Optimization of structural parameters for elliptical cross-section spiral equal-channel extrusion dies based on grey theory

The elliptical cross-section spiral equal-channel extrusion (ECSEE) process is simulated by using Deform-3D finite element software. The ratio m of major-axis to minor-axis length for ellipse-cross-section, the torsion angle u, the round-ellipse cross-section transitional channel L1, the elliptical rotation cross-section transitional channel L2 and the ellipse-round cross-section transitional channel L3 are destined for the extrusion process parameters. The average effective strain eave on cross-section of blank, the deformation uniformity coefficient a and the value of maximum damage dmax are chosen to be the optimize indexes, and the virtual orthogonal experiment of L16 (45) is designed. The correlation degree of the process factors affecting eave, a and dmax is analyzed by the numerical simulation results using the weights and grey association model. The process parameters are optimized by introducing the grey situation decision theory and the ECSEE optimal combination of process parameters is obtained: u of 120 , m of 1.55, L1 of 7 mm, L2 of 10 mm, and L3 of 10 mm. Simulation and experimental results show that the material can be refined with the optimized structural parameters of die. Therefore, the optimization results are satisfactory.     

加劲板的二维复合型广义J积分

 本文以虚功原理与本构方程为基础导出了加劲板二维复合广义J积分J₁与J₂,证明了它们的收敛性、守恒性并且导出了J₁、J₂与应力强度因子K₁K₁的关系。在此基础上,本文采用两种有限元计算了含有斜裂纹的加劲板应力强度因子。计算结果表明,这个复合广义J积分的守恒性很好,由两种元素所得结果相当一致,相对误差在工程所允许的范围之内。     

Preparation and Characterization of Fe3O4/T-ZnOw Composites

Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites are fabricated by depositing a layer of Fe3O4 film on the surface of tetrapod-shaped ZnO whisker (T-ZnOw) by ferrite plating method. The morphology, structure and magnetic properties of the composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The effects of temperature and pH value of ferrite plating on the Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites and the magnetic properties of composites are studied. It is shown that the chemical environment with pH value at 7.5 is most favorable for the ferrite plating processes by analyzing the main peaks intensity of Fe3O4 in the XRD patterns and the average diameters of the Fe3O4 crystalline. The increase of the ferrite plating temperature with pH value around 7.5 benefits the whole encapsulation of T-ZnOw by the Fe3O4 magnetic films. The composites exhibit ferromagnetic properties and show much lower magnetization intensity than bulk samples at the same magnetic field intensity.     

Magnetic field variations in the polar region during magnetically quiet periods and interplanetary magnetic fields

The concepts of near-pole magnetic field variations during magnetically quiet periods are explored, with special emphasis on the relationships of these variations to interplanetary magnetic field components. Methods are proposed for relating the variations which have been observed to the fields from the various sources, based on a thorough selection of reference levels. We assume that the field variations in the summer polar cap during magnetically quiet periods consist of the following components: (i) the middle-latitude S _qvariation extended to the polar region; (ii) the DPC(B _y) single-cell current system with a polar electrojet in day-side cusp latitudes; (iii) the DMC(B _z) two-cell current system of magnetospheric convection, in the form of a homogeneous current sheet in the polar cap towards the sun, with return currents through lower latitudes; (iv) the DPC(B _z) single-cell counterclockwise current system with a focus in the day-side cusp region. Quantitative relations between the near-pole variation intensities and the value and sign of the IMF azimuthal component, with a 1 hr time resolution, have been obtained and used to suggest ways of diagnosing the interplanetary magnetic field on the basis of ground observations.     

低压涡轮叶栅流动中转捩模型的校验及改进

为评估并提高现有转捩模型的预测精度,采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT 12.1,选取层流模型、全湍流模型、剪切应力输运(SST)低雷诺数模型、k-kl-ω模型以及γ-Reθ模型对低压涡轮叶栅T106-EIZ进行数值模拟,通过与实验数据的对比校验了后3种模型对于转捩以及相关参数的模拟能力,并对结果以及模型的作用机理进行分析,校验结果表明所有模型都不能准确地预测分离流转捩以及尾迹诱导转捩.选取预测效果较好的γ-Reθ模型进行了修正,提出通过修改间歇因子输运方程中的参数Ca1和Ca2的方法来修正该模型,结果表明该方法可以提高模拟精度.     

Time-implicit simulation of particle-fluid systems

This paper presents one-dimensional particle-fluid hybrid simulations in which the strongly collisional components of the plasma (e.g., ions and thermal electrons with ν_cfΔt > 1) are treated as fluids and the weakly collisional components (e.g., energetic electrons with ν_cpΔt ≪ 1) are treated as particles. Here ν_cf denotes the fluid ion and electron collision frequencies, ν_cp is the energetic particle collision frequency and Δt is the time step. Collisions between particle and fluid components are treated by a Monte-Carlo method and mass transfers between the particle and fluid electron components are governed by collision frequency thresholds. The field is computed implicitly to allow time steps with Ω_p Δt > 1 (Ω_p: plasma frequency).     

Quantification of parametric uncertainty in γ-Reθ model for typical flat plate and airfoil transitional flows

Owing to the lack of physical knowledge of boundary layer transition, the γ-Re_θ transition model introduces closure parameters, which increase the uncertainty of transition prediction. The objective of this work is to quantify the uncertainties of closure parameters in the quantities of interests and identify the key parameters. The six closure parameters in the uncertainty intervals are used as input variables, and the uncertainties of the output results are propagated by a stochastic expansion based on the point-collocation nonintrusive polynomial chaos method. The relative contribution of each parameter to uncertainty is evaluated by the Sobol index. The computational cases include natural and bypass transitional flows on zero-pressure-gradient flat plates, and subsonic and transonic flows around airfoils. For most cases, c_e2, c_a2, and c_a1 dominate the uncertainty, and the influence of σ_θt is also significant when the history effects of flow are evident. The contribution of parameters in airfoils is more complex than that in flat plates. The transonic airfoil case shows that flow separation dramatically changes the distribution of Sobol indices, which poses a challenge to the accurate prediction of transition. Generally, c_e2 and c_a2 are the key parameters of the γ-Re_θ model.     

Radiolysis and Photolysis of Icy Satellite Surfaces: Experiments and Theory

The transport and exchange of material between bodies in the outer solar system is often facilitated by their exposure to ionizing radiation. With this in mind we review the effects of energetic ions, electrons and UV photons on materials present in the outer solar system. We consider radiolysis, photolysis, and sputtering of low temperature solids. Radiolysis and photolysis are the chemistry that follows the bond breaking and ionization produced by incident radiation, producing, e.g., O₂ and H₂ from irradiated H₂O ice. Sputtering is the ejection of molecules by incident radiation. Both processes are particularly effective on ices in the outer solar system. Materials reviewed include H₂O ice, sulfur-containing compounds (such as SO₂ and S₈), carbon-containing compounds (such as CH₄), nitrogen-containing compounds (such as NH₃ and N₂), and mixtures of those compounds. We also review the effects of ionizing radiation on a mixture of N₂ and CH₄ gases, as appropriate to Titan’s upper atmosphere, where radiolysis and photolysis produce complex organic compounds (tholins).     

Estimate of the climate impact of cryoplanes

The climate impact of cryoplanes (i.e. hydrogen-powered aircraft) is estimated in terms of radiative forcing (RF). We compare two scenarios: the conventional (i.e. kerosene-powered aircraft) scenario assumes a growth of the fleet until 2015 and a constant fleet thereafter. In the cryoplane scenario, the whole conventional fleet is instantaneously replaced by cryoplanes in 2015 and does not change thereafter. The resulting direct and indirect effects of aircraft emissions of H₂O (direct RF and RF due to contrails) and NO_x (RF due to O₃ production and CH₄ destruction), as well as aviation-induced atmospheric CO₂ are investigated for both scenarios.Whereas in case of conventional air traffic the components CO₂, O₃, CH₄ and contrails cause a similar RF, in case of cryoplanes, contrails are by far the most climatic relevant component. In 2015, total RF due to the cyoplane scenario is larger than total RF due to the conventional scenario. This changes with time and in 2100 the climate impact due to the cryoplane scenario is smaller. Due to large uncertainties regarding the optical properties of cryoplane contrails, the RF of contrails, and the impact of aviation on `natural' cirrus, our present knowledge is not sufficient to decide whether a substitution of the conventional fleet by a fleet of cryoplanes is of environmental benefit. Further research is necessary in order to faciliate a more precise approach to this question.     

复合材料层板一维穿透脱层的能量释放率

建立了含穿透脱层的正交各向异性层合板在承受面内轴向压缩载荷作用时的一维分析模型。在一阶剪切层板理论的基础上,利用一维可动边界变分问题,结合断裂力学知识导出了脱层扩展的能量释放率G及其分量G_Ⅰ、G_Ⅱ的表达式,且验证了该方法的正确性。通过计算,讨论了外载和脱层长度对能量释放率的影响。     

掺Mg对Bi Pb Sr Ca Cu O体系中110K超导相生成的影响

用固相反应法合成了名义组分为Bi_xPb_ySr₂Ca_1.7Mg_0.3Cu_zO_w的块状超导体。根据直流电阻和交流磁化率测量的结果,给出了在7个不同温度下烧结的6个组分化合物的超导临界温度。在833℃到843.3℃范围内,110K相对80K相的体积比随着烧结温度的提高而增加。分析了断口形貌。对110K相的生成有影响的Pb和Bi在样品中的剩余量受烧结温度和时间的控制。Bi Pb Sr Ca Mg CuO体系之所以能在较低烧结温度下形成超导相是由于掺Mg造成了部分熔点的降低。     

热轧对Ti50Ni50-xAlx(x=1,2,4)形状记忆合金微观组织、相变和力学性能的影响

形状记忆合金的相变和力学性能受机械加工过程影响明显.在850℃下将Ti50Ni50-xAIx(x=1,2,4)形状记忆合金轧制成为板材.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射对合金的微观结构研究表明:合金由NiTi相和Ti2Ni相组成,Al元素在Ti2Ni相中的固溶度比在TiNi相中高.差示扫描量热分析和电阻-温度测试表明...     

TiNiFeNb形状记忆合金的组织结构及相变特性

通过向TisoNiso合金中加入Fe和Nb元素,制备出一种四元Ti49Ni50-xFexNb1形状记忆合金.采用X射线衍射和背散射电子衍射的方法,测试和分析了合金的相结构及微观组织形态,采用电阻法系统研究了合金的相变特性.结果表明:Nb元素的加入并没有改变TiNiFe合金的B2结构,仅导致了广极少量的富Nb相在基体中析...     

Role of hydrogen in the dissociation of CH4 on different graphene by DFT study

The effect of hydrogen on the growth mechanism of pyrocarbon has attracted much attention. The influence of hydrogen on the dissociation from CH4to C2H2on pristine graphene,N-doped graphene and vacancy graphene have been investigated by using density functional theory.There are two kinds of heterogeneous reaction pathways when the hydrogen is involved, i.e., dehydrogenation reactions and H-abstraction reactions. The transition state calculations were performed to acquire the reaction pathways on...     

高强铝合金的表面喷丸应变层与疲劳强度的关系

 喷丸强化工艺是用来提高金属零件疲劳和应力腐蚀断裂抗力的行之有效的工艺。因为它具有其它表面强化工艺无可比拟的优点,所以近年来在国内外,特别是航空工业中获得了迅速的发展。 有关喷丸强化对铝合金疲劳强度影响的研究指出,喷丸虽然能够改善疲劳S-N曲线高应力区的疲劳强度,但在疲劳强度极限附近,没有明显的效果。     

Instability characteristics of a co-rotating wingtip vortex pair based on bi-global linear stability analysis

The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet. Then, the temporal bi-global Linear Stability Analysis (bi-global LSA) is performed on this nearly equal-strength co-rotating vortex pair, which is composed of an upper vortex (vortex-u) and a down vortex (vortex-d). The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by (ω_r, ω_i) contains two types of branches: discrete branch and continuous branch. The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch, of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane of ω_i > 0, indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable. By contrast, the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane of ω_i < 0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation. In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, Mode P_u and Mode P_d are the primary perturbation modes, which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n, respectively. Besides, the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d, and the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is also larger than that of Mode P_d. Moreover, the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56% percent in the corresponding branch, thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_u. By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_u and Mode P_d with streamwise wavenumbers, the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m = 5–6 is identified, which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u. This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.     

RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

Effects of B on the Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Nb-Ti-Si-based Ultrahigh-temperature Alloy

Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys concocted with boron ranging from 0 to 2 at% are prepared by arc-melting technology. The effects of adding boron on their as-melted microstructure and oxidation resistance are analyzed. The (Nb,Ti)ss, β-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ exist in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf alloy, while (Nb,Ti)ss, α-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ are present in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-1B and Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-2B alloys. The oxidation of Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys is dominated by the diffusion of oxygen through (Nb,Ti)ss. Compared to boron-free alloys, the boron-containing alloys have significantly lower oxidation rate when oxidized at 1 200 °C for less than 50 h, but, for more than 50 h, their oxidation resistance deteriorates.     

Initiation characteristics of oblique detonation waves from a finite wedge under argon dilution

In this paper, the flow field characteristics of Oblique Detonation Waves (ODWs) induced by a finite wedge under argon dilution are studied by solving the Euler equations with a detailed chemical model of hydrogen and air. First, the effects of the expansion waves, argon concentration, geometric parameters, and Mach number on the ODW are discussed. The results show that the changes of these parameters may make the oblique detonation not be initiated. Then, the ODW initiation criterion of the finite wedge is summarized, as the characteristic length of the induction zone L_C and the characteristic length of the oblique wedge L_W meet the condition L_C/L_W < 1, the initiation of the ODW occurs; otherwise, it does not occur. What’s more, the Constant Volume Combustion (CVC) theory is applied to study the characteristic length of induction zone. It is found that CVC theory is more suitable for the “smooth transition” type of ODW flow field, the theoretical and numerical characteristic length in induction regions are in good agreement. This work is of great significance for the design of oblique detonation engines for hypersonic vehicles.     

基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统

开展磁流体(MHD)动力技术实验研究,实验系统必须满足两项基本的条件:一是超声速或高超声速气流;二是气流必须是导电流体.基于此,介绍了基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统的基本组成、设计思想和调试情况.设计了马赫数Ma=2的超声速喷管及实验段;采用氦气驱动氩气,在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入...