补燃循环先进上面级过氧化氢/煤油涡轮泵研制

过氧化氢/煤油涡轮泵用于35 kN补燃循环先进上面级发动机,由过氧化氢泵、煤油泵和涡轮组成,采用涡轮偏置的单轴布局结构.过氧化氢泵为典型的带诱导轮离心泵形式.基于超低比转速及转子动力学方面的考虑,煤油泵采用了部分流泵形式.为了解决轴向力平衡问题并获得较高的效率,涡轮采用了低压比小反力度方案.通过材料与工作介质的相容性研究,总结了一整套可操作性强的过氧化氢泵零件相容性评价准则、选材以及零件钝化处理工艺等技术.对涡轮泵联试和发动机热试车情况进行了分析,并提出了后续研究的重点方向.     

泵压式上面级发动机性能精度干扰因素研究

性能精度是液体火箭发动机的一项重要指标,对于上面级发动机性能精度尤其重要.以某型泵压式上面级发动机为研究对象,利用影响分析树的方法识别了发动机生产、测试、性能调整过程中影响性能精度的干扰因素;针对所识别的干扰因素,通过仿真计算,得到了其偏差对发动机推力和混合比的影响.根据统计学原理,推导得到多项干扰因素影响概率的计算模型,并利用小子样样本对计算模型和程序的正确性进行了验证.利用该概率计算模型,根据置信水平要求,确定了多项干扰因素对发动机性能的极限偏差影响.根据发动机性能精度要求,分解得到了单个干扰因素的控制目标.     

上面级发动机推力室喷管延伸段气膜冷却研究

上面级发动机采用四氧化二氮/偏二甲肼为推进剂,将涡轮排气引入推力室喷管气膜冷却喷管延伸段.仿真计算和热试车表明：推力室主燃气与涡轮排气压力在同一截面处相等,涡轮排气沿喷管延伸段壁面流动形成紧贴喷管壁面的气膜,对主燃气无扰动,对喷管延伸段起到冷却保护作用.推力室喷管延伸段传热计算值和热试车延伸段温度测量值吻合,排气集合器内压力基本均匀,满足工程应用需要.     

"长二丙改"上面级CPKM发动机喷管两相粘性流动数值模拟研究

对“长二丙改”火箭上面级CPKM发动机喷管的高空性能进行了预示。气相采用显式MacCormack差分格式、颗粒相采用特征线法,数值求解采用轴对称二维两相粘性流动模型。对CPKM发动机喷管进行数值模拟,所得的发动机平均推力与实测性能数据相比较,相对误差为2．3％。研究表明,所采用的流动模型和数值模拟方法,对高空大面积比喷管性能进行的预示是有效的。     

基于MSDM方法的粒子-固壁侵蚀效应研究

为研究导弹发射过程中发动机喷出的高温高速粒子对发射装置壁面的冲刷和侵蚀作用,利用MSDM(微尺度动力学模型)方法,建立了粒子对固壁材料的冲刷侵蚀模型,对粒子入射速度、入射角度、粒子尺寸及固壁材料特性等影响侵蚀效应的因素进行了研究,获得了粒子入射条件、固壁材料特性与侵蚀效应的相互关系.用MSDM方法将粒子和固壁离散为具有一定连接关系的微团质点,并利用材料属性和牛顿运动关系确定了微团间的相互作用和运动过程.研究表明,该方法在分析粒子-材料侵蚀方面具有一定效果.     

液氧/甲烷燃气发生器试验研究

为了研究液氧/甲烷的点火和燃烧特性,进行了液氧/甲烷燃气发生器热试验研究。介绍了液氧/甲烷燃气发生器热试验的试验装置、试验方案和试验情况,分析了试验结果。试验结果表明燃气发生器设计方案和点火方案可行,点火品质较好,能够在较宽的工作条件下稳定工作,燃烧组织合理,燃烧品质良好,温度均匀性较好,积碳轻微。     

Development of a complex prognostic model of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere

We consider possible stages of constructing complex models of the circumterrestrial plasma including both neutral and charged components in their interaction. At the initial stage it is suggested to use as a basis the empirical models of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These models have concentrated fundamental data about the near-Earth space (NES) accumulated for several decades of space exploration. The final goal is to construct a prognostic model which would allow one to calculate both long-periodic variations of the NES structure (they can occur over several decades of years and more) and short-period disturbances with a characteristic time of about a day. In order to predict the results of anthropogenic effects it is proposed to construct imitation mathematical models that should allow one to calculate NES variations which can proceed at various model scenarios of anthropogenic actions.     

Effects of uncertainties and flexible dynamic contributions on the control of a spacecraft full-coupled model

One of the most important problems for performing a good design of the spacecraft attitude control law is connected to its robustness when some uncertainty parameters are present on the inertial and/or on the elastic characteristics of a satellite. These uncertainties are generally intrinsic on the modeling of complex structures and in the case of large flexible structures they can be also attributed to secondary effects associated to the elasticity. One of the most interesting issues in modeling large flexible space structures is associated to the evaluation of the inertia tensor which in general depends not only on the geometric ‘fixed’ characteristic of the satellite but also on its elastic displacements which of course in turn modify the ‘shape’ of the satellite. Usually these terms can be considered of a second order of magnitude if compared with the ones associated to the rigid part of a structure. However the increasing demand on the dimension of satellites due to the presence for instance of very large solar arrays (necessary to generate power) and/or large antennas has the necessity to investigate their effects on their global dynamic behavior in more details as a consequence. In the present paper a methodology based on classical Lagrangian approach coupled with a standard Finite Element tool has been used to derive the full dynamic equations of an orbiting flexible satellite under the actions of gravity, gravity gradient forces and attitude control. A particular attention has been paid to the study of the effects of flexibility on the inertial terms of the spacecraft which, as well known, influence its attitude dynamic behavior. Furthermore the effects of the attitude control authority and its robustness to the uncertainties on inertial and elastic parameters has been investigated and discussed.     

Competitiveness of the European space industry. Lessons from Europe's role in NATO

This article aims to illustrate how the predominant role of the US military space capabilities within NATO adversely affects the European space industry's competitiveness and performance, as compared with the USA space industry. Thus, first the intra-NATO specialization is illustrated, followed by an analysis of the economics of the space industry. The connection is made through an economics model whose results verify the hypothesis, and predicts that the recent commitment by the WEU to military space can improve the position of the European space industry, especially if followed by close cooperation between the WEU and ESA.     

500吨级液氧煤油发动机结构动态特性

为获得我国载人登月运载系统用500吨级液氧煤油发动机结构动态特性,采用有限元方法对发动机整机结构进行了模态计算分析,并对影响结构动态特性的相关因素进行了分析,获得了发动机的模态参数以及优化结构低频特性的有效途径。针对该发动机零部组件多、结构复杂度高的特点,采用子结构有限元模型组装并结合部分组件试验的方式建立了整机结构的有限元仿真模型。计算结果表明,在目前设计状态下,发动机的首阶模态频率约为8.8 Hz。进一步优化表明,通过增大工艺拉杆倾角,可显著提升伺服回路在相应方向上的横向刚度,从而使该方向上的模态频率得到大幅提升。     

Protecting safe access to space: Lessons from the first 50 years of space security

Despite predictions to the contrary at various times from 1957 to 2007, the first 50 years of space security have ended without an arms race or military combat. Arguably, the three riskiest years were 1962, 1983, and 2001. Looking for lessons from these cases, we can identify four primary trends that helped states avoid arms races and direct conflicts in orbit: (1) risks of collective “bads”; (2) fear of action–reaction dynamics; (3) the high cost of space weapons; and (4) the asset of transparency. As we look ahead, trends toward a continued focus on these factors in space security seem strong. But successful prevention of future space warfare will require strengthened forms of individual and collective restraint by all actors in space.     

On the identification of a mixture of samples from two multivariate distributions

This paper presents some methods for the classification and the estimation of the mixing ratio of a sample from two populations. These methods can be used at the lowest levels of a decision tree in the analysis of multispectral satellite images. The proposed algorithms have been tested through numerical experiments.     

电磁阀动态响应特性仿真研究

建立了电磁阀动态过程数学模型,包括电动气阀数学模型和气动液阀数学模型,运用Matlab/Simulink将两个模型联系起来求解,实现了诸如电流、电磁力、衔铁和活塞位移、速度以及控制腔压力、体积等参数变化的动态过程仿真,并运用此模型研究了线圈励磁电压、线圈匝数、电阻、气隙、气源压力、反力因素以及结构尺寸参数等对电磁阀响应特性的影响。     

Microdisturbances on the International Space Station during dynamic operations

The results of analysis of microdisturbances on the International Space Station (ISS) at performing various dynamic operations are presented. Docking of transfer manned and cargo vehicles Progress and Soyuz to various docking modules of the ISS, docking of the Space Shuttle Discovery, the ISS orbit correction and, also, disturbances at “EVA” (Extra Vehicular Activity) operations during astronauts working on the external ISS surface are considered. The results of measuring microaccelerations by sensors of both Russian and American segments are analyzed.     

基于BDP模型的AP/HTPB推进剂燃速参数敏感性分析

稳态和非稳态燃烧模型对于研究AP/HTPB复合推进剂中低频下的压强耦合特性问题是十分重要的,可信的稳态计算结果是非稳态计算的前提。在应用稳态燃烧模型对推进剂的燃速进行计算时,参数值的选取对计算结果具有很大的影响。针对AP/HTPB复合推进剂燃烧特性,在BDP多火焰结构理论的基础上,采用了AP/HTPB复合推进剂稳态燃烧模型,并对模型进行了数值计算,研究了AP和HTPB的指前因子和活化能及δ参数对推进剂燃速的影响。计算结果表明,AP活化能Es,ap的取值对推进剂燃速结果影响较大,在高压下更为敏感;HTPB的指前因子As,b对燃速几乎没有影响,其活化能Es,b对燃速影响较小,高压条件下,影响作用略微增强;参数δ值的选取对计算燃速值影响很大。     

基于时间序列相似性原理的雷达信号识别

从密集复杂的信号环境中分选和识别出特定雷达辐射源信号,是信号处理领域的重要内容之一。利用威胁复杂雷达信号的先验信息,引入数据挖掘领域时间序列相似性快速匹配原理及其滑窗技术,提出了一种适于复杂体制雷达信号快速匹配识别方法。实验表明,该方法识别速度快、适应环境能力强,具有良好的应用前景。     

Deriving the spin rate/orientation from the quiescent spacecraft ABRIXAS using optical observations

With the loss of the battery system of ABRIXAS shortly after launch and consequent absence of telemetry, there was urgent need to determine ABRIXAS' spin rate and orientation in order to assess the possibility of re-establishing telemetry during periods of full-Sun orbits. We, therefore, conducted optical and video observations of ABRIXAS passages with a 1-second time resolution, and later simulated the optical appearance of ABRIXAS for several passages based on a three-dimensional model of the reflectivity properties of the 2.5m × 1.8m × 1.2m size-satellite. Here we present the results of the comparison of our grid of light curve models with the observations and show (i) how the spin rate of ABRIXAS slowed down between June and December 1999 and (ii) what information can be deduced on the temporal change of the orientation of the spin axis. We conclude with discussing the benefit of using ground based optical observation as a cost effective way to develop information about the orientation of a satellite when there is no telemetry.     

A diffusion model of radial distributions of plasma density from measurements on the Cassini spacecraft in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn

Equatorial radial distributions of plasma density in the 3 < L < 9 region of Saturn’s magnetosphere, obtained from measurements on the Cassini spacecraft, are considered on the basis of diffusion theory. The concentration of particles in the magnetic tubes is found to grow with L. The external source is located at L ? 9. The particles diffuse to Saturn. In the 5 < L < 9 interval the distribution is close to equilibrium. A relation between the diffusion coefficient and the densities of internal sources and losses is obtained in this interval. Prevalence of losses over sources is very probable. Estimates of the diffusion flux and its derivative are given. If the diffusion coefficient is expressed as D _LL = D _o L ³ and the contencentration of particles depends on L according to a power law, the diffusion rate is constant.     

Results of the parabolic flight tests of the rapunzel deployer

The tether assisted re-entry of small payloads is a highly interesting tool for space transportation especially for the return of small payloads from Space Station ISSA. The small tether mission Rapunzel was initiated in 1991 by the Institute of Astronautics, TU München and the Kayser-Threde Company, to design a low cost and feasible tether experiment for the verification of the tether assisted re-entry. Together with the Samara State Aerospace University, Russia, a mission concept on a Russian Resurs or Photon capsule was developed. Based on this mission a deployer has been designed, mainly based on technology of the textile industry, which insures high reliability at low cost. Recently a similar configuration is being discussed for the ESA-TSE mission.The main work during the recent time was the development and test of the breadboard model of the deployer system. After successfully completing initial ground tests with the deployer, further tests during the ESA Parabolic Flight campaign in November 1995 were conducted. After a short introduction of the overall mission scenario, the planned configuration in orbit, this paper will present the results of the microgravity test campaign onboard the KC-135 aircraft and compare them with the ground test. The deployer showed a good performance during all tests, including ejection of the end-mass, deployment, and braking. Problems that occurred during the tests will be discussed, and solutions for the detected flaws and the results of the redesign now in progress will be presented. These verifications have shown the feasibility of the concept and will lay the base for the planned development of the flight model of the deployer.