基于信息理论的INS／Vision相对导航系统可观测度分析

基于导弹编队协同作战的应用背景,提出了一种基于INS／Vision的相对导航方法。推导了领弹与从弹间的相对惯导方程,给出了使用视觉导航设备测量领弹与从弹间相对视线矢量的原理。用扩展卡尔曼滤波融合相对惯导信息和相对视线矢量信息,估计相对位置、相对速度和相对姿态。用信息理论分析相对导航系统可观测度,给出随机变量的熵和共有信息的定义,将共有信息作为系统可观测度的衡量标准,分析了INS／Vision相对导航系统状态的可观测度,由此确定位置估计精度最高时领弹与从弹间的相对位置关系。仿真研究验证了相对导航方法的有效性和可观测度分析结果的正确性。     

考虑输入饱和的多航天器系统姿轨耦合分布式协同跟踪控制

基于一致性理论,研究了多航天器系统相对轨道及姿态耦合的分布式协同控制问题。在仅有部分跟随航天器可获取领航航天器信息的情形下,针对各跟随航天器存在未建模动态以及外部环境干扰等问题,利用双曲正切函数的性质,提出了考虑输入饱和的分布式自适应协同控制律。首先,对于领航航天器具有时变状态的情形,为每个跟随航天器设计了3个滑模估计器,对领航航天器的状态进行估计。其次,针对跟随航天器间相对速度和角速度难以测量的问题,设计仅需领航航天器状态的切比雪夫神经网络自适应更新律。最后,设计考虑输入饱和的分布式自适应协同控制律保证各跟随航天器跟踪动态领航航天器。仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性、可行性。     

编队飞行自主控制的自适应方法

自主的高精度相对控制是实现卫星编队任务的关键技术,自主性要求控制器尽可能只利用星载设备所能提供的测量信息以减少星间通信量,高精度要求控制器连续的消除干扰力、期望轨迹推演以及参考星轨道控制与机动所造成的跟踪误差,为此,本文推导了描述星间相对运动的完整动力学模型以及对期望轨迹的跟踪误差模型,基于Lyapunov方法设计了自适应控制器,并证明了此控制器可以保证闭环系统的最终跟踪误差小于指定的界。本文给出的控制器仅需要星间的相对位置和相对速度测量,不需要主星的轨道参数、轨道位置和轨道机动信息,从而具有较高的自主性。仿真结果表明本文给出的控制器可以完成对期望轨迹的跟踪。     

多群组飞行器攻击时间控制协同制导方法

考虑多主-多从式群组飞行器的协同制导问题,提出了可使得多个飞行器群组在指定时间同时命中目标的协同制导方法。首先,基于剩余命中时间一致性给出多主飞行器的攻击时间控制协同制导律,使得主飞行器能够在指定时间同时命中目标;在此基础上,为每个主飞行器所在群组的从飞行器给出基于距离一致性的协同制导律,使得从飞行器-目标距离同步于主飞行器-目标距离,从而实现所有飞行器对目标的指定时间同时命中。理论分析表明,主飞行器和从飞行器的协同制导律都具备固定时间收敛特性。仿真结果验证了所提出方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于新Dirichlet先验分布的超参数确定方法研究

研究了基于新Dirichlet先验分布的Bayesian可靠性增长模型的超参数 确定方法,该方法将专家经验表示为均匀分布,以先验参数为变量,将均值作为约束条件、 方差作为目标,利用最优化方法求出与该均匀分布最为接近的Beta分布,解决了由于新
Dirichlet先验分布超参数物理意义不明确而难以确定的问题。针对后验积分难以计算的问 题,采用WinBUGS软件建立了新Dirichlet先验分布的Bayesian可靠性增长模型,该模型思路 清晰、简单易行,提高了计算的精度,实例证明了该模型在可靠性应用中的直观性与有效性 。     

Psychosocial interactions during ISS missions

Based on anecdotal reports from astronauts and cosmonauts, studies of space analog environments on Earth, and our previous research on the Mir Space Station, a number of psychosocial issues have been identified that can lead to problems during long-duration space expeditions. Several of these issues were studied during a series of missions to the International Space Station. Using a mood and group climate questionnaire that was completed weekly by crewmembers in space and personnel in mission control, we found no evidence to support the presence of predicted decrements in well-being during the second half or in any specific quarter of the missions. The results did support the predicted displacement of negative feelings to outside supervisors among both crew and ground subjects. There were several significant differences in mood and group perceptions between Americans and Russians and between crewmembers and mission control personnel. Crewmembers related cohesion to the support role of their leader, and mission control personnel related cohesion to both the task and support roles of their leader. These findings are discussed with reference to future space missions.     

Input-to-state stability of model-based spacecraft formation control systems with communication constraints

This paper investigates the formation keeping problem for multiple spacecraft in the framework of networked control systems (NCSs). A continuous-time representation of the NCS is considered for the tracking control of relative translational motion between two spacecraft in a leader–follower formation in the presence of communication constraints and system uncertainties. Model-based control schemes are presented, which employ state feedback (when the relative position and velocity vectors are directly measurable) and output feedback (when velocity measurements are not available), respectively, to guarantee input-to-state stability (ISS) of the system. The stability conditions on network transfer intervals are derived as simple eigenvalue tests of a well-structured test matrix. The results are then extended to include network communication delay. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme ensuring high formation keeping precision and robustness to nonlinearities and system uncertainties. The proposed controllers are robust not only to structured uncertainties such as system parameter perturbations but also to unstructured uncertainties such as external disturbances and measurement noises.     

河北省城市农民工生命质量状况及健康促进生活方式问题的调研

采用健康量表（WHOQOL-BREF）及《生活方式问卷》对河北省石家庄、保定、唐山、邯郸和廊坊5地市为研究区域,对700名农民工进行调查。了解河北省城市农民工生命质量状况及健康生活方式问题调查研究,为政府部门的干预研究提供参考。结果显示：生理维度、心理维度、社会维度、独立性纬度和综合维度上男性高于女性,仅综合维度上不同年龄、教育程度和婚姻状况间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）;多元逐步回归分析结果提示,两周患病、住处更换次数、自评健康和主观、客观支持是影响城市农民工生命质量的重要因素。     

利用姿态机动的绳系卫星编队系统轨道协同控制

为克服绳系卫星编队系统在轨道机动过程中的系绳摆动现象，提出一种通过调整领航星推力方向进而实现编队系统轨道跟踪的控制算法。由于推力方向角与状态量互相耦合且少于系统自由度个数，轨道协同控制属于典型的非仿射欠驱动控制问题。针对此问题，首先采用升阶法将角速度作为虚拟控制输入；然后为各子系统设计子滑模面后加权得到高层滑模面和等效控制输入律，并设计观测器估计系统非线性项；其次基于模型预测控制算法优化得到最高层滑模面的趋近控制律；最后采用MATLAB/Simulink验证了所提控制算法的有效性。     

Study of values and interpersonal perception in cosmonauts on board of international space station

The increased heterogeneity of International Space Station (ISS) crews′ composition (in terms of nationality, profession and gender) together with stressful situations, due to space flight, can have a significant impact on group interaction and cohesion, as well as on communications with Mission Control Center (MCC) and the success of the mission as a whole. Culturally related differences in values, goals, and behavioral norms could influence mutual perception and, thus, cohesive group formation. The purpose of onboard “Interaction-Attitudes” experiment is to study the patterns of small group (space crew) behavior in extended space flight. Onboard studies were performed in the course of ISS Missions 19–30 with participation of twelve Russian crewmembers. Experimental schedule included 3 phases: preflight training and Baseline Data Collection; inflight activities once in two weeks; post-flight measurement. We used Personal Self-Perception and Attitudes (PSPA) software for analyzing subjects′ attitudes toward social environment (crewmembers and MCC). It is based on the semantic differential and the repertory grid technique. To study the content of interpersonal perception we used content-analysis with participation of the experts, independently attributing each construct to the 17 semantic categories, which were described in our previous study. The data obtained demonstrated that the system of values and personal attitudes in the majority of participated cosmonauts remained mostly stable under stress-factors of extended space flight. Content-analysis of the important criteria elaborated by the subjects for evaluation of their social environment, showed that the most valuable personal traits for cosmonauts were those that provided the successful fulfillment of professional activity (motivation, intellectual level, knowledge, and self-discipline) and good social relationships (sociability, friendship, and tolerance), as well. Post-flight study of changes in perceptions, related to Real Self-image, did not reveal significant differences between the images of Russian crew-members and representatives from foreign space agencies. A certain difference in perceptions was found in cosmonauts with more integrated system of evaluations: after space flight they perceived foreign participants as “closer” to their Ideal, while Russian crew-members were perceived mostly as “distant” from Ideal Self of these subjects. Perceptions of people from Earth were also more critical. These differences are likely to be manifestations of interpersonal perception stereotypes. Described patterns of changes in perceptions of cosmonauts, who have performed space flight as a part of ISS multinational crew, allow us to suggest the recommendations for development of ISS crew training, in particular, it seems useful to increase the time of joint training for deepening of intercultural interaction.     

Psychosocial issues affecting crews during long-duration international space missions

Psychosocial issues can negatively impact on crew performance and morale during long-duration international space missions. Major psychosocial factors that have been described in anecdotal reports from space and in studies from analog situations on Earth include: 1) crew heterogeneity due to gender differences, cultural issues, and work experiences and motivations; 2) language and dialect variations; and 3) task versus supportive leadership roles. All of these factors can lead to negative sequelae, such as intra-crew tension and cohesion disruptions. Specific sequelae that can result from single factors include subgrouping and scapegoating due to crew heterogeneity; miscommunication due to major or subtle language differences; and role confusion, competition, and status leveling due to inappropriate leadership role definition. It is time to conduct research exploring the impact of these psychosocial factors and their sequelae on space crews during actual long-duration international space missions.     

空间合作目标运动再现的相似度分析

研究了空间合作目标运动再现的相似度度量方法。首先,给出空间合作目标运动再现轨道姿态变量的缩比因子以及仿真系统相似度的建立要素;其次,建立运动再现的相似度评估指标模型,确定了相似元及其特征变量,给出了相似度的权重构造方法以及相似特征变量相似值的计算方法,并在此基础上提出了相似度的度量公式;最后以航天器圆轨道交会对接最终逼近段地面验证试验为例进行了相似度分析。仿真表明这种分析方法对于试验方案的选择及改进具有指导意义。     

Human interactions in space: results from Shuttle/Mir.

Background: Anecdotal reports from space and results from simulation studies on Earth have suggested that space crewmembers may experience decrements in their interpersonal environment over time and may displace tension and dysphoria to mission control personnel. Methods: To evaluate these issues, we studied 5 American astronauts, 8 Russian cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir space program. Subjects completed questions from subscales of the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale on a weekly basis before, during, and after the missions. Results: Among the crewmembers, there was little evidence for significant time effects based on triphasic (U-shaped) or linear models for the 21 subscales tested, although the presence of an initial novelty effect that declined over time was found in three subscales for the astronauts. Compared with work groups on Earth, the crewmembers reported less dysphoria and perceived their crew environment as more constraining, cohesive, and guided by leadership. There was no change in ratings of mood and interpersonal environment before, during, and after the missions. Conclusions: There was little support for the presence of a moderate to strong time effect that influenced the space crews. Crewmembers perceived their work environment differently from people on Earth, and they demonstrated equanimity in mood and group perceptions, both in space and on the ground. Grant numbers: NAS9-19411.     

Microbial populations in Antarctic permafrost: biodiversity, state, age, and implication for astrobiology

Antarctic permafrost soils have not received as much geocryological and biological study as has been devoted to the ice sheet, though the permafrost is more stable and older and inhabited by more microbes. This makes these soils potentially more informative and a more significant microbial repository than ice sheets. Due to the stability of the subsurface physicochemical regime, Antarctic permafrost is not an extreme environment but a balanced natural one. Up to 10(4) viable cells/g, whose age presumably corresponds to the longevity of the permanently frozen state of the sediments, have been isolated from Antarctic permafrost. Along with the microbes, metabolic by-products are preserved. This presumed natural cryopreservation makes it possible to observe what may be the oldest microbial communities on Earth. Here, we describe the Antarctic permafrost habitat and biodiversity and provide a model for martian ecosystems.     

身份学说与语言学习

本文从第二语言习得的身份学说与语言学习的关系的角度,阐述了在第二语言的学习过程中,学习者因个人在年龄、性别和接受能力等方面的差异、所处社会环境及文化背景的迥异,使得他们对语言的掌握程度不尽相同,由此强调实际语言教学中要注重因材施教.     

身份学说与语言学习

本文从第二语言习得的身份学说与语言学习的关系的角度,阐述了在第二语言的学习过程中,学习者因个人在年龄、性别和接受能力等方面的差异、所处社会环境及文化背景的迥异,使得他们对语言的掌握程度不尽相同,由此强调实际语言教学中要注重因材施教。     

主从式卫星集群系统的长期轨道保持

针对主从式卫星集群系统的空间构型长期保持问题提出一种控制算法,使得多星系统能够在给定的相对距离约束下在轨长期运行,并且消耗较少的燃料。该卫星集群系统由一颗主星和多颗从星构成,主星保持在特定轨道上,负责系统中的数据处理、任务规划及决策,从星围绕主星自由运动并实现特定功能。根据系统的特点,考虑主星与从星、从星与从星之间约束条件的异同,设计了具有较强适应性的控制逻辑与基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论的控制器。仿真结果表明,在推力器最大推力一定的情况下,提出的控制算法能够有效地应用于多星集群飞行中,并成功地实现长期的轨道保持。     

United States space policy and international partnership

Has the current US space policy improved the USA's overall strategic position? Does it affect favorably international partnerships? These questions are examined in terms of security, political economy, and influence. In today's context, where there are more space players, more options, more potential for unintended consequences, and higher stakes, unilateral action is more limited in its effectiveness than in earlier times. Surveying current US space policy, it is not clear that data-driven, analytically based decisions are being made to affect positively national independence, innovation, market creation, and international perceptions of the USA as a trustworthy partner. More promising are the steps taken to bolster a predictable space operational environment and economic competitiveness. Ultimately, in order to achieve American excellence and leadership, a ‘closed loop’ on the policy system is needed, to gauge regularly and systematically whether the US is achieving the desired national outcomes.     

Principal Investigators and mission leadership

Principal Investigators of small and medium sized space and earth science missions face many challenges during formulation, design, development, integration and test, launch, and operations; these challenges may be more easily met by team leaders with prior mission experience. This paper reports the results of the first known demographic study of NASA's Principal-Investigator-led missions and makes recommendations for preparing additional space scientists to lead. The addition of a Deputy Principal Investigator to proposal teams could reduce the burden on the Principal Investigator and provide an opportunity for additional scientists to gain mission leadership experience useful on future missions. The pool of mission-knowledgeable scientists could further be expanded to include scientists earlier in their careers via carefully managed Participating Scientist Programs. Adding Deputy Principal Investigators and Participating Scientist Programs to missions as a matter of course would reinforce effective management practices, open the field of proposers, and provide concrete ways to mentor the next generation of Principal Investigators.     

Discovering the basic strategic orientation of big space agencies

The aim of this paper is to identify the basic strategic orientations of some of the world's main space agencies. This study focuses on the Brazilian, French, European, Japanese, Indian and Russian agencies. Basic strategic orientations indicate the real space exploration objectives of large countries. This is useful because there are some ambiguous areas in the formal strategic documents published by these agencies. The results highlight the common objectives of the agencies studied, which is to have an important role in international political leadership even considering the specific objectives related to the economic and social contexts of the individual countries.