European space research in support of international partnership

The envisaged future space research programmes, whether in the field of space exploration or Earth observation are becoming more and more technically complicated and so costly that a single nation can hardly afford to realize them. Major non-European space-faring nations, China and India will progressively play an important role besides US, Russia and Japan. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended that the European Commission supports within Horizon 2020 a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration Programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. The International Space Station (ISS) experience shows that cooperative space programmes build links between industries and laboratories from around the world, which then further develop in non-space related activities, with positive impact on the economy and scientific research. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the gradual increasing risks incurred by climate change. In order to lower their entry barrier to engage in space emerging and developing space nations need to be included in cooperative space programmes. We present the recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission concerning Europe's participation to global space endeavours.     

Who’s supporting space activities? An ‘issue public’ for US space policy

Using data from the General Social Survey, this research identifies the issue public of US space policy. Highlighting the need to understand and identify the portion of the public that supports space activities, this study underscores the limited appeal of space for the public as a whole. We find that those who support space activities tend to be younger, male, Republican, and have a higher level of education and socioeconomic status. Because these characteristics make up a relatively small proportion of the American population, those supporting space activities must broaden the appeal of space, making it more accessible and understandable for those with whom the issue does not have much saliency.     

美俄日等国联手建造国际空间站

简要回顾了国际空间站计划的发展。重点描述了“阿尔法”空间站的基本构成及计划现状。     

Activities of the COSPAR Panel on Exploration supporting the Global Exploration Roadmap

The Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) is driven by several goals and objectives that include space science, the search for life as well as preparatory science activities to enable human space exploration. The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), through its Commissions and Panels provides an international forum that supports and promotes space exploration worldwide. COSPAR's Panel on Exploration (PEX) investigates a stepwise approach of preparatory research on Earth and in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to facilitate a future global space exploration program. We summarize recent activities and workshops of PEX in support of the GER.     

Extraterrestrial environmental impact assessments – A foreseeable prerequisite for wise decisions regarding outer space exploration,research and development

Although existing international instruments such as the Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement generally express sentiments for minimizing missions' extraterrestrial environmental impacts, they tend to be limited in scope, vague and generally unenforceable. There is no formal structure for assessing how and to what extent we affect those environments, no opportunity for public participation, no uniform protocol for documenting and registering the effects of our actions and no requirement to mitigate adverse impacts or take them into consideration in the decision-making process. Except for precautions limiting forward biological contamination and issues related to Earth satellites, environmental impact analysis, when done at all, remains focused on how missions affect the Earth and near-Earth environments, not how our actions affect the Moon, Mars, Europa, comets and other potential destinations. Extraterrestrial environmental impacts are potentially counterproductive to future space exploration, exploitation and scientific investigations. Clear, consistent and effective international protocols guiding a process for assessing such impacts are warranted. While instruments such as the US National Environmental Policy Act provide legally tested and efficient regulatory models that can guide impact assessment here on Earth, statutory legal frameworks may not work as well in the international environment of outer space. A proposal for industry-driven standards and an environmental code of conduct based, in part, on best management practices are offered for consideration.     

32颗GPS卫星星座空间覆盖特性建模与仿真

GPS卫星要准确完成定位功能可见卫星数应不少于4颗.通过建立针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道目标卫星的GPS信号空间几何覆盖模型,利用Matlab计算针对低轨、中高轨和大椭圆轨道的可见卫星数,对目前美国32颗GPS卫星星座的空间覆盖特性进行仿真.仿真结果显示,32颗GPS卫星星座不仅可以对低轨目标实现全轨道覆盖,而且对中高轨和大椭圆轨道也有所覆盖,大大扩展了24颗GPS卫星星座的空间应用.     

基于iSIGHT平台的并行子空间算法研究

概述了并行子空间算法的两种计算框架。即基于学科级优化的并行子空间算法和基于试验设计的并行子空间算法，在对比两种算法框架特点的基础上，分析了基于试验设计法的并行子空间算法的工程实用性，最后结合算例在iSIGHT软件中完成了集成优化分析。     

机载火控雷达和电子战一体化问题研究

现在的战斗机都装载有火控雷达（FCR）、电子战系统（EWS）和无线数据链等。这些系统都是独立工作的,且相互之间很少有信息交换。为有效提高系统的综合性能,提出了各系统之间的四级融合机制：初级融合、原始数据级融合、分系统级融合、组网级融合。其中前三级融合均基于单个多功能传感器,最后一级融合基于多功能传感器组网。四级融合机制大大提高了雷达和电子战系统的效率,显著提升了系统的整体性能。     

基于混合规划策略的空间机械臂运动规划研究

为改善自由漂浮机械臂对载体姿态无扰的运动规划的收敛性,提出一种基于Gauss伪谱方法和直接打靶法的混合规划策略。首先建立机械臂系统运动规划的数学模型,用Gauss伪谱方法将运动规划问题转化为带约束的非线性参数优化问题,采用遗传算法初步定位全局最优解,然后将得到的解作为直接打靶法的初值,采用序列二次规划算法求出精确最优解,从而利用Gauss伪谱方法计算量小、直接打靶法精度高的特点,快速获得机械臂对载体姿态无扰的运动规律。数值仿真的结果表明该混合规划策略能够快速求解机械臂系统的无扰运动规划问题,且具有较好的收敛性与鲁棒性。     

近距空间链路通信协议及其软件实现

为实现航天器间的近距通信,CCSDS提出近距空间链路通信协议.分析近距空间链路通信协议的应用场景、协议结构、协议特点及其通信流程,研究协议仿真软件的实现方法,提出基于C/C++语言的软件实现方案,使用MFC平台实现人机交互界面.该仿真软件实现了对协议通信流程的完备仿真,提供各个通信参数配置接口,作为仿真平台为应用层协议...     

基于分层的SVDDBN的空间作战决策研究

为了实现空间作战平台在不确定知识基础上的快速自主智能攻击决策,以天基反卫星作战为背景,提出利用分层的变结构离散动态贝叶斯网络(SVDDBN)来建立攻击决策的图形模型,给出了该模型的推理算法公式和用于攻击决策的变结构网络参数的自适应生成算法。在此基础上设定初始条件进行模型算法的仿真验证,试验结果证明了本文提出的算法的可行性,它可以使空间作战平台利用打击链前端传来的经过模糊处理数据进行快速的推理决策,从而使空间作战平台具有有效的自主化决策能力。
     

GEO编队空间机器人系统交会方法

针对地球静止轨道（GEO）上被服务航天器的远距离和非合作特点,提出一种高自主、高协同、多任务的编队空间机器人在轨服务系统方案,实现对非合作目标的自主交会接近。首先,分析GEO卫星轨道约束力小的轨道特征和非合作的信息交互特征,给出由操作空间机器人和监视空间机器人组成的编队在轨服务系统,设计交会接近相对测量分系统以及在轨服务飞行任务;接着,给出典型远距离交会接近的多视线相对导航方法与多冲量相对制导律;最后,进行远距离交会任务仿真校验,结果表明编队空间机器人交会接近方法是有效的。     

低轨天基信息定向分发区域分割编码控制方法

为提高低轨指向性信息分发链路的频谱利用效率,从天基分发平台与地面用户的相对位置关系入手,建立了分发指向、编码增益与信道传输容量的量化关系。在此基础上,提出一种低轨天基信息定向分发区域分割编码控制方法,该方法针对不同信息分发区域,采用最小均方误差(MMSE)作为区域分割准则选择编码方式,既提升了信道传输效率也便于工程实现。最后,本文通过仿真分析了方法的效能和性能影响因素,并与现有自适应编码方法进行了对比,验证了本方法的有效性和可靠性。     

基于稀疏信号表示的空间碎片成像

地基雷达一直是空间碎片监测的有力工具,研究如何利用它们对尺寸小于距离分辨率的目标进行成像具有重要意义。基于空间碎片通常会围绕它的主轴进行简单的自旋转运动这一事实,通过对目标回波模型的分析,本文提出了一种基于稀疏信号表示的空间碎片成像方法。该方法将成像问题转化为稀疏信号分解问题,首先以各个散射点的散射特性作为元素构建字典,然后通过采用现有的方法对单个距离单元横向回波数据的稀疏信号表示进行求解,最后对求解的结果重新排列以得到目标的二维高分辨图像。仿真实验结果表明了本方法的正确性。     

航天飞机末端区域能量管理段航程设计研究

末端区域能量管理段的主要目的是控制航天飞机的动能和势能,并最终达到进场着陆段的初始要求,以保证最终成功着陆。制导系统通过能量、速度和侧向轨迹的控制,使航天飞机达到标准的能量状态。而航程设计是制导系统的基础,制导系统中控制指令的产生都依赖于航程预测,因此,设计预测航程对航天飞机顺利完成末区能量管理段的飞行至关重要。所采用的制导方法是将末端区域能量管理段划分为四个飞行段,即S形转弯段、捕获段、航向校准段及进场前飞行段。分别对四段进行了预测航程设计,并给出了仿真实例。仿真结果表明所设计的航程能够使航天飞机很好地完成末区能量管理段的飞行,具有较高的工程实现价值。     

Cutting the bread

Why the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) will not work - whereas the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities may.     

子带自适应阵列处理的实现与性能分析

针对空频自适应滤波处理中节拍样点两端的输出信干噪比急剧下降的问题,建立了子带自适应阵列处理与空时自适应阵列处理等效关系的数学模型,指出了变换正交基函数的影响,提出利用时频分析特性优良的小波包变换取代傅立叶变换形成新的子带自适应阵列处理,减少子带间的频谱混叠,从而提高系统节拍样点两端的输出信干噪比。对基于不同窗函数的空频自适应处理和基于小波包变换的子带自适应处理进行了性能仿真,验证了小波包相对于加窗空频自适应处理的优越性。     

星载光纤陀螺的最优调制深度

为了选取合适的调制深度以提高星载光纤陀螺在空间辐射环境下的工作性能,通过对闭环光纤陀螺输出信号的信噪比分析建立了光纤陀螺随机游走系数与调制深度的关系的模型。根据该模型对光纤辐射致衰减、光纤长度、光源光功率对最优调制深度的影响进行了仿真研究。结果表明：光纤辐射致衰减越小、光源光功率越大,则光纤陀螺的最优调制深度越大,且相应的随机游走系数越小。增加光纤长度将降低光纤陀螺的最优调制深度,当光纤衰减较大且光纤较长时,过调制技术可能会使光纤陀螺性能恶化。因此,在星载光纤陀螺的设计过程中应根据实际情况对调制深度进行优化,以保证陀螺获得最优的工作性能。理论分析和仿真结果为星载光纤陀螺最优调制深度的选取提供了依据。