对气液二相流音速的进一步研究

测量小药量电雷管爆炸压力波的传播速度,再修正到音速。结果表明:气液二相流音速比单相液体或空气介质低得多,流动机构对音速变化有显著影响。对低气泡率泡状流,音速与均匀流模型导出的结论相一致。随气泡率增加,流动机构改变时,音速值变化很大。     

一种可用于声衬优化设计的管道声传播有限元模型

以航空发动机消声短舱声学设计为目标, 发展了一种管道声传播有限元模型, 它包含了壁面声阻抗、管道截面积和形状变化、以及管内非均匀流动等典型影响因素.应用该模型针对一种真实的高速转子声源进行了管道消声的数值模拟, 不仅得到了细致的管内声场分布情况, 更利用其快速的特点完成了声衬声阻抗的优化计算.结果表明该模型具有工程应用价值.      

切向流条件下短舱单/双自由度声衬实验

使用声学流管实验台对一件双自由度（DDOF）声衬和一件单自由度（SDOF）声衬的声学特性进行对比测试。在最大0.26Ma切向流速和管道的截止频率之下,采用直接提取法SFM测得声衬的无量纲声阻抗,同时使用双传声器分解驻波法计算声衬安装段管道的传声损失（TL）和吸声系数等,基于声能量理论的传声损失可直观地展示两件被测声衬的吸声性能差异。结果表明在流管声学实验台上,相较于单自由度声衬,双自由度声衬能够有效拓宽声衬的吸声频带,同时共振频率处的传声损失不如单自由度声衬,切向流也会明显改变声衬的共振频率、弱化吸声能力。基于声能量的传声损失和吸声系数也为无等效阻抗的非均匀结构声衬提供了一种声学性能评估方法。     

快速声散射方法在变截面管道中的应用

 快速声散射方法(FSM)是一种基于无流动Helmholtz方程边值问题的声散射预测工具,具有快速、灵活的特点.以航空发动机消声短舱的声学设计为背景,用该方法对变截面管道声传播特性进行数值模拟研究,用直接边界元方法(DBEM)进行数值求解,避免了求解管口反射系数,有效地提高了计算速度.数值研究了刚性壁面和不同位置壁面声衬组合对变截面圆环管道形状声传播的影响,并分析了管道厚度对散射声场的影响,数值结果与声类比方法结果进行了相互验证.最后,还对一种真实转子声源进行了管道声散射的数值研究,结果表明本方法在航空发动机声学设计中具有工程应用价值.     

剪切流圆管物理参量对声衰减量的影响

应用模态分析方法建立了均匀流和剪切流条件下,发动机多段声衬圆形管道声传播工程计算模型,围绕各种物理参量如平均流Ｍａｃｈ数、附面层厚度和声衬腔深、声阻、面板特征频率、管长等对管内噪声衰减量的影响进行了算例计算,并与有关文献实验测量结果进行了验证对比,从而为发动机前短舱管内声传播研究提供了一种比较完整的模态分析工程预测方法。     

扰动来流下声控机翼分离流动的研究

本文介绍在扰动来流下声控机翼流动的试验装置、低速大攻角时的声控效果以及附面层中流动参数的变化规律,并由此得出：随着来流湍流度的增加,因声激励而产生的附面层中大尺度有序结构涡（ＬＳＯＳＶ）的脉动速度幅值Ｖｌ、湍流度增量ｕ′ａ／Ｕ∞以及升力系数增益△ＣＬ均将迅速减小,而激励声压级有效阈值ＳＰＬｅｆｆ则随之逐渐增大。周期性脉动来流在沿机翼附面层流动中急剧衰减,并对机翼分离流动（包括有或无声控）基本上没有什么影响。     

均匀来流下声控机翼分离流动机理研究

介绍均匀来流下声控机翼流动的试验装置、低速大攻角下的声控效果、特征参数的影响,以及附面层中流动参数的变化。文章清楚地展示出声控机翼分离流动的机理。      

Continuous Detonation Engine and Effects of Different Types of Nozzle on Its Propulsion Performance

 The rotating propagation of a continuous detonation engine (CDE) with different types of nozzles is investigated in three-dimensional numerical simulation using a one-step chemical reaction model. Flux terms are solved by the so-called monotonicity-preserving weighted essentially non-oscillatory (MPWENO) scheme. The simulated flow field agrees well with the previous experimental results. Once the initial transient effects die down, the detonation wave maintains continuous oscil-latory propagation in the annular chamber as long as fuel is continuously injected. Using a numerical flow field, the propulsion performance of a CDE is computed for four types of nozzles, namely the constant-area nozzle, Laval nozzle, diverging nozzle and converging nozzle. The gross specific impulse of the CDE ranges 1 540-1 750 s and the mass flux per square meter ranges 313-330 kg/(m2&;#8226;s) for different nozzles. Among these four types of nozzles, Laval nozzle performs the best, and these parame-ters are 1 800 N, 1 750 s and 313 kg/(m2&;#8226;s). A nozzle can greatly improve the propulsion performance.     

非紧致气动噪声半空间传播基本解的边界积分方法

为了获得低马赫数流动诱发的非紧致气动噪声在半空间内传播的基本解,结合复等效源方法和边界元方法建立了半空间精确格林函数的边界积分方程,当半空间边界为刚度型阻抗边界时可避免奇异性积分.同时基于等效源方法提出一种半空间二维非紧致圆柱声散射模型,推导了静止介质中声散射基本解的理论表达式.对静止介质中的二维圆柱声散射,数值解在研...     

基于流管试验的管道声传播预测

通过平板声衬流管试验,测试了管道内无流动和有流动下不同入射声波频率的管道壁面复声压,并基于试验模型与数据分别开展了二维和三维管道声传播预测,将试验测量结果与预测结果进行了对比。结果表明:二维和三维的预测结果非常吻合,尤其是在无流动条件下;在不同流动条件和不同频率下,声传播预测给出了与试验数据较为吻合的结果,壁面声压级的趋势与试验结果一致,基本验证了管道声传播预测模型的准确性;对比不同流动条件和频率点,有流动下预测的壁面声压级的误差比无流动更大,低频下预测的壁面声压级的误差比高频更大。      

喷嘴间距对贫油熄火特性和流场结构的影响

为深入认识喷嘴间距对燃气轮机燃烧室贫油熄火和气动性能的影响,基于典型的双旋流扩散燃烧喷嘴设计了喷嘴位置连续变化可调的双头部模型燃烧室。实验测量了不同初始当量比条件下喷嘴间的最大传焰距离,分析了火焰传播的动态过程;此外还研究了喷嘴间距对贫油熄火当量比、反应流场和方均根速度场的影响。实验结果表明:当量比每增加0.1,无量纲最大联焰间距增大0.2左右,并且喷嘴间的联焰过程大致可分为四个阶段;单喷嘴的贫油熄火当量比大于任意喷嘴间距下双喷嘴的贫油熄火当量比;随着喷嘴间距的减小,贫油熄火当量比先减小后增大;另外,喷嘴间距减小导致射流合并,气流径向速度抵消变小,中心射流速度峰值增大以及回流区尺寸缩小;随着喷嘴彼此靠近,喷嘴间的方均根速度变大,分布区域变广。      

基于Mohring声类比的开式转子发动机噪声分析

为了系统地研究非均匀流场中开式转子的噪声特性,运用计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算气动声学(CAA)无限元法相结合的方法,对开式转子的频域噪声做了数值预测。通过采用基于可压缩修正的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型对非均匀流场中开式转子气动特性进行分析,运用声学无限元方法,引入平均流场并将其插值到声学网格作为背景流场,对转子噪声和噪声传播进行数值模拟,并对特征点做频域分析。由噪声分布云图和远场特征点频谱曲线分析得出:非均匀流场中开式转子发动机的峰值辐射噪声主要集中于低频范围,噪声最大值为142dB,峰值噪声频率为115Hz,随着频率增加,交替出现多个局部峰值声压,噪声衰减速度减小。为下一代开式转子发动机噪声预测提供一种方法。      

High Fidelity Simulation of Turbulent Jet and Identification of Acoustic Sources

A turbulent round jet at the Reynolds number of 7,290 is simulated by direct numerical simulation to study jet noise source and its propagation. A large domain of 60 diameters in the axial direction, 30 diameters in the radial direction, and full 360 degrees is chosen to minimize the effect of boundary conditions. The spatial statistics of the simulated flow and the peak amplitude of acoustic radiation at 45 degree angle agree well with existing literature, confirming the quality of the data. Motivated by Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation, acoustic source terms for the far field sound propagation were identified both in the time and the frequency domains. The spectra at three respective locations of the potential core, the shear layer, and the ambient indicate that the fluctuation magnitudes are highest in the shear layer, followed by the potential core and the ambient. The turbulent characteristics are isotropic in the potential core and the shear layer, and the ambient exhibits an intermittent behavior.     

Computational approach for investigation of thrust and acoustic performances of present-day nozzles

A computational viewpoint on the problems of design and numerical simulation for the nozzles of modern aircraft turbofan engines is presented. Modern concepts of noise-suppressing nozzles for civil aircraft are reviewed. Examples of application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to the analysis of nozzle flow structure and assessment of nozzle thrust characteristics are given. Errors of turbulence models in simulation of jets are analyzed. The authors’ experience in simulation of noise-suppressing nozzles for supersonic civil aircrafts is demonstrated. Insufficient accuracy of acoustic analogies for this class of tasks is shown, but a possible area of acoustic analogies application is noted. The essential elements of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach and numerical methods characteristic of CAA are reviewed. Numerical methodology for the simulation of nozzle acoustic performance is described in detail, including methods for simulation of near and far field of a nozzle, for generation of input perturbations and for the processing the far-field noise. Results of verification and methodical analysis of this acoustic methodology are presented.     

基于有限元/边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射模型

发展了一种基于有限元和边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射计算模型.该模型将整个声场分为内部有限域和外部无界域,分别用有限元和边界元方法求解控制方程,在两者之间的界面上使用具有物理意义的声阻抗参数进行匹配,并通过一种快速迭代方法实现全声场求解.这种迭代方法可以保证有限元刚度矩阵等带宽以及对称的特性不被破坏,有助于提高计算效率.该模型先得到了Levine-Schwinger标准解的检验,进而在无流动情况下对于简化的航发短舱进口管道模型进行了噪声辐射现象的数值模拟,最后基于计算结果分析了声衬对远场声辐射的影响.      

Physical model for acoustic resonance in annular cavity structure

A physical model for acoustic resonance in the annular cavity structure is developed to represent the typical characteristic when acoustic resonance occurs. Firstly, the measurement of sound pressure in the casing and rotor blades vibration is operated in a multistage high pressure compressor. The sharp peak frequency and discrete multi-tone occur in the frequency spectrum of sound pressure in the compressor, and the vibration of the first stage of rotor blades synchronously presents the high amplitude. The frequencies associated with rotor blades vibration can be calculated with rotating sound source theory. It is also confirmed that acoustic resonance occurs in the multistage compressor. With acoustic similarity principle, an annular cavity model is established to simulate the typical characteristics of acoustic resonance in the compressor based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Lighthill acoustic analogy. The coupling relationship between cavity acoustic mode and disc vibration mode shape is expounded when acoustic resonance occurs in the model. And acoustic resonance will be locked in the certain flow rate range. All these characteristics match well with those occur in the multistage high pressure compressor.     

离心风扇非定常气动力和气动噪声特性数值研究

将Lighthill方程转变为频域Helmholtz弱积分形式并采用Galerkin方法离散.基于声学有限元方法考虑声波在复杂固壁(叶轮和蜗壳)内的散射和反射等作用,利用Ffowcs Williams-Hawking(FW-H)方程耦合非定常流场计算结果数值预测了某离心风扇的噪声辐射,流场计算结果和蜗壳壁面动态压力测量结果在基频上吻合较好.结果表明:基频压力脉动分量在噪声源特性中占据主导地位且靠近叶轮前盖板对应位置的蜗舌区域(叶轮出口宽度范围内)是最主要的噪声源区域;声学有限元方法和实验吻合较好,复杂固壁对声传播影响不容忽略.叶轮出口不稳定气流对蜗壳周期性冲击引起的转/静干涉噪声远大于叶片偶极子源噪声是离心风扇最主要的噪声辐射分量且噪声主要从风扇管道出口方向传播.      

基于全欧拉方程的二维平行剪切层声波产生和辐射的数值模拟

本文基于全欧拉方程对二维平行剪切层声波的产生和辐射进行了计算气动声学数值模拟。空间离散采用了频散相关保持有限差分格式,时间积分采用了低频散低耗散的龙格库塔法。数值模拟结果表明,当声源强度较小时,基于全欧拉方程的计算结果与解析解及基于线化欧拉方程的计算结果均符合得很好,当声源强度较大时(约140dB),线化欧拉与全欧拉的计算结果有较大的偏差,这说明此时非线性的影响不可忽略,线化方程不再适用。      

基于基尔霍夫面的四维声学频域公式

流动诱发噪声问题是实际工程领域极为普遍的问题之一,经典的声比拟模型仅以声学压力为参考来评估声场特征分布还远远不够。从声压和声学速度矢量为变量的四维线性波动方程出发,选择包围非线性声源的基尔霍夫面为积分面,并结合对流格林函数,给出均匀运动介质的四维声学频域积分公式;针对静止、旋转单极子源和偶极子源开展数值预测研究。结果表明：本文获得的声压和声学速度分布与解析解吻合,均匀来流情形下静止点源的声场分布表现出典型的对流效应;受均匀来流、点源的自激频率、谐波阶次和旋转频率的共同影响,旋转点源的声场分布则表现出明显的多普勒效应和对流效应。本文对均匀流矢量气动噪声开展的精细化研究能够为声能量的评估和传输路径预测提供技术支撑,进一步为降噪研究提供理论依据。     

Prediction of noise radiation from basic configurations of landing gears by means of computational aeroacoustics

Noise radiation from aircraft during the takeoff and landing has become a major issue for inhabitants living in the vicinity of airports and thus for regulation authorities and aircraft developers. However the numerical simulation of aeroacoustic noise, especially for complex geometries like a landing gear, remains one of the most difficult challenges in aeroacoustics. The present study, aiming at predicting noise radiation from basic geometries as well as the noise radiation of a simplified landing gear, employs a hybrid approach that combines a CFD simulation with the decoupled computational aeroacoustics (CAA) simulation. Flow-induced noise is assumed to originate from turbulence. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with different closure approaches can be employed to gain the required turbulent quantities. Subsequently, quantities as the mean flow velocities, pressure, density, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate of the CFD simulation are the starting point for the generation of the transient acoustic sources by the stochastic noise generation and radiation (SNGR) method. It is assumed that the acoustic phenomena do not provide feedback to the mean flow field and turbulence and thus a recalculation of the flow field is not required. Since the propagation of sound is insignificantly influenced by turbulent and viscous effects, it can be described by the Euler equations in the near field. The CAA simulation is extended with a Ffowcs Williams Hawkings (FWH) module that calculates the noise levels in the far field upon integrating the surface source terms on a porous FWH surface within the CAA domain. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data, obtained by measurements in an acoustic wind tunnel.