Status of the Air Force nickel hydrogen low earth orbit life test

The US Air Force NiH₂ LEO (low earth orbit) life test consists of 200 cells undergoing real-time LEO cycling, pulse discharge testing, and storage testing. To date, three of the program's four objectives have been met: NiH₂ performance in LEO applications has been demonstrated. A significant number of cells have completed more than 20,000 cycles at 40% DOD. A database for cells of both 3.5 in. and 4.5 in. diameter has been generated. There have been no indications of any performance problems related to scaling up in terms of cell size. Initial data on the pulse discharge performance of a small number of cells has been demonstrated. Concerning the goal of achieving 20,000 cycles at 60% DOD, the data are mixed. Overall, it appears highly unlikely that cell designs such as those currently in the US Air Force test can achieve 20,000 cycles at 60%     

Evaluation of nickel-hydrogen battery cells for space-based radar

A study conducted in 1991 on nickel-hydrogen (NiH₂) battery cells, to assess their use for space-based radar satellites, is discussed. Current NiH₂ and related programs were investigated. Cell performance data were assessed, focusing on pulsed-load operation, cell design factors, and life expectancy. A need for pulsed-load testing of candidate cells, especially to characterize their effective series resistance, dynamic impedance, and possible degradations, was identified. A NiH₂ cell test program was planned, and test preparations started in mid-1992     

Advances in the development of ovonic nickel metal hydridebatteries for industrial and electric vehicles

The environmental advantages of ovonic NiH₂ batteries, due to the nontoxicity of ovonic alloys, are briefly discussed, and their general performance is described. Commercial progress in their development is summarized. Their use in electric vehicles is examined     

PowerCore combining structure and batteries for increased energy toweight ratio

Much of the mass of a battery is comprised of nonreactive materials. In an NiH₂ battery, this includes the pressure vessel and 50% of the positive electrode. PowerCore reconfigures the battery materials to serve as a structural sandwich panel. The effective specific energy of the new device can exceed 100 Wh/kg. PowerCore is intended to handle power demands of low Earth orbiting communications satellites such as IRIDIUM. This paper describes the concept and development progress     

Prismatic lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have demonstrated the ability to fulfill the energy storage needs of many new technologies. The most significant drawbacks of currently available technologies, such as LiCoO ₂ based Li-ion cells, is their high cost and significant environmental hazards. Li-ion cells which use a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) spinel based cathode material should be much less costly and safer than LiCoO₂ based cells. Performance data from prismatic design cells which use a LiMn₂O₄ based cathode material is presented and shown to meet many military performance criteria. The most significant drawback of this technology is the short cycle life     

Advanced developments in NiH2 Dependent Pressure Vessel(DPV) cell and battery technology

The Dependent Pressure Vessel (DPV) Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH₂ ) design is being developed by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. (EPI) as an advanced battery for military and commercial, aerospace and terrestrial applications. The DPV cell design offers high specific energy and energy density as well as reduced cost, while retaining the established Individual Pressure Vessel (IPV) technology flight heritage and database. This advanced DPV design also offers a more efficient mechanical, electrical and thermal cell and battery configuration and a reduced parts count. The DPV battery design promotes compact, minimum volume packaging and weight efficiency, and delivers cost and weight savings with minimal design risks     

Lightweight (AlGaAs)GaAs/CuInSe2 tandem junction solarcells for space applications

Mechanically stacked tandem cells consisting of GaAs thin-film upper cells and CuInSe₂ thin-film lower cells have been developed to meet the increasing power needs projected for future spacecraft. The authors report the fabrication of the first highly efficient lightweight GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cell on a 2-mil thick substrate, update recent performance improvements in thin-film GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cells, and discuss their application to space power systems. The efficiency of 4-cm² cells has improved to 21.6% AM0, the highest ever reported for a thin-film photovoltaic cell. Lightweight 4-cm² tandem cells have been successfully fabricated with efficiencies as high as 20.8%. These cells weighed about 180 mg without optimized substrate trimming. Radiation and operating temperature effects on GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cells are also discussed, and an interconnect scheme to form a voltage-matched string is described     

1kW级肼电弧加热发动机工程样机研究

为了满足静止轨道卫星及中低轨道卫星降低重量、延长寿命的需要,北京控制工程研究所近年来开展了电弧加热发动机的研究工作,目前正在进行1kW级肼电弧加热发动机工程样机的研制。介绍了1kW级肼电弧加热发动机工程样机研制工作的进展情况。该项研制工作的目标是：完成电弧加热发动机的设计、加工和500h寿命试验。预期发动机功耗为1kW左右,比冲为4.5～5.5N.s/g,推力为75～150mN。目前已经完成了第一轮的发动机设计、加工和性能测试工作。出于安全性的考虑,目前的测试暂时是用N2和NH3的混合气体模拟肼进行的,测试获得了发动机的比冲、推力、效率等数据。在模拟肼的流量为18～30mg时,发动机的推力为100～150mN,比冲在5N.s/g左右,满足设计指标要求。预期采用单组元肼作为推进剂后,比冲将有所提高。     

Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPVnickel-hydrogen flight cell-update II

For update I see Energy and Environment: A Continuing Partnership, vol.3, American Nuclear Society (1991). An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in the low-Earth-orbit (LEO) cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26% KOH electrolyte is presented. The results are part of an investigation of the effect of KOH concentration on life cycle. The cycle life of boiler plate cells was about 40000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31% KOH. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min discharge (2×normal rate). The depth-of-discharge (DOD) was 80%. The cell temperature was maintained at 23°C. Results for six 48-Ah recirculation design IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells currently being evaluated to validate the above findings are reported. Three of the cells contain 26% KOH (test cells), and three contain 31% KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real-time LEO cycle life testing. The 31% KOH cells failed at cycles 3729, 4165, and 11355. One of the 26% KOH cells failed at cycle 15314. The other two 26% KOH cells have been cycled for over 16600 cycles without failure     

样本量为2的极小样本相容性检验方法

在航空航天领域由于成本、时间周期等原因进行疲劳寿命及可靠性评估时样本量通常极少（m=1或2）,利用相容性检验方法可对样本量进行扩充。常规的Wilcoxon秩和检验和K-S（Kolmogorov-Smirnov）检验适用于小样本情形,而极小样本相容性检验方面研究较少,且缺乏对方法合理性的详细说明和对不同方法检验功效优劣的比较。航空航天产品疲劳寿命多服从正态分布,因此本文主要以正态分布作为研究对象。利用Monte Carlo仿真发现从某一正态分布N（μ,σ²）中随机抽取两个样本x₁、x₂计算均值μ₁和标准差σ₁后构建新正态分布N（μ₁,σ₁²）,其±σ₁、±2σ₁和±3σ₁范围内的点落在原正态分布N（μ,σ²）±3σ范围内的概率依次为99.80%、98.13%和97.37%。在此基础上针对现场试验数据样本量为2的情况,本文提出利用3σ原则对先验信息数据进行相容性检验从而扩充样本量的方法。将该方法与两种文献方法对比后发现其误差率明显更低并呈现出检验性能随先验数据增加而不断提高的优势。     

Parametric Rao Test for Multichannel Adaptive Signal Detection

The parametric Rao test for a multichannel adaptive signal detection problem is derived by modeling the disturbance signal as a multichannel autoregressive (AR) process. Interestingly, the parametric Rao test takes a form identical to that of the recently introduced parametric adaptive matched filter (PAMF) detector for space-time adaptive processing (STAP) in airborne surveillance radar systems and other similar applications. The equivalence offers new insights into the performance and implementation of the PAMF detector. Specifically, the Rao/PAMF detector is asymptotically (for large samples) a parametric generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), due to an asymptotic equivalence between the Rao test and the GLRT. The asymptotic distribution of the Rao test statistic is obtained in closed form, which follows an exponential distribution under the null hypothesis H ₀ and, respectively, a noncentral Chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom under the alternative hypothesis H ₁. The noncentrality parameter of the noncentral Chi-squared distribution is determined by the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of a temporal whitening filter. Since the asymptotic distribution under H ₀ is independent of the unknown parameters, the Rao/PAMF asymptotically achieves constant false alarm rate (CFAR). Numerical results show that these results are accurate in predicting the performance of the parametric Rao/PAMF detector even with moderate data support.     

天/地基多平台空间目标光电观测时效性分析

针对如何部署光学探测设备才能更好实现对空间目标的高精度高频度监视问题,考虑光照条件、相对关系及探测性能,构建了天/地基空间目标探测与成像仿真模型;按照轨道特征选取了94颗LEO（Low Earth Orbit,低地球轨道）卫星、63颗GEO（Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,地球同步轨道）卫星和18颗大椭圆轨道卫星,选用春夏秋冬典型季节的特定时间长度,仿真分析了国内地基、南北极科考站、LEO卫星、准GEO卫星等多平台光电手段的位置探测和成像观测能力;比对分析地基平台纬度和季节、天基平台轨道高度和倾角对探测能力的影响得出：南北极科考站相比于国内站点可提高重点季节的探测时效性,98°倾角LEO平台对低轨目标成像时效性方面更具优势,等.在此基础上,提出了我国空间目标光电观测设备天地一体的布局构想.     

Integrating BDS and GPS for precise relative orbit determination of LEO formation flying

Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) formation-flying satellites have been widely applied in many kinds of space geodesy. Precise Relative Orbit Determination(PROD) is an essential prerequisite for the LEO formation-flying satellites to complete their mission in space. The contribution of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS) to the accuracy and reliability of PROD of LEO formation-flying satellites based on a Global Positioning System(GPS) is studied using a simulation method. Firstly, when BDS is added to GPS, the mean number of visible satellites increases from9.71 to 21.58. Secondly, the results show that the 3-Dimensional(3 D) accuracy of PROD, based on BDS-only, GPS-only and BDS + GPS, is 0.74 mm, 0.66 mm and 0.52 mm, respectively. When BDS co-works with GPS, the accuracy increases by 29.73%. Geostationary-Earth-Orbit(GEO) satellites and Inclined Geosynchronous-Orbit(IGSO) satellites are only distributed over the Asia-Pacific region; however, they could provide a global improvement to PROD. The difference in PROD results between the Asia-Pacific region and the non-Asia-Pacific region is not apparent. Furthermore, the value of the Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision(ADOP), based on BDS + GPS, decreases by 7.50% and 8.26%, respectively, compared with BDS-only and GPS-only. Finally, if the relative position between satellites is only a few kilometres, the effect of ephemeris errors on PROD could be ignored. However, for a several-hundred-kilometre separation of the LEO satellites, the SingleDifference(SD) ephemeris errors of GEO satellites would be on the order of centimetres. The experimental results show that when IGSO satellites and Medium-Earth-Orbit(MEO) satellites co-work with GEO satellites, the accuracy decreases by 17.02%.     

航天飞行器轻质纳米材料高温隔热性能

纳米隔热材料是一种新型航天飞行器热防护材料。本文使用自行研制的高速飞行器热试验系统,对Al₂O₃纳米材料的高温隔热性能进行试验研究及数值计算,为高速航天器热防护系统的安全可靠性设计提供重要依据。研究结果表明,厚度仅为10 mm的Al₂O₃纳米材料板,当前表面温度为1 200℃时（1 800 s）,前后表面的温度差高达880.9℃,后表面温度降低了73.4%,且隔热性能稳定。另外与某空天飞行器轻质陶瓷材料进行了隔热性能的对比试验,结果显示轻质陶瓷材料板的背壁温度要比Al₂O₃纳米材料板高56%。说明Al₂O₃纳米材料的高温隔热性能非常优异,在航天器和高超声速飞行器热防护中具有重要的应用价值。由扫描电镜（SEM）图像知,当温度超过1 200℃后,Al₂O₃纳米材料颗粒快速聚集生长,颗粒间的空洞尺寸显著增大,材料内部纤维出现熔融现象,裂纹数量增多、深度及宽度显著增大,影响材料表观导热率。另外,当温度高于1 200℃时,纳米材料板边界出现了较大的收缩变形和弯曲变形。基于试验结果可知,Al₂O₃纳米隔热材料应该在小于1 200℃的热环境中使用。     

GPS C/N/sub 0/ estimation in the presence of interference and limited quantization levels

The carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N₀) is considered an important parameter describing the GPS receiver performance. This paper compares the performance of two popular coarse-acquisition (C/A) C/N₀ algorithms appearing in literature: the variance summing method (VSM) (Psiaki et al., 2003, Psiaki, 2001), and the power ratio method (PRM) (Van Dierendonck, 1996, Sayre, 2003), in terms of their estimates in 1) additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 2) narrowband continuous wave interference (CWI), 3) their response to quantization and saturation effects, and their 4) dynamic range. The algorithms were implemented as a part of a software receiver. Two LI GPS data sets are examined; one was obtained from a GPS raw data collection setup, while the other was obtained from a GPS signal simulator. The collected set was stored with almost constant C/N₀ level while the simulated one contained variable C/N₀ levels. The effect of adding AWGN on the C/N₀ estimate was directly proportional with the noise power. The C/N₀ estimates suffered more when the CWI frequency was closer to the IF of the receiver. The PRM suffered from saturation at higher C/N₀ levels. The VSM showed good tracking at high C/N₀ levels and better immunity to limited quantization levels, while its C/N₀ estimate suffered from rapid fluctuations in power levels when sudden power steps occurred     

Thin-film Li-LiMn2O4 batteries

Thin-film rechargeable Li-LiMn₂O₄ batteries have been fabricated and characterized. Following deposition by electron beam evaporation of LiMn₂O₄, the amorphous as-deposited cathode films 1 cm² in area by 0.3to 4-μm thick were annealed at 700°C to 800°C in oxygen in order to form the crystalline spinet phase. The specific capacity of the cells between 4.5 V to 3.8 V ranged from 50 μAh/mg to 120 μAh/mg. When cycled over this range, the batteries exhibited excellent secondary performance with capacity losses as low as 0.001% per cycle. On charging to 5.3 V, a plateau with a median voltage of 5.1 V was observed. The total charge extracted between 3.8 V to 5.3 V corresponded to about 1 Li/Mn₂ O₄     

DSM11镍基高温合金表面三种涂层高温性能

DSM11镍基高温合金表面制备Al-Si、Al和Co-Al三种涂层,研究三种涂层在900℃下的涂盐（质量分数为5% NaCl+95% Na₂SO₄）热腐蚀性能和800℃下的疲劳性能。实验结果表明:在900℃热腐蚀200h后,Al-Si涂层和Co-Al涂层表面腐蚀区均形成了以Al₂O₃为主的连续且致密的氧化层,抑制热腐蚀反应的进行,具有一定的抗热腐蚀性能;Al涂层表面腐蚀区形成了混合型氧化层,热腐蚀反应会持续进行,抗热腐蚀性能较差。在800℃的疲劳实验后,Al-Si涂层表面生成大量的微裂纹,涂层容易发生开裂,进而引起合金试样快速断裂;Co-Al涂层和Al涂层的合金试样表现较好的抗高温疲劳性能。在高温合金的防护涂层使用中,要充分考虑到涂层的服役环境,对相关性能进行综合评价,选出最适合的防护涂层。      

Sm2Zr2O7基热障涂层材料研究现状

由于航空发动机不断向高效率、高推重比方向发展,发动机热端部件表面热障涂层的服役条件也越来越苛刻。稀土锆酸盐作为新型热障涂层材料,其开发和应用受到越来越多国内外学者的关注。Sm₂Zr₂O₇材料在一系列稀土锆酸盐中具有烧绿石结构稳定、低热导率和高热膨胀系数等优点,具有良好的应用前景。为满足热障涂层更高的服役要求,Sm₂Zr₂O₇的掺杂改性及性能研究也成为了研究热点。首先,对热障涂层材料进行了简要概述,然后就Sm₂Zr₂O₇基陶瓷材料及其涂层的晶体结构、热物理性能、力学性能以及抗腐蚀性能等的研究进展进行了详细的介绍,为该材料在热障涂层领域的研究及应用提供参考。     

Locally optimal and suboptimal signal detection in transformationnoise

The efficacy of the optimal detector of a known vanishingly small signal in additive nonwhite transformation noise is compared with that of some eleven structurally simpler suboptimal detectors. Simulation is done under various signal choices, marginal densities, and correlation functions. The block g_lo and the block combination g followed by R_v^-1 in the optimal detector structure are found to be important for good performance in constant and oscillating signals, respectively. Two suboptimal detectors with these block structures, D₈ and D₁₀, are found to perform well consistently in all situations considered. A structurally simple suboptimal detector D₂ is found to be good in the cases with less correlated noise     

反压条件下同轴式喷嘴雾化特性的试验研究

利用作者设计的反压试验装置和MF激光散射测粒仪, 在0.1～0.6MPa反压条件下, 测量了不同工况液雾的索太尔平均直径SMD等雾化特性参数, 并对试验数据进行最小二乘拟合, 得到了影响雾化特性相关参数的经验公式, 对同轴式喷嘴的设计将有一定的指导意义。