低排放航空燃气轮机燃烧技术

对于干式低排放燃烧技术,富油急冷贫油燃烧室、贫油预混预蒸发燃烧室、贫油直喷燃烧室是最值得关注的概念,同时这些燃烧概念通常也需要与分级概念结合使用。本文针对当前较受关注的低排放燃烧技术,对其能力、限制和发展做一个简要而全面的介绍。     

民用航空发动机低排放燃烧室技术发展现状及水平

为了从科学和技术的角度展望民用航空发动机低排放燃烧室技术的发展方向,基于污染物生成机理及控制原理阐述了富油和贫油燃烧的污染排放控制方法,回顾了富油-焠熄-贫油燃烧（RQL）、贫油预混预蒸发燃烧（LPP）和贫油直接喷射燃烧（LDI）3种低污染燃烧技术的发展现状,并分析了新一代民用航空低排放燃烧室技术目前所达到的低污染排放水平。采用贫油燃烧技术的双环预混旋流器燃烧室（TAPS）已经应用于型号并取证,其NO_x排放比CAEP/6（Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection/6）标准低50.0%~65.8%,达到了超低排放水平,证明了贫油燃烧的发展潜力。要实现NO_x排放比CAEP/6低75.0%以上的超超低排放目标,需要利用燃烧数值模拟和光学诊断等先进工具,对燃烧室内喷雾、混合、流动、燃烧及它们之间的非定常相互作用开展更深入的研究。     

低排放燃烧室单头部和全环试验及排放预测研究

为了研究中心分级贫油低排放燃烧室的排放特性,在单头部和全环燃烧室试验件上测量了一种低排放头部方案的排放性能,研究了排放预测方法。试验结果表明：单头部和全环的UHC和NOx接近,而CO差异较大,原因是CO受边界影响较大;CO和UHC主要与最高燃烧温度相关;当仅预燃级供油时,NOx主要受最高燃烧温度控制,而当预燃级和主燃级同时供油时,NOx主要受燃烧区平均温度和分级比控制。采用经验方法研究了排放预测方法,结果表明：单头部和全环预测结果与试验结果均符合较好;采用单头部预测公式预测全环排放时,CO和NOx预测偏差较大,而UHC预测效果较好,CO偏差大是边界的影响导致,NOx偏差大是全环试验油气比和分级比范围超出单头部试验范围导致。     

贫油预混预蒸发燃烧室排放试验研究

提出一种采用直接喷射和部分预混预蒸发(DIPME)混合燃烧技术的中心分级燃烧室,这种DIPME燃烧室具有低工况稳定燃烧,高工况低NOx排放的特征。对采用该燃烧技术的单头部DIPME燃烧室进行LTO循环4个工况(慢车、返场、爬升和起飞)试验研究。研究结果表明:除慢车工况的燃烧效率接近0.99外,其余工况的燃烧效率均大于0.995;在LTO循环内DIPME燃烧室的CO,UHC和NOx排放均满足CAEP/6排放标准,其中NOx比CAEP/6低60.8%;同采用富油燃烧技术的燃烧室相比,采用该技术的DIPME燃烧室在降低CO和UHC排放上并没有什么优势,但在降低NOx排放上潜力巨大。     

民用航空发动机低排放燃烧室技术

导读:国际上对民用航空运输污染排放的限制标准越来越严格,燃烧室作为民用航空发动机污染排放的唯一来源,降低污染排放物的生成量是燃烧室研制面临的重要任务,低排放燃烧技术作为民用航空发动机的关键技术之一,是支撑民用航空发动机研制和进入市场的核心技术.本文简述了民用航空发动机污染排放标准的发展趋势、污染物的生成机理和控制、先进低排放燃烧室技术和未来超低排放燃烧技术发展方向.     

同心圆式主副模分区燃烧组织燃烧室数值研究

针对新一代高温升燃烧室燃烧组织问题,提出了一种满足高温升燃烧室要求的方案,设计了先进的发散小孔冷却结构和同心圆式主副模分区的头部燃烧组织,采用稳态的压力求解器结合非预混PDF模型,对慢车和设计两个工况进行数值研究。通过数值计算获得了燃烧室速度场和温度场分布特性,结果显示了良好的分区供油分区燃烧组织特性。     

航空煤油HiTAC燃烧特性的数值分析

采用合理的气-雾两相流流动、混合、燃烧、传热和NOx生成数学模型,对模型燃烧室内航空煤油的高温空气燃烧（HiTAC）特性进行了CFD数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明：通过合理组织燃烧,能使航空煤油实现HiTAC燃烧特性。燃烧室内温度梯度明显降低;燃烧温度场趋于均匀;有效降低污染物NOx的排放。计算结果与相同条件下的重油HiTAC燃烧试验结果有相同规律。     

湍流燃烧模型在航空发动机喷雾燃烧中的应用

使用自主开发的计算软件,数值模拟航空发动机旋流杯环形燃烧室三维湍流煤油两相燃烧过程,采用多维经验分析法与多步反应火焰面模型预测旋流杯环形燃烧室污染物排放,对4种湍流燃烧模型预测喷雾燃烧流场与污染物排放能力进行评估.各模型所得的计算值与试验数据较为相符,表明这些模型都可用来预测旋流杯环形燃烧室两相燃烧流场和污染物排放能力,但是不同模型的计算精度不相同.其中多步反应火焰面模型所得的出口温度分布与污染物排放与试验结果最接近,其预测精度高于其他模型.因此合理选择湍流燃烧模型可以提高计算准确性和可靠性.      

富油/焠熄/贫油(RQL)燃烧室燃烧和排放特性的实验研究

针对燃气轮机低排放燃烧室的研究,设计了以甲烷为燃料采用预混燃烧的富油/焠熄/贫油(RQL)模型燃烧室。通过对RQL模型燃烧室内轴向温度和组分浓度分布,燃烧室出口温度分布及排放进行实验研究,分析了焠熄与主流空气流量之比,富油区当量比对燃烧性能和排放特性的影响规律。结果表明:典型RQL燃烧方式下富油区火焰颜色较暗,贫油区火焰为淡蓝色,燃烧室内轴线方向温度呈M型分布,NO_x主要在焠熄区生成。CO,UHC和O_2浓度在经历焠熄区时发生突变;出口NO_x和CO排放都较低。保持头部当量比不变,随着焠熄与主流空气流量比的增加,燃烧室出口平均温度下降,NO_x排放下降,CO排放上升。保持焠熄与主流空气流量比不变,富油区当量比小于1.4时,不能再实现RQL燃烧模式。     

R0110重型燃气轮机分级燃烧室NOx排放试验研究

R0110重型燃气轮机是中国第1台具有自主知识产权的重型燃气轮机,其燃烧室按照干式低排放（Dry Low NOx,DLN）原理设计,采用燃料径向分级的燃烧技术.燃烧室设计包括2种分级燃烧模式,第Ⅰ模式为常规燃烧模式,第Ⅱ模式主要是针对NOx排放问题而设计的.2种燃烧模式试验研究结果表明：第Ⅱ模式较第Ⅰ模式在污染物排放方面有显著降低,但2种模式均未满足设计要求.通过对试验结果做简要的阐述及分析,提出可采取调整各燃烧区的燃料分配比例、改进燃烧室结构等措施和建议,以进一步改善燃烧室NOx排放特性.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.