双视线测量相对导航方法误差分析与编队设计

空间非合作目标的相对导航是在轨维护和近距离监视任务中的关键技术,目前的研究表明仅有视线测量条件下中距离相对导航沿距离方向的观测度较差,而基于双视线测量的相对导航方法可以有效解决该问题。为此,研究了两个追踪航天器所组成的编队,在双视线测量条件下进行自主相对导航的方法。首先,详细地介绍了双视线测量相对导航方案的构成以及具体的导航算法;其次,根据两个追踪航天器与目标航天器的几何构型,推导双视线测量方法中的误差传递规律,并分析其中的影响因素;然后,对两个追踪航天器的编队构型进行设计,并分析编队构型对该方法导航性能的影响;最后,通过数值仿真对上述相关的结论进行验证。     

航天器自组网技术实践与展望

空间自组网技术的研究对提升航天器编队空间拓扑适应能力、星间链路可靠性和卫星网络故障容错能力具有重要的意义。随着航天任务对星群规模和多星协同能力的要求越来越高,科研工作者对航天器自组网技术进行了深入研究,并取得了显著成果。主要梳理了航天器组网任务的拓扑构型、链路特点、轨道构型,分析了航天器组网的特点与发展趋势。同时介绍了应用于航天器自组网领域的基于节点拓扑规划的时频同步测量技术、网络多域信息主动认知的组网路由技术、基于相控阵捷变波束指向的自组网通信技术等。最后,思考总结了一些开放性问题及其发展趋势,可为后续从事该方面的研究人员提供参考和借鉴。     

空间激光通信进展及在天基网中应用构想

在分析国内外空间激光通信技术研究进展和试验验证的基础上,按照"全球覆盖、重点支持、便于组网、便于管理"的原则,重点对未来激光链路卫星星座构型进行研究,提出了基于已有轨位的4节点GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit,地球静止轨道)星座、基于已有轨位的6节点GEO星座以及激光/微波卫星共存下空间激光宽带网络发展构想;采用高效资源分配算法和智能化运行管理系统,支持我国数百个航天器、非航天器的在线管理和高速数据传输服务,可以满足我国天基平台和全球骨干节点的高速数据传输需求。通过分析论证,提出构建我国的空间激光宽带网络,需要在超长距离激光通信技术、激光链路自主建立技术、星地激光大气效应研究、空间激光宽带网络协议、卫星星座智能管理技术等关键技术和重点研究方向上集智攻关,取得突破性进展,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

航天器悬停构型设计与控制方法

为满足航天器在轨服务任务对悬停技术的需求,对航天器悬停构型的设计与控制问题进行了研究。通过任务航天器轨道设计得出目标航天器与任务航天器的绝对轨道关系,并用以说明悬停轨道的形成机理。结合任务航天器相对于目标航天器的相对轨迹,采用具有严格定义的相对轨道要素,对悬停轨道在目标航天器轨道平面内和平面外的构型进行描述。对"间隔式"的悬停构型脉冲控制策略进行推导,以实现任务航天器在目标航天器任意位置的长期悬停,并在此基础上分析悬停构型变化对速度脉冲的影响。最后,通过典型仿真算例验证所提方法与结果的正确性和有效性,并获得任务航天器在不同悬停轨道间转移的实现过程。研究结果完善了航天器悬停轨道的设计与控制方法,并说明了设计的悬停轨道具有可行性,能够为工程任务设计人员提供参考。     

MIL—STD—1750A作为航天器指令系统结构

本研究根据空军航天部计划,对应用在嵌入式航天器用途上的计算机,探讨一些有关建立指令系统结构(ISA)标准的问题。具体论述范围包括:(1)航天部(SD)要求和 ISA 折衷;(2)军用标准与商用航天器 ISA_S 的比较;(3)LSI 工具研究;(4)LSI 成本研究。MIL—STD—1750AISA就现在和近期的航天部计划,论述了在机上的处理要求和许多有关远期计划的要求.其他机构提出的研究计划,一旦成功实现,空间限定的1750A 计算机的研究,就是个成本非常适中,担冒风险很少的计划了。     

一种基于多层1553B总线及CCSDS的载人航天器空间数据系统设计

针对未来载人航天器种类、规模及功能多样化的特点,尤其是多航天器构建的复杂大型载人航天器,对现有载人航天器空间数据系统的通用性、可扩展性、兼容性进行分析,提出了1种基于多层1553B总线的多构型、高可靠、可重构、大负载的空间数据系统器载网络架构和1种基于CCSDS的载人航天器空间数据系统协议体系架构.器载网络和协议体系架...     

带有空间机械臂的航天器系统惯性参数辨识

针对航天器惯性参数在轨辨识问题,文章以空间机械臂为研究对象,建立了带有空间机械臂的航天器系统动力学模型,并进行了空间机械臂的动力学分析。通过规划一种复杂的空间机械臂的运动轨迹,对机械臂各关节施加合适激励的方法,使空间机械臂做充分可变构型运动。该运动会改变航天器系统的惯性分布,从而引起航天器系统速度变化。然后,通过ADAMS(Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems,机械系统动力学自动分析)软件建模测量这些速度变化,计算出空间机械臂的惯性变化,进而基于动量和动量距守恒的方法建立线性回归方程。最后,通过应用递推最小二乘法解线性回归方程组,辨识出了航天器的惯性参数。仿真分析结果表明了所辨识的航天器惯性参数的有效性和准确性。     

空间机器人抓捕目标后姿态接管控制

针对姿轨控系统已经失效的目标航天器姿态控制问题,提出一种空间机器人抓捕目标后姿态接管控制方法。该方法首先利用空间机器人抓捕目标航天器,并保持在固定构型形成组合航天器;其次确定参数突变后组合航天器新的惯量主轴、主惯量和控制力矩分配矩阵;然后在状态空间建立组合航天器的非线性误差姿态动力学;最后采用-α稳定度设计方法来设计服务航天器的SDRE姿态接管控制器,并通过θ-D求解方法得到SDRE控制器的次最优控制律,实现服务航天器对目标航天器的姿态接管控制。仿真结果表明,相比传统的SDRE控制器设计,基于-α稳定度设计的SDRE控制器能够使得系统闭环极点远离虚轴,θ-D求解方法可以降低计算量,因此具有更好的稳定性和实时性。     

基于轨道可达域的机动航天器接近威胁规避方法

面对日益复杂的空间安全形势,基于轨道机动可达域分析提出了机动航天器接近威胁计算、评估和规避方法。首先,基于可达性判据给出机动能力受限的航天器单脉冲轨道机动可达域求解方法。其次,通过判断在轨航天器自身轨道与来袭航天器机动可达域间的位置关系计算其位于威胁域内的区段,进而得到轨道危险区。再次,基于两航天器进出危险区的时间定义了威胁评价指标,从空间和时间的窗口匹配性角度分别评估在轨航天器受来袭航天器的威胁程度。最后,给出了基于最小化危险区的航天器最优多脉冲接近威胁规避策略,对比了多个脉冲方案结果。仿真结果表明,在轨航天器能够在满足给定约束条件下实现对危险区的机动避让,并以最小燃料消耗回归正常运行轨道。     

月球及深空航天器甚长基线干涉测角精度协方差分析

基于测量基线柱坐标推导了深空航天器赤经、赤纬的信息阵和协方差矩阵,定量计算了干涉延迟测量精度、航天器赤纬及基线几何构型对月球航天器赤经赤纬测量精度的数值关系。根据计算结果,分析了三种因素对确定航天器角误差的影响。提出了基线组合赤经、赤纬精度因子的概念,重点分析了基线几何构型对确定航天器角位置的影响。在航天器视向距离无误差的条件下,推导了航天器三维定位误差与测角误差的协方差矩阵,定量计算了不同干涉延迟精度下月球航天器的三维定位误差。计算及分析结果对于我国未来月球及深空任务的测控分析支持具有重要参考价值。     

Pattern control for large-scale spacecraft swarms in elliptic orbits via density fields

Space swarms, enabled by the miniaturization of spacecraft, have the potential capability to lower costs, increase efficiencies, and broaden the horizons of space missions. The formation control problem of large-scale spacecraft swarms flying around an elliptic orbit is considered. The objective is to drive the entire formation to produce a specified spatial pattern. The relative motion between agents becomes complicated as the number of agents increases. Hence, a density-based method is adopted...     

Near Optimal Ground Support in Multi-Spacecraft Missions: A GA Model and its Results

This study addresses the optimal allotment of ground station support time to low Earth orbit (LEO) spacecraft with clashing radio visibilities. LEOs now form a critical global infrastructure for natural resource management, rescue, crop yield estimation, flood control, communication, and space research and travel support. In the multi-spacecraft scenario, ground support becomes complex because of spacecraft-specific constraints, station configuration, spacecraft priorities and priorities of payload and special operations. A generalization of the classical product mix problem, spacecraft support is NP-complete and more complex than the former because of arbitrarily defined profitability profile. Genetic algorithms (GA) are used to near optimally resolve visibility clashes. It concludes with the illustration of real life spacecraft support optimization problems routinely faced by mission managers. A spin-off of this work is that it can enable the decision maker to also determine optimal ground station locations and support capability deployment in diverse planning scenarios.     

Confluence of navigation, communication, and control in distributedspacecraft systems

This research details the development of technologies and methodologies that enable distributed spacecraft systems by supporting integrated navigation, communication, and control. Operating at the confluence of these critical functions produces capabilities needed to realize the promise of distributed spacecraft systems, including improved performance and robustness relative to monolithic space systems. Navigation supports science data association and data alignment for distributed aperture sensing, multipoint observation, and co-observation of target regions. Communication enables autonomous distributed science data processing and information exchange among space assets. Both navigation and communication provide essential input to control methods for coordinating distributed autonomous assets at the interspacecraft system level and the intraspacecraft affector subsystem level. A technology solution to implement these capabilities, the Crosslink Transceiver, is also described. The Crosslink Transceiver provides navigation and communication capability that can be integrated into a developing autonomous command and control methodology for distributed spacecraft systems. A small satellite implementation of the Crosslink Transceiver design is detailed and its ability to support broad distributed spacecraft mission classes is described     

基于电磁波三维结构向量的飞行器姿态估计

以电磁波三维空间结构向量为参照的飞行器姿态/航向测量研究，可弥补空间参照物缺乏，丰富空间飞行器姿态/航向测量工具。本文根据各缺损电磁矢量传感器姿态位置与接收信号之间的变化规律，建立飞行器载电磁矢量传感器阵列导向矢量。根据协同导航的多个信号空间谱和最大化，实现平台姿态/航向测量。飞行器多位置的多个传感器共同测量姿态可避免遮挡，获得更高姿态精度的同时拓展了系统的适用领域。接收电磁信息完备状态下，不需导航信号，测绘平稳的杂波就能作为姿态基准。仿真试验验证了姿态估计的有效性。     

Gaussian pigeon-inspired optimization approach to orbital spacecraft formation reconfiguration

With the rapid development of space technology, orbital spacecraft formation has received great attention from international and domestic academics and industry. Compared with a single monolithic, the orbital spacecraft formation system has many advantages. This paper presents an improved pigeon-inspired optimization(PIO) algorithm for solving the optimal formation reconfiguration problems of multiple orbital spacecraft. Considering that the uniform distribution random searching system in PIO has its own weakness, a modified PIO model adopting Gaussian strategy is presented and the detailed process is also given. Comparative experiments with basic PIO and particle swarm optimization(PSO) are conducted, and the results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed Gaussian PIO(GPIO) in solving orbital spacecraft formation reconfiguration problems.     

Cosmic Rays and Earth – A Summary

Cosmic rays provide a diagnostic tool to analyze processes in interplanetary space and at the Sun. Cosmic rays also directly affect the terrestrial environment and serve as indicators of solar variability and non anthropogenic climatic changes on Earth at present and in the distant past. After the invention of the neutron monitor by John A. Simpson in 1948, an international network of cosmic ray detectors developed in a cooperative effort to examine temporal and spatial variations in our space environment. The resulting datasets represent the longest continuous, high time resolution series of particle radiation measurement in space science. At present, the neutron monitor network is complemented by spacecraft instrumentation to study solar-terrestrial correlated phenomena. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CLUSTER MISSION OPERATIONS

The Cluster ground segment design and mission operations concept have been defined according to the basic mission requirements, namely, to allow the transfer of the four spacecraft from the initial geostationary transfer orbit achieved at separation from the launcher into the final highly elliptical polar orbits, such that in the areas of scientific interest along their orbits, the four spacecraft will form a tetrahedral configuration with pre-defined separation distances, to be changed every six months during the mission. The Cluster mission operations will be carried out by ESA from its European Space Operations Centre; the task of merging the Principal Investigators' requests into coordinated, regular scientific mission planning inputs to ESOC will be undertaken by the Joint Science Operations Centre. The mission products will be distributed to the scientific community regularly in form of CD-ROMs. Principal Investigators will also have access to quick-look science, housekeeping telemetry and auxiliary data via an electronic network.