when the reference attitude is time-varying and can be obtained by each spacecraft. Finally, effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by the numerical simulations of a spacecraft formation.     

To Fly to the Sun: Solar Probe Mission & Technology Challenges

To fly close to the Sun (to a perihelion of 4 solar radii) represents many unique challenges to a mission and spacecraft design. The solar probe design is a result of over two decades of studies that have allowed the evolution of both the mission and trajectory design, as well as the spacecraft configurations. During these studies some of the most significant design challenges have been the trajectory design, the spacecraft shield design, the spacecraft configuration, the telecommunications near perihelion, science instrument accommodations, and minimizing mission cost. This latter challenge (minimum cost) permeates all other design issues suggesting specific solutions consistent with this constraint. This presents the evolution and rationale that have taken place to arrive at the current design for this challenging mission.     

天地一体化飞行器测控通信网络体系构建

空间信息综合应用是未来航天的发展趋势,引进网络化技术,打造天地一体化测控通信网是实现信息综合应用的必由之路.一体化测控通信网作为空间信息传输、分发的公共基础设施,将各类飞行器、地/海/空/天基测控站（接收站）及指控中心、测控中心、用户等都作为网中的标准节点,以实现测控通信任务统一指挥控制、飞行器态势综合显示、测控通信资源综合利用和可持续发展.从新时期航天科技的发展特点得出,空间网络化是必然发展趋势.总结了国内外航天网络化发展的研究成果,提出测控通信网络化的定义、未来体系结构以及实施步骤,设计了空间网络化飞行验证试验的基本方案,剖析了空间网络化体系构建的关键技术.     

Avionics for manned spacecraft

The author describes the avionic equipment for manned spacecraft, past, present, and future. He treats the four classic avionic systems-crew interface, flight control, navigation, and communication-and adds a fifth called subsystem management which refers to the monitoring and reconfiguration of equipment when faults occur. He starts by describing the functions of spacecraft avionics in general. He then discusses what he considers to have been the first manned spacecraft, the X-15. He continues with the early US and Soviet spacecraft (including their space stations), the US shuttle, and the European Spacelab. He concludes with projections for the avionics in future manned spacecraft, such as the US Space Station, a lunar base, and planetary explorers     

基于对偶数的航天器多特征融合相对导航算法

针对基于视觉的航天器相对导航问题,利用对偶数推导并给出了航天器相对耦合动力学方程,该方程一体化描述了追踪航天器相对于目标航天器的姿态运动和轨道运动,且考虑了由非质心点引起的相对姿态与相对轨道之间的耦合影响。在对偶代数的框架内,统一描述了目标航天器上的特征点和特征线,并基于特征点、线在像平面的投影建立了多特征融合的单目视觉测量模型。最后通过对系统状态方程以及测量方程的线性化,应用迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波(IEKF)算法对非质心点的相对运动状态进行了估计。仿真结果表明,本文的算法能够对航天器非质心点的相对运动状态进行较高精度的估计。     

ACE Spacecraft

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) was responsible for the design and fabrication of the ACE spacecraft to accommodate the ACE Mission requirements and for the integration, test, and launch support for the entire ACE Observatory. The primary ACE Mission includes a significant number of science instruments - nine - whose diverse requirements had to be factored into the overall spacecraft bus design. Secondary missions for monitoring space weather and measuring launch vibration environments were also accommodated within the spacecraft design. Substantial coordination and cooperation were required between the spacecraft and instrument engineers, and all requirements were met. Overall, the spacecraft was kept as simple as possible in meeting requirements to achieve a highly reliable and low-cost design. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

面向航天器在轨装配的数字孪生技术

构建航天器在轨维修维护能力是确保空间系统长期稳定工作的有效途径,而对于空间环境中的在轨装配过程的模拟、监控、诊断和预测,目前的研究尚处于探索阶段,研究成果相对较少且缺乏整体解决方案。提出采用构建航天器数字孪生体的方式,来抽象表达航天器完成在轨装配的过程、状态和行为。首先分析了在轨装配航天器的结构组成及功能需求,然后系统阐述了航天器数字孪生体的数据组成、实现方式和作用,最后给出了航天器数字孪生体在设计、制造和在轨服务阶段的实施途径,并对航天器数字孪生体的作用进行了总结和展望。     

The Pioneer Anomaly in the Light of New Data

The radio-metric tracking data received from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft from the distances between 20–70 astronomical units from the Sun has consistently indicated the presence of a small, anomalous, blue-shifted Doppler frequency drift that limited the accuracy of the orbit reconstruction for these vehicles. This drift was interpreted as a sunward acceleration of a _P =(8.74±1.33)×10^?10 m/s² for each particular spacecraft. This signal has become known as the Pioneer anomaly; the nature of this anomaly is still being investigated. Recently new Pioneer 10 and 11 radio-metric Doppler and flight telemetry data became available. The newly available Doppler data set is much larger when compared to the data used in previous investigations and is the primary source for new investigation of the anomaly. In addition, the flight telemetry files, original project documentation, and newly developed software tools are now used to reconstruct the engineering history of spacecraft. With the help of this information, a thermal model of the Pioneers was developed to study possible contribution of thermal recoil force acting on the spacecraft. The goal of the ongoing efforts is to evaluate the effect of on-board systems on the spacecrafts’ trajectories and possibly identify the nature of this anomaly. Techniques developed for the investigation of the Pioneer anomaly are applicable to the New Horizons mission. Analysis shows that anisotropic thermal radiation from on-board sources will accelerate this spacecraft by ～41×10^?10 m/s². We discuss the lessons learned from the study of the Pioneer anomaly for the New Horizons spacecraft.     

The design features of the GGS wind and polar spacecraft

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) WIND and POLAR spacecraft employ unique configuration and design features driven by the requirements of the science instruments which they host. The WIND and POLAR spacecraft are cylindrically shaped spinners (WIND 20 rpm, POLAR 10 rpm) approximately 2.4 m in diameter and 1.8 m high. Each spacecraft has a pair of lanyard booms, which hold magnetometers, four radial wire antennas and two spin-axis antennas. While satisfying different mission requirements, both share a common basic design. The WIND laboratory contains 8 instruments, designed to optimize measurements of waves, fields and particle distributions. The POLAR laboratory contains 12 instruments, with a similar design emphasis on waves, fields and particle measurements, as well as on auroral imaging. The main difference between the two spacecraft is a despun platform on POLAR which provides a stable environment for the auroral imager instruments. Both laboratories are designed to be launched on Delta II model 7925 launch vehicle and have total masses of approximately 1150 g (WIND) and 1240 kg (POLAR).     

航天器返回地球的气动特性综述

航天器返回地球的飞行过程中,气动特性是实现将宇宙飞行速度减到落地前速度、保证再入飞行得到有效控制以及再入防热安全可靠的关键因素。针对简单旋成体气动外形、半弹道式再入控制、烧蚀防热类返回航天器,综述了返回地球过程中变化的空气流域特性、航天器周围的气体绕流环境、空气与航天器作用产生的动力学与热效应等。系统地给出了该类航天器的再入气动特性参数与飞行性能的共性规律,包括:气动阻力与再入减速、气动升力与再入轨迹控制、配平攻角与飞行稳定性、气动加热与防热,以及再入过程中不同气动特性航天器、气象条件变化等对再入飞行性能的影响规律。为航天器开展返回飞行过程的跨流域气动性能工程研制提供设计参考。