基于相频约束的航天器定时技术

双向相干测距测速体制是最常用的航天器测量体制,是一种闭环体制.与之相比较,开环测距测速可以在信号更微弱的情况下获取到观测量,在深空任务中有着独特的意义.然而,开环测距也面临棘手的技术难题——高精度航天器定时技术.针对该难题,在保持现有航天器信号体制的基础上,阐述了基于遥测信号和测距侧音信号（差分单向测距DOR信号可看作侧音信号）间相频约束的航天器定时原理,研究了侧音频率最优化设计方法,给出了“器上发射测站接收”的初步实现方案,为后续开展工程应用奠定了基础.     

UV 波段的宽带可重构收发机的实现

设计了一种宽带可重构收发机,主要由三部分组成：发射机、接收机和频率源。发射机完成从中频 70 MHz 到100~550 MHz 的射频发射,为了减小发射信号对相邻信道的干扰,发射信号的杂散抑制要高。接收 机从众多的电波中选出有用信号,并将该信号搬移到中频信号,然后放大到解调器所要求的电平值,将射频信 号变为中频信号,由于传输路径上的损耗和多径效应,接收机接收的信号是微弱且有变化的,并伴随着许多干 扰,这些干扰信号强度往往远大于有用信号,因此接收机的主要指标是灵敏度和选择性。频率源提供精确和低 噪声的本振信号,为射频变频系统核心部分之一,频率源的主要指标是相位噪声。     

Application of successive interference cancellation to the GPS pseudolite near-far problem

Ground-based transmitters called pseudolites have been proposed to augment the basic Global Positioning System (GPS) in environments where satellite visibility is limited. One difficulty in their use is the so-called near-far problem, where in close proximity to the ground transmitter, the pseudolite signal can be orders of magnitude stronger than the satellite signals. This large range of signal levels prevents a conventional receiver from simultaneously detecting both types of signals. This paper describes the application of a signal processing technique, known as successive interference cancellation (SIC), to the acquisition and tracking of weak satellite signals in the presence of a nearby pseudolite and possible multipath reflections of this pseudolite signal. The SIC architecture is implemented on simulated and experimental near-far data sets. The results are compared with a conventional detector and improvements in acquisition and tracking performance are illustrated.     

Multiple Signal Analysis for the Delay-Lock Discriminator

This correspondence deals with the effect of multiple signals on the control voltage of the delay-lock discriminator (tracker). Given n returned signals with known delay and power, a formula for the tracker estimate is derived. The analysis has specific application to low-altitude altimeters where the leak signal from the transmitter to the receiver may have delay comparable to the delay of the true signal.     

Influence of Bandwidth Restriction on the Signal-to-Noise Performance of a PCM/NRZ Signal

The influence of bandwidth restriction on the performance of a PCM transmission system is treated. In particular, the relationship is investigated between signal-to-noise, bandwidth, and bit-error probability of an NRZ (non-return-to-zero) signal. The detector used in the investigation contains a device that integrates the signal over the bit period. Theoretical results were obtained by a Fourier analysis of bandwidth-restricted signals and by an autocorrelation analysis of the bandwidth-restricted noise. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.     

Solution and performance analysis of geolocation by TDOA

One method of geolocation is based on measuring the time difference of arrivals (TDOAs) of a signal received by three or four geostationary satellites. The received signals are cross-correlated to determine the TDOAs and a set of nonlinear equations are solved to produce the location estimate. An exact solution for the transmitter position is derived for the three or four receiver cases. Extension of the solution method to more receivers is straightforward. An analysis of the performance of the system is given, together with expressions for predicting the localization mean-square errors (MSEs) and bias, and the Cramer-Rao bound. Both precision in TDOA measurements and the relative geometry between receivers and transmitter affect the localization accuracy. The geometric factors act as multipliers to the TDOA variance in the bias and MSE formulae. A study of the dependency of the geometric factors on transmitter position and satellite spacings are provided, as well as simulation results     

Two Methods of Spectral Estimation for SARSAT Signals

Search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) depends on the processing of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals which are received by a satellite in low polar orbit. Since the signal from a distressed vehicle is normally immersed in a background of other ELT signals (false alarms), interference, and noise, different methods of spectral estimation can provide advantages in estimating carrier frequency. A comparison between average spectrum and minimum spectrum for several real signals is provided here.     

Basic Concepts in the Processing of SARSAT Signals

Search and rescue satellite-aided tracking (SARSAT) involves the use of satellites in low-polar orbits which relay the emergency signals of distressed vehicles to an earth station for signal analysis. In this paper, we present some basic concepts and a theoretical analysis of the spectra produced by coherent and noncoherent emergency locator transmitter signals. It is shown that coherent signals can be easily processed using linear spectral analysis. Noncoherent signals, however, require more advanced methods.     

Another Source of VOR Omni Error

In the vicinity of reflecting objects, a VOR receiver picks up both the direct and reflected signals. This summation adds both amplitude and phase modulation to the signal that were not present at the transmitter. The error due to this phase modulation is fairly evident since the desired directional information is transmitted as a relative phase. What is not so evident is the fact that the amplitude modulation can also produce a phase error. This happens when asymmetrical filters are used to process the amplitude-modulated signal. The asymmetrical filter converts some of the amplitude-modulated sidebands into phase modulation which is recorded as a direct phase error.     

On Truncation Error Bounds for Sampling Representations of Band-Limited Signals

All sampling representations of band-limited signals involve infinite sums. The truncation error associated with a given representation is defined as the difference between the signal and an approximating sum utilizing a finite number of terms. In this paper truncation error is expressed as a contour integral for Lagrange interpolation, general Hermite interpolation, the Shannon series (cardinal series), the Fogel derivative series, and multidimensional sampling expansions. Truncation error bounds are obtained under various constraints on the signal magnitude, spectral smoothness, and energy content.     

Spectral Analysis of ELT Signals for SARSAT

Search and rescue satellite-aided tracking (SARSAT) relays the emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals of distressed aircraft to an earth station for spectral analysis. Of considerable importance are the characteristics of the spectrum of the ELT signal since the probability of locating the downed aircraft is closely related to the quality of the ELT signal spectrum itself. In this paper, it is shown that the spectrum can be adversely affected by a number of factors including the phase and frequency characteristics of the carrier and their interaction with the amplitude modulation. Two new models are proposed which greatly reduce the self-generated interference produced by ELT units presently being used.     

Linear FM Signal Formats for Beacon and Communication Systems

This paper examines the capabilities of the class of linear FM spread-spectrum signals within the context of potential communications systems usage in order to establish some performance criteria and bounds that permit comparison with other spread-spectrum formats. A systematic basis is provided for parameter selection for this class of signals by examining the interaction a mong the frequency-modulation indices, time-bandwidth product, and cross-talk criteria that determine the number of effective linear FM signals (or channels) that can be used within the constraints of a bounded time-frequency region. A general expression is derived relating N, the number of useful signals, R2, a cross-talk parameter, ToWo, the mean time-bandwidth product, and ?max and ?min, the maximum and minimum FM rates of the signal set. Canonic signal processor structures are described for ensembles of linear FM signals that have either constant duration or constant bandwidth. It is then shown that the signal modulation format can be modified in accordance with classical paired-echo theory to expand the utility of this class of signals in both synchronous and nonsynchronous operations to yield the equivalent of time-division and code multiplexing. Possible applications for this signal format are discussed.     

基于拖曳式干扰机的ISAR微动散射波干扰方法

通过对微多普勒效应的研究,提出了一种新的逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）散射波干扰方法。将拖曳式干扰机和ISAR接收机分别等效为双基ISAR的发射站和接收站,干扰机对截获的ISAR信号进行微动信息调制并转发至目标,由其散射至ISAR接收机产生散射波干扰效果。干扰信号经ISAR接收机处理后可在真实目标回波成像结果附近产生假目标,且在方位向形成干扰条带。实验结果表明：通过控制干扰机转发参数及微动调制参数可分别实现不同的压制干扰效果。由于拖曳式干扰机与目标距离较近,干扰信号可获得较大功率,且与真实目标回波相参,可获得ISAR二维脉冲压缩处理增益,与传统射频噪声压制干扰方法相比成本较小。     

一种基于半符号的PSWFs调制信号PAPR抑制方法

针对椭圆球面波(Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions,PSWFs)调制信号峰均功率比(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio,PAPR)较高,易受信道非线性特性影响这一问题,文章引入半符号的思想,针对仅传输半个周期的奇对称、偶对称信号,降低并行传输信号路数,提出了一种基于半符号 PSWFs调制信号 PAPR抑制方法。该方法在发射端仅传输部分波形,用以降低调制信号 PAPR;在接收端,利用函数良好的奇偶对称性,对信号进行恢复。理论与仿真分析结果表明,所提方法在未明显降低系统误码性能的前提下,能够有效降低椭圆球面波调制信号峰均功率比。     

MIMO雷达DOA估计阵列设计

 多输入多输出（MIMO）雷达的关键技术之一是天线阵列的设计。由于MIMO雷达同时增加了收发两端的相位中心,使得系统具有更高的空间分辨率和更多的自由度。论文从接收信号模型出发,对MIMO雷达发射正交信号的等效阵列进行了讨论,以波达方向估计为目标提出了一种MIMO雷达天线阵的设计方法,通过抛物线理论得出了收发组合的唯一性和合理性,然后通过分析各种收发组合给出了发射阵元的最佳间隔设置。推导了几种情景下的MIMO收发阵列最佳设计解析解,最后进行了仿真实验。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

Unintentional modulation evaluation in time domain and frequency domain

With the development of wireless communication technology, the electromagnetic environment has become more and more complex. Conventional signal identification methods are difficult to accurately identify illegal devices. However, electromagnetic signals have an unavoidable device-specific characteristic unintentionally generated by a transmitter, appearing in the form of an Un Intentional Modulation(UIM), namely Radio Frequency Fingerprint(RFF). RFFs can be used to uniquely identify an emitter ...     

Identification Techniques for SARSAT Signals

A process for the identification of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals related to search and rescue satellite-aided tracking (SARSAT) is presented. The ELT identification process is particularly important in order to increase the probability of detection and eliminate sources of interference from the data set. A set of ELT signal parameters is introduced and methods for estimating these parameters are developed. A theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of these methods is provided.     

Doppler-Tolerant Classification of Distributed Targets -- A Bionic Sonar

Sonar echo analysis that is not affected by relative motion between target, transmitter, and receiver is discussed. Motion-tolerant measurement and recognition of range-distributed targets involves: 1) a determination of the effects of range rate upon echoes from non-planar reflectors and 2) the derivation of a signal, filter bank, and target parameterization scheme that is insensitive to those effects. The appropriate system is derived, simulated with a computer, and tested with actual echoes from various targets. The system's signals and filters are very similar to those found in biological sonars.     

Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.     

基于EEMD气液两相流差压信号时频分析

为研究气液两相流流动过程的动态特性,采用V形内锥作为测量装置,通过高频差压变送器获得不同流型下的动态信号,提出了一种基于总体平均经验模式分解（EEMD）的气液两相流时频分析方法。通过对不同流型下的气液两相流的差压信号进行分析,研究了气液两相流的流动机理,为气液两相流流型及流量的准确测量奠定理论基础。分析发现EEMD的抗混分解能力很好,可以准确地提取两相流差压信号的频率成分及其时变情况,为今后两相流的识别提供理论基础,具有较高的工程应用价值。