The heliospheric magnetic field and its relation to the temperature,density, and velocity of solar plasma: Experimental evidence

Using daily and hourly data on solar plasma parameters at the Ulysses spacecraft orbit and at 1 AU it is demonstrated that there is a simple relationship between plasma temperature and density with the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF). A mathematical expression connecting HMF with plasma temperature and density is suggested. Correlation coefficients and regression equations for measured and calculated magnetic fields are presented for the 1990–2009 period according to Ulysses spacecraft data and for 2003–2010 at 1 AU (OMNI database). The roles played by density, temperature, and high-speed solar wind streams in forming the magnetic-field peaks are demonstrated using hourly data of OMNI2 and Ulysses.     

太赫兹通信解决黑障问题的探讨与分析

从电磁波在等离子体中传输的机理出发,分析电磁波在等离子体中传输的衰减模型。以我国载人飞船为例,分析电磁波在等离子体中传输的衰减,指出采用太赫兹波段可以使衰减控制在3dB以下。为了解决太赫兹波在大气传输中损耗过大的问题,提出一种基于中继转发的太赫兹通信系统方案,并给出系统总体设计、频率选择和通视距离计算结果。指出系统设计的关键技术,给出相应的解决方法。最后,分析系统工程应用的主要难点。     

Modes of uncontrolled rotational motion of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Progress M-29M</Emphasis> spacecraft

We have reconstructed the uncontrolled rotational motion of the Progress M-29M transport cargo spacecraft in the single-axis solar orientation mode (the so-called sunward spin) and in the mode of the gravitational orientation of a rotating satellite. The modes were implemented on April 3–7, 2016 as a part of preparation for experiments with the DAKON convection sensor onboard the Progress spacecraft. The reconstruction was performed by integral statistical techniques using the measurements of the spacecraft’s angular velocity and electric current from its solar arrays. The measurement data obtained in a certain time interval have been jointly processed using the least-squares method by integrating the equations of the spacecraft’s motion relative to the center of mass. As a result of processing, the initial conditions of motion and parameters of the mathematical model have been estimated. The motion in the sunward spin mode is the rotation of the spacecraft with an angular velocity of 2.2 deg/s about the normal to the plane of solar arrays; the normal is oriented toward the Sun or forms a small angle with this direction. The duration of the mode is several orbit passes. The reconstruction has been performed over time intervals of up to 1 h. As a result, the actual rotational motion of the spacecraft relative to the Earth–Sun direction was obtained. In the gravitational orientation mode, the spacecraft was rotated about its longitudinal axis with an angular velocity of 0.1–0.2 deg/s; the longitudinal axis executed small oscillated relative to the local vertical. The reconstruction of motion relative to the orbital coordinate system was performed in time intervals of up to 7 h using only the angularvelocity measurements. The measurements of the electric current from solar arrays were used for verification.     

基于不相干平面波叠加以模拟混响声场的航天器低频声固耦合分析

文章针对航天器在混响声场中的随机振动问题,提出一种通过多个不相干的平面波线性叠加以模拟混响声场的实现方法,给出了每个平面波的具体参数并从理论上证明其满足理想混响声场假设。在此基础上利用有限元-边界元耦合方法对整星低频声固耦合问题进行分析,并用混响室噪声试验响应数据进行了验证。研究结果表明:该方法理论推导正确,为航天器低频声固耦合分析及声振力学环境预示提供了一种新的有效手段。     

频率计数器在航天器信号频率测量中的适用性分析

从频率计数器的工作原理出发,分析了航天器测控通信中常用的调相信号、调频信号和相移键控信号的频率测量误差,给出了调相信号和调频信号的测量误差表达式。使用频率计数器对上述3种航天器信号进行了频率测量试验。理论分析和试验结果表明,频率计数器适用于航天器调相信号和调频信号的频率测量,不适用于相移键控信号的频率测量。在实际使用中,为保证测量精度,应根据被测信号的调制方式选择适当的测量方法。     

Guidance of a spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio to a landing point

The problem of terminal control over a deorbiting spacecraft at the stage of its flight after leaving plasma (altitude of ∼40 km) is considered, the aim being to guide it to a preset landing point. The algorithm is based on a modification of the well-known method of proportional navigation, when a fixed point is the target. It is suggested to use satellite navigation systems (of the GLONASS or GPS types) and/or radio beacons, which should allow one to determine the spacecraft trajectory parameters with high precision. Single-channel control is performed by changing the roll angle according to current parameters of the trajectory, which ensures adaptability of the method. Examples of three-dimensional trajectories of flight are presented for a manned spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio (∼0.5), currently under design in Russia. The results of statistical modeling taking into account initial deviations of the trajectory parameters and wind disturbances are presented. A method of statistical choice of a reference trajectory for the guidance stage is suggested. A theoretical possibility of using the algorithm of spacecraft guidance (in case of in-light accident with a carrier launcher) to preset regions in the vicinity of launching route is demonstrated. A qualitative analysis of proportional navigation with a fixed target is presented.     

航天器基础激励SEA建模方法

针对航天器力学环境试验中随机横向基础激励高频预示技术开展了建模方法的研究。首先建立典型结构的有限元模型并开展仿真计算,获取背地板面内振动数据、连接环弯曲振动数据及振动台横向振动数据;进而分别建立背地板受纵向振动约束载荷、连接环受弯曲振动约束载荷的SEA模型,并将有限元计算结果作为激励源数据,利用统计能量分析（SEA）方法开展仿真分析,得到了航天器横向基础激励SEA建模的一般方法和步骤。研究表明:横向基础激励下,可将环境试验中获取的振动台数据以弯曲波的形式施加到连接环上,进行航天器高频响应SEA预示。     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.     

Influence of anisotropic fluctuations of the ionosphere plasma density on deep radio sounding by a ultra wide band radar with synthesized aperture

The problem of deep sounding of planet interior using ultra wide band radar with synthesized aperture is considered for the case when anisotropic fluctuations of the ionosphere plasma density take place. Modeling is performed for a number of values of the medium and radar characteristic parameters. The degree of influence of mutual orientation of the anisotropy direction of ionospheric fluctuations and of the spacecraft flight trajectory is estimated. It is demonstrated that widening of radar pulses is determined by characteristic spatial scale of ionosphere plasma disturbances in the transverse direction relative to the spacecraft flight trajectory. On the other hand, attenuation of the peak power of the pulses is shown to be determined basically by the longitudinal scale of disturbance correlations.     

Critical conditions of condensation of metal working medium of electric propulsion on spacecraft surfaces

An experimental method for determination of critical conditions of condensation of metal propellants of electric jet engines (EJEs) on the surfaces of materials of spacecraft thermoregulating covers is presented. When the critical conditions are reached, the irreversible process of condensation and formation of thin metal films begins on spacecraft surfaces. A rather high accuracy and universality of the method for metal working media and for various surface materials are based on measurements of the intensity of a light beam generated by a stabilized source and reflected from the surface. The working capacity of the method is demonstrated for measurements carried out for four different materials of the surfaces of thermoregulating covers and cesium vapors.     

Navigation support for the RadioAstron mission

A developed method of determination of orbital parameters allows one to estimate, along with orbit elements, some additional parameters that characterize solar radiation pressure and perturbing accelerations due to unloadings of reactiion wheels. A parameterized model of perturbing action of solar radiation pressure on the spacecraft motion is described (this model takes into account the shape, reflecting properties of surfaces, and spacecraft attitude). Some orbit determination results are presented obtained by the joint processing of radio measurements of slant range and Doppler, laser range measurements used to calibrate the radio measurements, optical observations of right ascension and declination, and telemetry data on spacecraft thrusters’ firings during an unloading of reaction wheels.     

Invariance of Charged Particle Time Profiles at Late Stages of SCR Events from the Data of Multisatellite Observations

Based on the data obtained in simultaneous measurements on the Helios-1 and Helios-2 spacecraft, the properties of the spatial and temporal invariance of spectra of protons with energies more than 4 MeV and electrons with energies more than 0.3 MeV are studied during the phase of intensity decay in events initiated by the following associations: a flare—coronal mass ejection—coronal and interplanetary shock waves. Emphasis is placed on research into the fluxes of electrons, whose possibility to be accelerated by shock waves is problematic. It is shown that the spectra and decay times of both protons and electrons are approximately invariant relative to the flare coordinates in a wide angular range. Depending on the western or eastern spacecraft position in relation to the front part of a shock wave, one observes a delay or advance of the onset of the invariant mode relative to the shock wave arrival, which increases with the growth of the corresponding angular distance.     

航天器中频段力学环境预示的混合线连接建模方法

针对航天器中频段的力学环境预示问题,提出了一种航天器结构混合线连接建模方法。首先应用波动理论推导了波数空间下的线连接动态刚度矩阵,然后通过构造线连接处的位移形函数,采用傅里叶变换技术建立混合线连接模型。提出了模态插值、三角波和Shannon小波三种形函数构造方法,并对三类形函数的优缺点进行了对比。典型结构的仿真结果表明,提出的混合线连接建模方法具有较好的预示精度,可应用于航天器结构的中频段的力学环境预示。     

Hydrodynamic Approach to Modeling the Thermal Plasma Distribution around a Moving Charged Satellite

The electric field distribution around a charged satellite in a rarefied magnetospheric plasma influences greatly the densities and trajectories of particles measured by onboard instruments. The simulation of macroparameters of thermal plasma near the moving charged satellite, which is necessary for correction of experimental measurements, encounters considerable computational difficulties. In this work, two three-dimensional models of the electric field distribution around the satellite are considered under the conditions when the Debye length is comparable to the geometrical size of the spacecraft. In the first model a system of hydrodynamic equations of continuity and motion was used, which was solved jointly with the Poisson equation. In the second model the hydrodynamic equation of motion was used for analyzing the motion of large particles by means of the method of particles in a cell. The numerical algorithms and the results of calculations of the potential near the satellite, as well as the distributions of densities of electrons and ions and of volume charge, are considered. The results of test calculations for some situations in the ambient plasma are presented, and the influence of the spatial electric field distribution on the thermal plasma measurements is considered.     

相对测量信息不全的航天器相对轨道确定方法研究

针对近圆轨道航天器交会或远距离伴飞相对测量导航过程中,测量信息不全情况下的航天器自主相对轨道确定问题进行了研究.给出适合描述较远距离相对运动的二阶近似模型,并在采用雷达或光学测量的基础上设计了扩展卡尔曼滤波器.数学仿真结果表明,在观测量较少或存在部分区域不可测情况下,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波算法能够以较高精度估计出目标航天器的相对轨道.     

High-speed streams of the solar wind near the earths’s orbit and their sources on the sun according to stereoscopic observations in the minimum of the 23rd cycle

Based on the results of plasma and magnetic measurements at three different points of the heliosphere and telescopic observations of the Sun from these points we study simultaneously high-speed streams (HSS) of the solar wind (SW) near the Earths’s orbit and coronal holes (CH) that have generated them. The data from spacecraft STEREO-A, STEREO-B, ACE, and SOHO are used together with ground-based observations from March 2007 to May 2008. In this period there existed HSS whose sources represented CH of various polarity, geometry, and location relative to the heliographic and heliomagnetic equators. Dependence of SW parameters on mutual positions of spacecraft with respect to CH and heliospheric current sheet, and also on heliolatitude and geometry of the CH is revealed. A difference of more than 5° in locations of spacecraft with respect to the heliospheric current sheet in November 2007 allowed us to discover a heliolatitude velocity gradient of the SW streams between the STEREO-A and STEREO-B spacecraft. On the average this gradient at that time was equal to 20 km/s per degree. Substantial variations in SW streams associated with variations of the HSS SW sources during a few hours or days were also observed. This variability makes it difficult to use the data of spacecraft STEREO-B for sufficiently accurate prediction of SW properties in the near-Earth space by the method of simple advanced ti me shift due to heliolongitude difference between a spacecraft and the Earth even in solar activity minimum.     

Solar cycle variation of “killer” electrons at geosynchronous orbit and electron flux correlation with the solar wind parameters and ULF waves intensity

To construct models for hazard prediction from radiation belt particles to satellite electronics, one should know temporal behavior of the particle fluxes. We analyzed 11-year variation in relativistic electron flux (E>2 MeV) at geosynchronous orbit using measurements made by GOES satellites during the 23rd sunspot cycle. As it is believed that electron flux enhancements are connected with the high-speed solar wind streams and ULF or/and VLF activity in the magnetosphere, we studied also solar cycle changes in rank order cross-correlation of the outer radiation belt electron flux with the solar wind speed and both interplanetary and on-ground wave intensity. Data from magnetometers and plasma sensors onboard the spacecraft ACE and WIND, as well as magnetic measurements at two mid-latitude diametrically opposite INTERMAGNET observatories were used. Results obtained show that average value of relativistic electron flux at the decay and minimum phases of solar activity is one order higher than the flux during maximum sunspot activity. Of all solar wind parameters, only solar wind speed variation has significant correlation with changes in relativistic electron flux, taking the lead over the latter by 2 days. Variations in ULF amplitude advance changes in electron flux by 3 days. Results of the above study may be of interest for model makers developing forecast algorithms.     

再入飞船通信环境建模研究

再入飞船的通信环境所受影响主要体现于飞船周围等离子体鞘对电磁波产生衰减。为了研究飞船再入过程中衰减对通信的影响,需要建立飞船外围的三维通信衰减仿真模型,在此基础上可以研究适用于再入通信环境的新型通信技术。为此文章提出了再入飞船通信衰减的动态建模方法,并根据气动、热力学和电磁波理论公式提出了具体的飞船再入动态通信环境建模方案,同时阐述了各部分建模的研究方法,为进一步研究应对黑障的新型通信技术奠定了基础。     

脉冲等离子体源控制航天器表面充电电位的研究

在空间环境运行的航天器存在表面充电现象,而航天器表面充电引发的静电放电是导致航天器异常及故障的重要原因之一。因此,在航天器设计和应用中,必须对航天器表面电位采取必要的控制和防护措施。文章介绍了用脉冲等离子体源进行航天器表面充电电位主动控制的研究。通过模拟实验和实验数据分析,证实了用脉冲等离子体源能有效地控制航天器表面充...     

钝头型航天器再入通信黑障及对策研究

首先介绍了无线电波在等离子体环境中传播的基础理论,在此基础上分析和讨论了钝头型航天器再入时形成的等离子鞘套及相关通信黑障现象。从13个方面(包括近期和远期实现的可能性等)对多种减轻或消除黑障的设想和方法:包括高频、激光、高等效全向辐射功率(Effective Isotropic Radiated Power,EIRP)和品质因素(G/T值)、选择空气动力外形、亲电子材料、磁或电磁控制、中继等进行了全面的比较和评估。考虑到我国的空间基础设施和技术背景条件,利用中继法应是在近期可实现的工程技术解;而亲电子材料、磁或电磁控制法对解决各种等离子鞘套问题具有广阔的远期发展前景。文章的研究结果对我国今后的再入类航天器工程顶层构想具有参考意义。