Investigation of Formation Process of the Chrome-free Passivation Film of Electrodeposited Zinc

The feasibility was investigated to substitute chrome-free passivation treatment of electrodeposited zinc in a titanium bath for chromate passivation treatment. The formation mechanism of the chrome-free passivation film was further analyzed. The surface mor- phologies and the elemental compositions of the treated samples with varied immersion times were observed by scanning electron mi- croscopy (SEM) and determined by energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The electrode potential of the sample surface was recorded in the film formation process. The changes of the electrode potential are in accordance with that of SEM and EDS of the sample surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the chrome-free passivation film composed of ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2, and SrF2. The anode zinc dissolution and the local pH value increase due to the cathode hydrogen ion reduction process result in the formation of the chrome-free passivation film. The macro-images of the chrome-free passivation films formed on electrodeposited zinc show that the color of the film changes from blue to iridescence with the increase of the immersion times.     

Improvement of Aircraft Rolling Power by Use of Piezoelectric Actuators

利用分布粘贴在矩形机翼上下两面的压电驱动器，验证了使用该类结构提高飞行器横滚能力的可能性。针对常规的副翼操纵面与虚拟操纵面(Fictitious Control Surface)两种方案，比较了在不同速压或不同刚度下两类方案的表现。分析结果表明二者有本质的差别：对于常规的副翼操纵方案，气动弹性效应是不利的，必须保证机翼具有足够的结构刚度以防止副翼反效问题；但对于虚拟操纵面方案，气动弹性效应是有利的，可以使用较小的能量控制较为柔软的机翼达到要求的横滚性能。计算结果显示，利用压电驱动器的方案可以大大减少结构重量。     

A Glimpse of Osaka

I wondered what Japan would be like before my first visit. The following is what I saw in Osaka after a day's tour.Osaka can be reached after two hours' flight. When the plane began to descend, I looked out from the window to see the blue sea water glittering under the sunshine. An artificial island stands along the coast, where an airport is located for planes to take off and land. It is Osaka, Japan's second largest city.Our visit, accompanied by Japanese friends, had a tight schedule.     

Wind tunnel investigation of different engine layouts of a blended-wing-body transport

A 2% scale, cruising version of a 450-seat class Blended-Wing-Body(BWB) transport was tested in the China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center’s FL-26 2.4-by-2.4-meter subsonic wind tunnel. The focus of the wind tunnel test was to investigate the aerodynamic performance of the latest BWB transport design, which would also aid in choosing a final engine arrangement in the three most potential engine integration layouts. The wind tunnel model can be tested with and without the nacelle and h...     

Experimental investigation of characteristics of instability evolution in a centrifugal compressor

The stable range of operation for the centrifugal compressor significantly influences the dynamic, economic, and environment-friendly characteristics of power systems. A deep understanding of the characteristics of instability evolution is necessary to improve the compressor stability. A centrifugal compressor equipped with a vaneless diffuser is experimentally investigated using highresponse static-pressure measurements. The results obtained indicate that three typical rotationalspeed ranges ex...     

Effects of Different Molten-salt on the Synthesis of Hexagonal Barium Ferrite

Hexagonal-plate BaFe12O19 nano-particles were prepared by combining the co-precipitation and molten-salt method. The effects of molten-salt NaCl on the products have been compared with those of KCl. The X-ray diffraction analysis, the environment scanning electron microscopy and the vibrating sample magnetometer were used to measure their characteristics. The results show that the mol- ten-salt KCl is helpful to obtain pure phase while the molten-salt NaCl will prompt the crystallinity of particles to increase. It is also found that, given the molten-salt of NaCl and that of KCl of the same quantity, the particles formed are also the same size. The size of particles slightly increases as the quantity of the salt increases. Moreover, the sample prepared under 200% NaCl salt system has magnetization of 71.5 emu/g.     

Effects of Different Molten-salt on the Synthesis of Hexagonal Barium Ferrite

Hexagonal-plate BaFe12O19 nano-particles were prepared by combining the co-precipitation and molten-salt method. The effects of molten-salt NaCl on the products have been compared with those of KCl. The X-ray diffraction analysis,the environment scanning electron microscopy and the vibrating sample magnetometer were used to measure their characteristics. The results show that the mol-ten-salt KCl is helpful to obtain pure phase while the molten-salt NaCl will prompt the crystallinity of particles to increase. It is also found that, given the molten-salt of NaCl and that of KCl of the same quantity, the particles formed are also the same size. The size of particles slightly increases as the quantity of the salt increases. Moreover, the sample prepared under 200% NaCl salt system has mag-netization of 71.5 emu/g.     

Effect of Sintering Conditions on Structure of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Powders

The structures of the Mn-Zn ferrites synthesized under different sintering conditions by the sol-gel method were investigated by the X-ray diffraction （XRD） and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with focus on two factors： the pre-sintering treatment and the calcining time. The results show that the sintering conditions have significant effects on the structures and the particle size of the Mn-Zn ferrites. Compared with the products without pre-sintering, those pre-sintered at 500℃ have a single phase and no diffraction peaks of Fe2O3 that could be found. The effects of the pre-sintering temperature on the structures of the ferrites were also studied. As a result, 500℃ proves to be the favorite in the pre-sintering treatment. The XRD patterns of the ferrites calcined at 1 200℃ for 6 h will present diffraction peaks of pure crystallization of spinel phase while those for 2 h or 4 h will show peaks of Fe2O3. The SEM also bears witness to well-grown grains of pure Mn-Zn ferrites if calcined for 6 hours.     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤I.鸟撞击试验研究(英文)

本文改进了叶片鸟撞击试验条件。对某型发动机风扇一级转子叶片进行了鸟撞击试验。通过对叶片的鸟撞击瞬态响应分析和撞击前后叶片叶型变化的分析,验证了风扇一级转子叶片的抗鸟撞击性能,为某型发动机风扇转子叶片的抗外物损伤设计提供了依据。     

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part Ⅰ: Experimental Study of Bird Impact

The conditions of experiment for bird impact to blades have been improved. The experiment of bird impact to the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is carried out. Through analyzing the transient state response of blades impacted by bird and the change of blade profile before and after the impact, the anti-bird impact performance of blades in the first fan rotor is verified. The basis of anti-foreign object damage design for the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is provided.     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤II.鸟撞击数值仿真(英文)

鸟撞击是飞行安全最严重的威胁之一。鸟撞击的后果非常危险,因而,在进入服役之前,飞机部件必须通过抗鸟撞认证。航空发动机风扇转子叶片是容易受到飞鸟撞击的飞机部件之一,在设计时必须考虑使航空发动机风扇转子叶片具有抗鸟撞击的能力,降低由于鸟撞击叶片而引起的飞行事故。采用接触冲击算法,对航空发动机风扇转子叶片进行了模拟鸟撞击数值仿真。针对风扇叶片具有阻尼凸台的特点,分析中建立了三叶片组计算模型。得到了对应试验测试点的模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线、叶片的位移和当量应力。比较了试验中和数值仿真中模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线,试验中测试点与数值仿真中对应点的变化基本相同。分析了叶片的变形过程、最大位移和最大当量应力。模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片数值仿真验证并补充了模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片试验结果。     

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part Ⅱ： Numerical Simulation of Bird Impact

Bird impact is one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. The consequences of bird impact can be severe and, therefore, the aircraft components have to be certified for a proven level of bird impact resistance before being put into service. The fan rotor blades of aeroengine are the components being easily impacted by birds. It is necessary to ensure that the fan rotor blades should have adequate resistance against the bird impact, to reduce the flying accidents caused by bird impacts. Using the contacting-impacting algorithm, the numerical simulation is carded out to simulate bird impact. A three-blade computational model is set up for the fan rotor blade having shrouds. The transient response curves of the points corresponding to measured points in experiments, displacements and equivalent stresses on the blades are obtained during the simulation. From the comparison of the transient response curves obtained from numerical simulation with that obtained from experiments, it can be found that the variations in measured points and the corresponding points of simulation are basically the same. The deforming process, the maximum displacements and the maximum equivalent stresses on blades are analyzed. The numerical simulation verifies and complements the experiment results.     

航空发动机风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真

为预估航空发动机风扇转子叶片受到冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,基于PAM-CRASH软件进行冰雹撞击风扇转子叶片仿真。采用SPH方法和带失效应变的弹塑性材料模型建立冰雹数值模型,模拟冰雹撞击铝合金平板过程,仿真结果与试验数据吻合较好。针对冰雹撞击旋转状态风扇转子叶片试验,建立3维风扇转子有限元模型,使用带失效模型的J-C本构模型定义叶片材料性能,采用该冰雹模型对试验过程进行仿真,获得的冰雹撞击过程和叶片损伤与试验结果基本相同,叶片凹陷深度误差小于10%。仿真与试验结果对比表明:风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真方法能够预估叶片被冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,可用于叶片抗冰雹撞击设计与评估。     

Aeroelastic simulation of the first 1.5-stage aeroengine fan at rotating stall

A massive parallel aeroelastic simulation platform has been built to investigate the first 1.5-stage fan of an aeroengine at rotating stall. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver and Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) solver are coupled directly by non-matching mesh interfaces. The unsteady rotor/stator interaction is solved by the Sliding Mesh Interface method. The original rotor blades are shrouded by the midspan shrouds. An unshrouded fan is also created to investigate the effects of the midspan shrouds. Both the shrouded fan and unshrouded fan have stable aeroelasticity at the designed state. At rotating stall, the stalled region rotates at 30% of the rotor speed on the absolute reference frame. The energy spectrum of the rotating stalled flow is measured quantitatively. It shows that the first two order excitations are much stronger than the higher order excitations. In the flow of rotating stall, the fifth backward travelling wave mode of shrouded fan is resonated by the fifth excitation of the rotational stalled flow because the rotational speed of the stalled region coincides with the modal rotational speed, while for the unshrouded fan, the first bending mode is resonated by the second excitation of the rotational stalled flow, forming two waves in the circumference of the annulus blades. At rotating stall, the vibration of the shrouded blades is still under control but the vibration of the unshrouded blades is diverged and out of control. A novel tool, i.e., resonance map, is proposed to predict the resonance. It provides a perspective to explain the effects of midspan shrouds at a theoretical level, and it would also be helpful in the structural design of blades.     

航空发动机叶片外物损伤研究现状

 全面地介绍了航空发动机叶片外物损伤研究的现状。叶片鸟撞击损伤是一种软物损伤。从鸟撞击叶片过程的理论研究、计算研究和试验研究三个方面进行了详细地介绍。叶片冰撞击损伤既可能是软物损伤又可能是硬物损伤。叶片冰损伤的研究文献较少，对此进行了简要地介绍。叶片硬物损伤包括金属块、石块和冰块三种形式。对叶片硬物损伤研究的各个方面，包括叶片硬物损伤的形成、叶片硬物损伤后的疲劳强度、叶片由于硬物损伤而产生微裂纹和微裂纹增长等，进行了详细地介绍。最后，提出了国内进行叶片外物损伤的研究方向。     

采用流固耦合方法的整级叶片鸟撞击数值模拟

利用MSC.DYTRAN软件建立了鸟撞航空发动机叶片转子级瞬态动力学有限元模型,采用流固耦合算法,模拟受气动和离心载荷作用并稳定旋转的发动机转子叶片,遭受不同鸟体撞击的瞬态响应过程.计算结果表明:鸟体撞击会使叶片产生巨大的瞬时冲击应力;鸟体速度、密度和尺寸的增加,将迅速增加叶片的冲击应力峰值,当叶片硬化和变形能力达到充分发展后,冲击应力峰值的增加速度会变慢;同时,叶片材料静态硬化模量的增加也会提高冲击应力峰值,而静态屈服强度的增加则会减小冲击峰的作用时间.最后还进一步模拟了鸟撞使叶片发生失效破坏的过程.      

高性能航空发动机先进风扇和压气机叶片综述

详细介绍了国外高性能航空发动机先进的风扇和压气机叶片的特点、发展和应用。所介绍的叶片,包括掠形转子叶片、弓形静子叶片、吹吸叶片、分流小叶片、空心叶片和复合材料叶片。     

航空发动机叶片的激光冲击强化研究

简述了当前航空发动机叶片在使用过程中存在的问题和国内外激光冲击强化技术在航空领域中的发展情况。研究了激光冲击强化在某型发动机叶片强化中的应用,总结了激光冲击强化技术与传统强化工艺相比所具有的优势。实验证明冲击强化在航空发动机叶片维修应用是可行性的。