One method of controlling the motion of an aerospace vehicle during its long flight in the atmosphere

Based on the methods of the theory of optimum control of dynamic systems, as well as the methods of inverse problems of dynamics and the energy principle, a combined method is developed for control of the motion of a flying vehicle of the Aerospace plane type during the long flight in the atmosphere. The disturbed motion is considered under the conditions when there are constraints on the values of control actions and on functions of phase coordinates.     

Disturbance of the upper atmosphere after crash launch of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Proton</Emphasis> carrier rocket

The data of inclined sounding obtained on July 5, 1999 after explosion of the Proton carrier launcher in the upper atmosphere are discussed. A comparative analysis is performed of the detected disturbances with disturbances recorded during explosion of the Soyuz rocket in the middle atmosphere and with disturbances typical for the standard mode of the rocket flight.     

Features of rotational motion of a spacecraft descending in the Martian atmosphere

Angular motion at atmospheric entry is studied in the paper for a spacecraft with a bi-harmonic moment characteristic. Special attention is given to the case when the spacecraft possesses two stable balanced positions, and, hence, it can oscillate in dense atmospheric layers in the ranges of small or large angles of attack. The averaged equations of spacecraft motion are derived, which allow one to increase the speed of calculations by several orders of magnitude. A real example is presented, which concerns a spacecraft specially designed for descending in the Martian atmosphere.     

Statistical analysis of attitude motion of a light capsule entering the atmosphere

The laws of distribution of the space angle of attack are analyzed for a light descent capsule on the atmosphere’s conventional boundary and on the segment of motion in dense layers of the atmosphere until the moment of reaching the maximum velocity head. It is assumed that upon detachment from a base spacecraft the angular velocity components of the descent capsule represent independent random quantities distributed according to the normal law. The shape of the descent capsule is close to a body of revolution whose instantaneous aerodynamic characteristic has a sufficiently simple form (one stable and one unstable positions of static equilibrium). It is demonstrated that there is a possibility to approximate the distribution densities by well-known laws and by approximate functions constructed on the basis of simplified models. Evolution of the distribution laws at increasing mass-inertia asymmetry of the descent capsule is studied.     

Quaternion regularization in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics and trajectory motion control. I

Regularization problems in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are considered. The fundamental regular quaternion models of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are presented. It is shown that the efficiency of analytical investigation and numerical solution of boundary problems of optimal trajectory motion control of spacecraft may be increased using quaternion astrodynamics models. The regularization problem of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics that implies eliminating the feature, which arises in the equations of the two-body problem in case of impact of the second body with the central body, is considered in the first section of the paper. The quaternion method for regularizing the equations of the perturbed spatial two-body problem suggested by the author is presented; the method is compared with Kustaanheimo-Stiefel (KS) regularization. Demonstrative geometric and kinematic interpretations of regularizing transformations are provided. Regular quaternion equations for the two-body problem, which generalize the regular Kustaanheimo-Stiefel equations, as well as regular equations in quaternion osculating elements and quaternion regular equations for perturbed central motion of a material point, are considered. The papers on quaternion regularization in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are briefly analyzed.     

电磁发射技术的关键问题及其数值模拟

为了分析影响电磁发射性能关键技术问题,研究了电磁发射的相关因素,并进行了仿真分析.对当前提出的几类电磁发射技术进行总结,分析了其在高功率脉冲电源,电力调节控制,轨道、弹丸材料与结构以及抗烧蚀等方面的技术问题.讨论了轨道式发射装置的教学模型,并进行仿真.对发射效率、出口速度和发射精度等指标进行数据分析.结果表明,电源功率、轨道材料性能和电力调节控制方法是影响电磁发射性能的关键因素.     

运载火箭地面测发控设备研制中的“三化”设计

分析目前我国运载火箭地面测发控设备"三化"的现状,简介我国现有的运载火箭地面测发控"三化"标准,提出进一步开展运载火箭地面测发控设备"三化"工作的设想.     

水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭总体/动力/气动/轨道一体化设计与优化

综合考虑固体火箭发动机设计、带翼火箭气动外形设计、轨道设计和总体特性相互作用相互影响的情况下,建立了水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭总体／动力／气动／轨道一体化设计优化模型和系统分析模型。测试了系统分析软件,应用基于方向的遗传算法优选了某水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭28个设计参数。结果表明,计算结果与工程实际结果吻合较好,优化设计效果明显,优化所得火箭起飞质量是原方案的84．32％。     

火箭架线作业装置的设计与试验

介绍了火箭架线作业装置设计的总体方案、挂线部位选择、牵引绳放线方案、架线火箭的受力分析及弹道计算方法等内容。通过试验验证了设计方案和改进措施是可行的。     

A generalization of the rocket formula and its application to advanced space propulsion systems

A generalized rocket formula is derived from a first principles approach. The resulting expression of the thrust is applied to advanced space propulsion systems and a possible link between the asymptotic propellant velocity and the velocity at thruster exit is given. An estimation of the thrust modification due to spacecraft–plume interactions is also considered.     

Numerical solutions to exact equations of motion along near-optimal multi-orbit trajectories for a spacecraft in a Newtonian gravitational field

The actual topic of optimization of multi-orbit low-thrust spacecraft inter-orbital transfers is considered. We have developed an original approach to solving this problem, and it is described.     

Navigation of a space bunch under conditions of its rotary motion

The properties of a tethered space system (bunch) in the mode of rotational motion are used in determination of the parameters of the location and orientation of the end vehicles of the bunch by the method with the simplest possible instrumental implementation.     

正交设计遗传算法在固体火箭优化设计中的应用

提出了一种基于正交设计的遗传算法,给出了其在固体火箭优化设计中的一个应用实例。结果表明：对于固体火箭优化设计问题,该算法可有效减少搜索次数,加快收敛速度。     

Electrification of Polymer Films in Laboratory and under Space Conditions

A simplified theory of the electrification of polymer films, which permits estimation of the internal electric fields of films irradiated by monoenergetic electrons simulating real streams of plasma electrons during magnetic substorms at a geosynchronous orbit, is suggested. To determine the depth behavior of the forward current and the dosage rate in the irradiated polymer, numerical calculations are made by the Monte Carlo technique. The appearance of electrostatic discharges in thin (5 m) mylar films is shown to be very probable in the orbit's shadow sector under magnetic substorm conditions.     

Activation of the tail open part during the magnetospheric storm

In each polar cap (PC) we mark out “old PC” observed during quiet time before the event under consideration, and “new PC” that emerges during the substorm framing the old one and expanding the PC total area. Old and new PCs are the areas for the magnetosphere old and new tail lobes, respectively. The new lobe variable magnetic flux Ψ₁ is usually assumed to be active, i.e. it provides the electromagnetic energy flux (Poynting flux) ɛ′ transport from solar wind (SW) into the magnetosphere. The old lobe magnetic flux Ψ₂ is supposed to be passive, i.e. it remains constant during the disturbance and does not participate in the transporting process which would mean the old PC electric field absolute screening from the convection electric field created by the magnetopause reconnection. In fact, screening is observed, but far from absolute. We suggest a model of screening and determine its quantitative characteristics in the selected superstorm. The coefficient of a screening is the β = Ψ₂/Ψ₀₂, where Ψ₀₂ = const is open magnetic flux through the old PC measured prior to the substorm, and Ψ₂ is variable magnetic flux through the same area measured during the substorm. We consider three various regimes of disturbance. In each, the coefficient β decreased during the loading phase and increased at the unloading phase, but the rates and amplitudes of variations exhibited a strong dependence on the regime. We interpreted decrease in β as a result of involving the old PC magnetic flux Ψ₂, which was considered to be constant earlier, in the Poynting flux ɛ′ transport process from solar wind into the magnetosphere. Transport process weakening at the subsequent unloading phase creates increase in β. Estimates showed that coefficient β during each regime and the computed Poynting flux ɛ′ varied manifolds. In general, unlike the existing substorm conception, the new scenario describes an unknown earlier of tail lobe activation process during a substorm growth phase that effectively increases the accumulated tail energy for the expansion and recovery phases.     

Determination of the width of a corridor of re-entry into the atmosphere for the problem of launching a spacecraft into a circumplanetary orbit after braking in the atmosphere

A method of calculating the optimal trajectories of a spacecraft re-entry into the atmosphere is considered under the condition of minimization of a re-orbit burn at the apocenter of the segment of escape from the atmosphere and taking into account a constraint on the maximum overload.     

固体发动机药柱公路运输随机振动响应分析

应用有限元法对不同路面、不同车速条件下整弹运输时某火箭发动机的随机振动响应进行了分析,得到了药柱内应力响应的分布规律及最大应力所在部位,为进一步进行药柱的疲劳损伤分析提供了依据。     

某型固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室内流场仿真

基于简单反应的漩涡分裂模型,建立了固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室内的湍流燃烧模型,并在该模型下对某实验发动机进行了三维数值模拟,获得了补燃室内的流场结构。分析了补燃室燃烧效率的变化和发动机的性能,并研究了补燃室设计参数包括进气道出口设计参数对燃烧效率的影响。通过计算与分析,为固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室设计提供了一些建议。     

某端燃固体火箭发动机脱粘面临界尺寸的研究

建立了含脱粘面的某固体火箭发动机工作过程的数学模型,根据脱粘面不扩展条件下得到的发动机工作过程中压力变化仿真曲线,进行了装药应力应变场的三维粘弹性有限元计算,并采用J积分断裂判据,预估了在发动机工作过程中脱粘面可能发生扩展时的临界尺寸。     

Observations on the evolution of satellite launch volume and cyclicality in the space industry

Satellites have been rightly described as the lifeblood of the entire space industry and the number of satellites ordered or launched per year is an important defining metric of the industry's level of activity, such that trends and variability in this volume have significant strategic impact on the space industry. Over the past 40+ years, hundreds of satellites have been launched every year. Thus an important dataset is available for time series analysis and identification of trends and cycles in the various markets of the space industry. This article reports findings of a study for which we collected data on over 6000 satellites launched since 1960 on a yearly basis. We grouped the satellites into three broad categories – defense and intelligence, science, and commercial satellites – and identified and discussed the main trends and cyclical patterns for each of these. Institutional customers (defense and intelligence, and science) accounted for over two-thirds of all satellites launched within our time period (1960–2008), and, in the 1960s and 1970s, they accounted for 90% and 73.5%, respectively. A fair conclusion from this data is that the space industry was enabled by, and grew because of the institutional customers, not commercial market forces. However, when the launch data is examined more closely, a growing influence of the commercial sector is noticeable. Over the past two decades communication satellites accounted for roughly half of all launches, thus reflecting an important shift in the space industry in which the commercial sector is playing an equal role (on a launch volume basis) to that of the institutional market. Cyclical patterns in the satellite launch volume over the past decade are separately discussed before we sum up with a conclusion.