洗涤效率对飞机燃油箱惰化过程的影响分析

采用微元段计算方法,建立了燃油洗涤过程的数学模型,考虑到洗涤过程中的富氮气体不能和燃油中的溶解气进行充分的传质,故定义了洗涤效率.计算结果与文献公布的实验数据对比表明:引入洗涤效率后,计算值与实验值一致性更高.研究结果显示,在同样的富氮气体流量,且气相空间惰化效果一致的情况下,洗涤效率直接影响洗涤时间和燃油及气相空间中氧的体积分数.较低的洗涤效率虽然可使洗涤时间缩短,但是容易造成爬升至巡航高度后,油箱上部空间氧的体积分数增加幅度较大,且该影响随着载油量增加而加大,故应根据载油量、洗涤时间、洗涤气流量等综合考虑合适的洗涤效率.研究结果可为机载制氮系统的设计提供理论基础.     

民用飞机燃油箱系统热模型分析研究

飞机燃油箱系统热分析是飞机燃油系统设计和适航取证的关键技术之一。首先对燃油箱热模型分析方法进行了阐明,然后在典型热天环境中(地面温度为327K)对一种典型民用飞机燃油箱结构的热参数进行了工程计算研究。研究表明,外翼油箱、机身油箱以及集油箱内燃油温度分布不均匀;各油箱燃油温度在地面状态均高于巡航状态;燃油的最高温度时刻出现在地面终了状态,而且最高点位置出现在集油箱内。研究结果既可以指导飞机燃油箱设计,也可以为飞机燃油系统的适航取证提供一定技术支持。     

某中央翼燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟及特性分析

在不同富氮气体入口参数下,对某大型运输机中央翼燃油箱的惰化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了在不同流量和体积分数富氮气体条件下燃油箱的惰化规律.计算结果显示:当富氮气体中氮气体积分数为95%、体积流量分别为0.021,0.028m3/s和0.042m3/s时,燃油箱内平均氧体积分数随体积置换次数的变化曲线几乎完全重合;当富氮气体体积流量为0.042m3/s、氮气体积百分比分别为92%,94%和98%时,燃油箱惰化率随时间的变化曲线重合.说明相同体积分数富氮气体条件下燃油箱惰化完成时所需富氮气体量与富氮气体流量无关,而富氮气体的流量直接决定了各舱室富氮气体的惰化率.通过对计算结果的分析,证明了利用缩比油箱去模拟真实油箱的惰化过程的合理性.为优化某运输机中央翼燃油箱惰化系统设计提供参考.      

民用飞机燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法初探

适航条款对民用飞机燃油箱内氧气浓度有明确规定,从而对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案的设计提出较高要求。基于燃油箱冲洗惰化理论,以某型飞机燃油箱为例,对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法进行研究。根据燃油箱容积和惰化时间,通过利用单舱燃油箱数学模型计算获得富氮气体需求量;然后利用多隔舱燃油箱数学模型,以简化管路布置为寻优目标获得富氮气体分配方案。使用数学模拟的方法可快速评估富氮气体分配方案性能,特别适用于大量设计参数尚未确定的方案选型设计阶段。     

某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化的工程计算

为研究某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化过程,将洗涤气分为与燃油发生传质部分和未发生传质部分,通过理论计算获得洗涤气与燃油发生传质并向气相空间逸出的氧气量.未发生传质的部分用于气相冲洗,其余与液相洗涤逸出量相结合,建立模型进行工程计算.由此将整个洗涤惰化过程转化为有逸出的气相冲洗过程.结果表明:这种将洗涤惰化转化为有逸出的冲洗模型是可行的,其结果与实验值基本吻合.随着时间的增长,气相氧体积分数一般经历先增长后下降的过程,最终趋向于洗涤气体积分数.多舱飞机燃油箱的各舱氧体积分数值变化快慢与进气出气口位置和各舱体积有关.      

飞机燃油氧气析出计算方法研究

为降低燃油箱发生爆炸的风险,需在油箱中设置抑爆系统。咨询通告规定,要计算燃油箱平均氧气浓度,需考虑燃油中的氧气析出。根据不同高度下空气在燃油中的溶解度平衡关系及空气中氧氮分压关系,得m飞机随飞行高度变化氧气析出的计算方法。     

军用飞机机载制氮系统研究

为了有效地提高军机燃油系统的安全性,本文对机载制氮系统用于燃油箱惰化的技术进行了研究,并与飞机燃油箱其它防火抑爆技术进行了比较.采用富氮空气进行燃油冲洗是除去燃油中溶解氧的常用方法,并基于常规气体混合关系,质量守恒方程和Ostwald系数建立了燃油冲洗分析模型,该模型可以确定油箱内无油空间氧浓度随时间变化的规律.     

运输类飞机辅助燃油系统转输参数权衡分析

在保持原有的设计架构尽可能不变的情况下,运输类飞机可通过增加辅助燃油箱来实现短期内快速增程的目的,以达到大航程、长航时的设计目标,同时后续可作为多类特种飞机的改装平台。由于辅助燃油系统并不直接向发动机供油,而是在巡航阶段将燃油转输至基本型燃油箱内,因此在早期运输类飞机辅助燃油箱系统架构设计阶段,需尽早确定辅助燃油箱到基本型燃油箱的转输参数与转输策略,以便作为输入开展系统架构的权衡与多轮迭代。参考已有运输类飞机设计工程经验,通过对不同权衡方案进行对比分析,给出了在当前某型飞机辅助燃油箱最大设计载油量条件下的燃油转输速率和转输策略,同时考虑了最大载油量变化对分析结果的影响。研究形成的分析思路和方法对其余运输类飞机辅助燃油系统的设计具有一定的参考。     

民机概念阶段最佳航程估算方法

在民机概念设计阶段,利用巡航、转场、地面等少数高度下的飞机气动和发动机油耗数据,在满足适航条例规定的转场航程和待机时间条件下,采用迭代和积分方法对转场和待机油耗进行计算,而对于滑跑起飞、爬升、下降、滑跑着陆等阶段的油耗则采用统计数据进行估算,从而得到巡航阶段的油耗,进而计算出飞机航程.由于考虑了对民机备份燃油量的硬性要...     

飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化数值仿真

通过 COMSOL软件对飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化进行了 3D仿真,得到了燃油温度、气相空间温度、燃油蒸汽体积分数随时间变化的情况;研究了抽气流量、蒸发温度、内热源功率、外界空气流速对冷却惰化的影响。结果表明:内热源功率过大时,燃油蒸汽体积分数高于可燃体积分数下限,将不能惰化;增大抽气流量以及降低蒸发温度,可以更快地降低气相空间温度,惰化效果更好;外界空气流速越大,气动加热热量越大,油箱气相空间温度越高,但外界空气流速较大时,系统仍能惰化。     

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

飞机燃油箱机载惰化技术研究现状与发展趋势

为了有效减少飞机燃油箱燃爆风险,以机载惰化技术为重点,介绍了燃油可燃性和氧体积分数指标确定的方法,根据燃爆极限可将民机的安全氧体积分数定为12%,军机则采用直接用燃烧弹打击油箱测定最大压力的方式将其定为9%,分析了气体在燃油中平衡和非平衡溶解的差异,并给出了相应的计算方法,对中空纤维膜惰化技术中分离膜特性、惰化气体分配方式及仿真方法进行了介绍,分析了机载惰化技术未来的发展趋势。结果表明:目前国内机载惰化技术已经成为主流的惰化技术,但针对国产燃油可燃性的研究十分匮乏,未来可以对此展开进一步研究,并且可对冷却惰化、绿色惰化和吸附惰化等技术加大研究力度,有望拥有自主的知识产权。      

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

Effect of fuel type on the performance of an aircraft fuel tank oxygen-consuming inerting system

The properties of aviation fuel have a great influence on the performance of oxygen-consuming inerting systems. Based on the establishment of the catalytic inerting process, the flow relationship of each gas component flowing through the catalytic reactor was derived. The mathematical model of the gas concentration in the gas phase of the fuel tank was established based on the mass conservation equation, and the fuel tank model was verified by performing experiments. The results showed that the fuel type exerts a considerably higher influence on the performance of the oxygen-consuming inerting system compared to the corresponding influence on the hollow fiber membrane system, and the relative magnitude of the inerting rates of the four fuel types is RP5 > RP3 > RP6 > JP8. In addition, a higher catalytic efficiency or fuel load rate corresponds to a higher rate of decrease of the oxygen concentration in the gas phase, and the inerting time is inversely proportional to the suction flow rate of the fan. When different fuels are used, the amount of cooling gas and water released from the inerting system are different. Therefore, the influence of fuel type on the system performance should be extensively considered in the future.     

液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程三种气枕模型的数值对比

针对液氧贮箱氦气增压排液过程,分别建立了零维整体模型、一维分层模型及二维计算流体力学(CFD)模型对气枕物理场的变化规律进行数值研究.零维及一维模型采用经验公式求解气枕与壁面间的换热量,而二维CFD模型通过低雷诺数k-ε模型确定流体与固壁间的耦合换热作用.计算时氦气采用理想气体模型.利用三种模型分别预测了贮箱内气枕压力、气枕平均温度及温度分布规律.计算结果表明:三组结果分布合理,不同模型的结果之间能够互相印证;对于气枕及与气枕接触壁面沿轴向的温度分布,在气枕主体区一维模型与二维模型预测结果基本吻合,而在靠近消能器的气枕上端,两种模型预测值存在偏差;当增压气体入口速度较大时,气枕上端径向温度分层明显,需采用二维CFD模型才能展示气枕物理场分布.