Kalman Filter Design Considerations for Space-Stable Inertial Navigation Systems

Terrestrial inertial navigation is typically performed using an instrumented platform stabilized in a ?local-level? configuration for convenient generation of geographic navigation information. The local-level geographic reference must be maintained by torquing the system gyros, a requirement which may be incompatible with high-precision inertial sensors currently under development. Gyro torquing in a gimballed navigation system can be avoided by employing a ?space-stable? mechanization of the platform where an inertial, rather than geographic, reference is used for navigation calculations. The software design problems associated with this concept, especially those related to the application of Kalman filtering, are the principle focus of this paper. Although the space-stable configuration has been used extensively for spacecraft navigation and guidance, it has not been widely applied to terrestrial navigation, either for air or marine applications. The chief problem in this application is to perform navigation in local-level coordinates, using system outputs generated in an inertial reference frame. It can be demonstrated that, although the navigation system error dynamics are identical for the local-level and space-stable configurations, the dynamics of the sensor errors which drive these systems are quite different. These differences in sensor error propagation characteristics impose new requirements for the design of procedures to accomplish system calibration, alignment, and reset. This paper outlines a Kalman filtering approach which is applicable to all of the above procedures, and presents numerical results to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

仿生导航技术综述

仿生导航技术是一种模仿动物导航机理的新型导航技术,涉及认知科学、机器学习、计算机视觉和信息融合等多个学科。仿生导航因具有自主性好、自适应性强等特点,近年来成为了导航领域的研究热点之一。首先阐述了仿生导航的内涵,然后从仿生导航传感器技术和仿生导航方法两个方面简要介绍了国内外研究现状和发展趋势。其中,仿生导航传感器技术包括了仿生光罗盘、仿生磁罗盘、仿生复眼等内容;仿生导航方法主要涉及导航经验知识的表达与机器学习、仿生多源异质导航信息融合、面向任务的仿生路径规划与导航等。最后,对仿生导航技术进行了总结,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Improvement of strapdown inertial navigation using PDAF

A new application of PDAF (probabilistic data association filter) for improving the accuracy of autonomous strapdown inertial navigation systems (SINS) is presented. The proposed method is a terrain-aided navigation (TAN) algorithm based on landmark detection combined with a classical SINS. It is shown via a set of simulations that the method can improve significantly the precision of autonomous navigation if the landmark spatial density and quality of landmark detectors are good enough. This new concept of navigation called PDANF (probabilistic data association navigation filter) can be integrated with a relatively low cost in existing operational TAN systems     

多源信息融合卫星组合导航系统的可观度分析

针对基于GNSS卫星、地标矢量和星光矢量的多源信息融合的高轨卫星组合导航系统,分别利用系统可观度分析方法和状态可观度分析方法对其进行分析.仿真结果表明:在GNSS导航卫星不可见时,地标矢量和星光矢量可以有效地提供测量信息,并保证滤波器的稳定.可观度分析结果表明:系统可观度主要受GNSS导航星的可见星数目影响较大,地标矢...     

单兵自主导航技术研究

针对美国MicroPNT计划中的单兵导航技术开展了理论分析、样机研制及试验工作,设计了单兵导航技术的基本原理、系统组成和基本算法,分析了室内作业的定位和指挥需求,分析了影响系统实现和定位精度的关键因素,研制了原理样机并开展了导航试验,结果表明：采用微机电惯导系统+零速修正的方案来实现单兵导航的方案是可行的;以目前微机电惯性仪表的性能水平,有望实现100米/小时的定位精度;随着微型惯性仪表性能的提高,有望在5-10年内实现定位精度10米/天的单兵自主导航系统。     

Optimal crater landmark selection based on optical navigation performance factors for planetary landing

Planetary craters are natural navigation landmarks that widely exist and are easily observed. Optical navigation based on crater landmarks has become an important autonomous navigation method for planetary landing. Due to the increase in observed crater landmarks and the limitation of onboard computation, the selection of good crater landmarks has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of landmark-based optical navigation. This paper designs a fast crater landmark selection method, which not only considers the configuration observability of crater subsets but also focuses on the influence on navigation performance arising from the measurement uncertainty and the matching confidence of craters, which is different from other landmark selection methods. The factor of measurement uncertainty, which is anisotropic, correlated and nonidentically distributed, is quantified and integrated into selection based on crater pairing detection and localization error evaluation. In addition, the concept of the crater matching confidence factor is introduced, which reflects the possibility of 2D projection measurements corresponding to 3D positions. Combined with the configuration observability factor, the crater landmark selection indicator is formed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.     

基于地标信息的车载惯导姿态修正技术

惯导与速率计构成的组合系统是机动作战车辆较常使用的自主定位定向系统,其惯导姿态精度将直接影响组合定位精度。文章利用车辆运动途中的地标信息,讨论了车载惯导姿态误差估计与修正技术,通过仿真分析了地标位置与车辆零速信息在惯导姿态修正过程中的作用。结果表明：利用地标信息是进行车载惯导姿态修正较为实用的途径,在此基础上可以有效提高车载惯导／速率计组合定位系统的精度。     

行人导航系统中的MEMS误差在线修正技术

在基于微惯性器件的行人导航系统中,陀螺仪和加速度计的偏移是降低系统定位精度的重要因素。传统的标定方法大多在实验室中进行,后续导航解算都是基于标定后的固定模型,然而MEMS器件长时间工作后,标定模型参数发生变化会导致系统导航性能下降。通过分析行人导航系统及MEMS器件的特点,提出了一种基于误差模型的MEMS器件参数在线修正方法。根据行人行走的特点,检测并区分行走过程中的可修正区间与不修正区间。在可修正区间基于逆向解算算法实现了对陀螺仪和加速度计零偏的在线修正,并提出了主航向反馈修正算法,提高了行人导航系统长时间导航性能。实验结果表明,40m行走实验中,系统定位精度提升了9.07%;300m行走实验中,系统定位精度提升了13.14%。     

Two New Landmark Navigation Methods

Two new methods for navigation on the land are reported. Both methods make use of landmarks which are in sight but whose positions are not known. Only angle measurements are needed. Although the methods were intended for guiding a Lunar Roving Vehicle as it travels on the lunar surface, they may also find applications on other planets as well as on Earth. Besides the mathematical details, two examples are also included to demonstrate the correctness of the method.     

基于滤波残差的组合导航系统故障检测研究

论文研究了两种用于组合导航系统中的故障检测方法,首先介绍了传统的残差χ^2检验法,随后给出了一种基于最大残差样本协方差阵特征值的故障检测算法。通过计算机仿真比较了两种算法在组合系统中的应用,仿真结果显示,基于特征值的故障检验算法对故障较敏感,系统组合精度略高,一定程度上优于传统残差χ^2算法。最后,文章讨论了组合导航系统中两种故障检测算法的优缺点。     

Householder Multistage Wiener Filter for Space-Time Navigation Receivers

Space-time (ST) processing in navigation receivers is attractive technology because it provides a sufficient number of degrees of freedom for cancelling a large number of wideband and narrowband jammers simultaneously. Low complexity reduced-rank receiver structures are particularly appealing because the number of filter coefficients can be much larger than the rank of the ST signal model. This paper proposes a new Householder-based multistage Wiener filter (HMSWF) structure for estimating the coefficients of an ST navigation receiver. Both floating point and fixed point arithmetic implementations are considered. The computational complexity of the HMSWF compares favorably with the other MSWF methods reported in literature. Furthermore, the use of Householder transformations at each stage ensures unitary blocking and numerically robust behavior even in finite-precision implementations. Simulations studies verify that the proposed ST navigation receiver based on the HMSWF outperforms other MSWF methods in the antijamming (A,J) task.     

一种实现GEO卫星自主导航的方法

针对目前关于GEO卫星自主导航方法中存在的精度低、成本高、实现复杂、可行性一般的问题,提出了一种基于多天体目标信息实现GEO卫星自主导航的方法。使用星敏感器敏感恒星信息和紫外地球敏感器敏感地球信息,建立了高精度GEO轨道动力学模型,并设计了EKF算法、UKF算法以及MCMCUPF算法进行导航解算。理论分析和仿真验证表明,提出的方法精度高、实现易,是一种切实可行,有效的卫星自主导航方法。     

基于低成本MEMS器件的MUAV导航与控制系统的设计

 针对MUAV（MUAV)定点飞行任务中姿态测量精度低所导致的机体不稳定问题,提出了一种在横侧向平面通过控制航向速率陀螺保证平飞,在纵向平面采用过载控制的办法控制高度的控制方法。在此基础上,设计了四航点压线导航方式,并通过飞行试验验证了纵向和横侧向平面控制的稳定性。试验结果表明,所设计的导航与控制方法,在低精度微机电系统（MEMS）的测量装置条件下,能够满足MUAV定点、定航线飞行任务的要求。     

陆用定位定向系统自主导航技术

由于车载自主导航精度受作战半径影响,长航时使用需要一定的保障条件,难于实现无依托发射的问题,提出了一种定向精度不受导航时间影响、定位精度不受作战半径影响的自主导航方案。通过分析惯性旋转调制导航、惯性/里程计组合原理及误差特性,采用罗经效应原理实现了高精度长航时自主定向;通过旋转调制导航抵消惯性器件误差的影响,利用航位推算隔离载体加速度和速度对罗经效应的影响,使航向误差完全可观,提升实时估计与修正精度。在此基础上引入了地图匹配技术进行自主定位,解决陆用定位精度与行驶里程相关的问题。仿真和试验结果表明,该技术采用地图信息辅助定位定向系统进行自主导航,在较低保障要求下,能够解决定向、定位误差积累问题,具有较强的理论意义和工程实用价值。     

导航通信融合定义、方式与典型系统

随着人们对定位安全和定位准确性要求的提升,仅仅依赖卫星导航系统已经不能满足用户在各种复杂环境下的个性化定位需求,在此背景下,通信导航一体化技术应运而生。移动通信网络具有覆盖广、用户数量大和安全保密性好等优点,将通信系统作为卫星导航系统的有效补充,可以有效提升导航系统的性能。导航通信融合技术已经成为导航领域未来发展的重要技术热点,但目前缺乏清晰的导通融合架构和导通融合方式。从导通融合的技术层面进行划分,提出了波形融合、信息融合、硬件融合三种导通融合方式,分析了通信系统的辅助信息对导航系统精度和抗干扰能力的影响,以及两种典型的导通融合系统的优缺点,并对其未来的发展进行了展望,补充了导航通信融合技术的基础理论,对导通融合技术的发展具有重大意义。     

Navigation Computation in Terrestrial Strapdown Inertial Navigation Systems

The problem of computing the translational velocity and position relative to earth, which has to be solved by the processor of a strapdown inertial navigation system is discussed. Several approaches are briefly examined with consideration given to the form in which the sensor data are generated and to the computational burden involved in each approach. A computational scheme is finally selected in which the computation is divided into three rate levels. The differential equations of this scheme are developed and the assumptions on which the development is founded are stated. Three variants of the basic scheme are presented, each based on a different level of simplifying assumptions. The main purpose of this work is to develop the differential equations to be solved at each stage of the computation, rather than the numerical implementation of the solution. This work supplies the theoretical background for some of the numerical methods which are now being used.     

不依赖于卫星的无人系统视觉/激光雷达感知与自主导航技术

智能化的无人系统在现代社会中起着重要作用,而对环境信息的准确感知以及自身位置的精准估计是无人系统智能、高效执行任务的核心基础,视觉与激光雷达传感器是无人系统常用的感知与导航传感器.近年来,随着应用场景的拓展,无卫星信号、无光等恶劣环境对无人系统的感知与自主导航技术提出了新的挑战.针对上述环境,对无人系统中视觉/激光雷达...     

导航通信融合定义、方式与典型系统

随着人们对定位安全和定位准确性要求的提升，仅仅依赖卫星导航系统已经不能满足用户在各种复杂环境下的个性化定位需求，在此背景下，通信导航一体化技术应运而生。移动通信网络具有覆盖广、用户数量大和安全保密性好等优点，将通信系统作为卫星导航系统的有效补充，可以有效提升导航系统的性能。导航通信融合技术已经成为导航领域未来发展的重要技术热点，但目前缺乏清晰的导通融合架构和导通融合方式。从导通融合的技术层面进行划分，提出了波形融合、信息融合、硬件融合三种导通融合方式，分析了通信系统的辅助信息对导航系统精度和抗干扰能力的影响，以及两种典型的导通融合系统的优缺点，并对其未来的发展进行了展望，补充了导航通信融合技术的基础理论，对导通融合技术的发展具有重大意义。     

基于主元分析的微小型飞行器视觉导航

作为一种新兴的无人机,微小型飞行器(MAV)近年来广受关注。研究微小型飞行器导航技术的关键是研究视觉导航技术在微小型飞行器中的应用。针对微小型飞行器视觉导航中的运算量大而导致算法实时性差的问题,给出了一个新的计算框架。利用主元分析技术(PCA),在最小方差意义下得到了图像的简化表示。在此简化的基础上,进行了图像特征的提取。对真实图像的实验结果表明,利用主元分析处理后的图像进行导航特征的提取,其实时性优于RGB三通道求和取平均的方法。     

卫星导航系统发展动态

卫星导航系统是20世纪60年代中期发展起来的一种新型导航系统，90年代，卫星导航时入全运行和盛行时期，除了用于陆上，海上和空中的航行引导外，几乎扩展到军事和经济的各个方面，目前，除了已经运行的美国的GPS（全球定位系统）和俄罗斯的GLONASS（全球导航卫星系统）外，欧盟也正在积极开发伽利略系统。本文分别介绍GPS、GLONASS和伽利略系统的发展状况。