Bearings-only target motion analysis with acoustic propagation models of uncertain fidelity

The augmented bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) problem arises when the bearing measurements of the classical bearings-only TMA problem are augmented with received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements. A combined acoustic propagation and sensor (CAPS) performance prediction model specifying the conditional density of the SNR measurements is assumed given; however, mismatch may exist between the CAPS model and the real world. We present a novel "missing data" formulation of the augmented bearings-only TMA problem using an empirical maximum a posteriori (EMAP) method for target parameter estimation, and show that it provides a natural and straightforward technique for mitigating CAPS model mismatch. The EMAP approach leads to an iteratively reweighted, linear least-squares algorithm for solving both the augmented bearings-only TMA problem and the classical (nonaugmented) bearings-only TMA problem. Examples are provided.     

Bearings-only tracking for maneuvering sources

Classical bearings-only target-motion analysis (TMA) is restricted to sources with constant motion parameters (usually position and velocity). However, most interesting sources have maneuvering abilities, thus degrading the performance of classical TMA. In the passive sonar context a long-time source-observer encounter is realistic, so the source maneuver possibilities may be important in regard to the source and array baseline. This advocates for the consideration and modeling of the whole source trajectory including source maneuver uncertainty. With that aim, a convenient framework is the hidden Markov model (HMM). A basic idea consists of a two-levels discretization of the state-space. The probabilities of position transition are deduced from the probabilities of velocity transitions which, themselves, are directly related to the source maneuvering capability. The source state sequence estimation is achieved by means of classical dynamic programming (DP). This approach does not require any prior information relative to the source maneuvers. However, the probabilistic nature of the source trajectory confers a major role to the optimization of the observer maneuvers. This problem is then solved by using the general framework of the Markov decision process (MDP)     

TMA from bearings and multipath time delays

A novel approach for target motion analysis (TMA), which uses conventional passive bearing together with multipath time-delay measurements is examined. This so-called "Multipath TMA" offers two tactical advantages over the classical bearings-only TMA: no requirement for any ownship maneuver, and a good performance in terms of estimation error achieved in a shorter time. Both known and unknown multipath cases are addressed. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations and at-sea trials demonstrate the practical efficiency of such a multipath TMA.     

改善三元子阵测距精度方法研究

在水声领域,三元子阵测距、目标运动分析(TMA)和匹配场处理(MFP)是被动噪声测距的3种主要技术。文中以三元子阵测距声呐为研究对象,从波束形成、相关系数处理、测向精度改进等方面讨论提高时延估计精度的方法,对工程应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Moving scanning emitter tracking by a single observer using time of interception: Observability analysis and algorithm

The target motion analysis (TMA) for a moving scanning emitter with known fixed scan rate by a single observer using the time of interception (TOI) measurements only is investigated in this paper.By transforming the TOI of multiple scan cycles into the direction difference of arrival (DDOA) model,the observability analysis for the TMA problem is performed.Some necessary conditions for uniquely identifying the scanning emitter trajectory are obtained.This paper also proposes a weighted instrumental variable (WIV) estimator for the scanning emitter TMA,which does not require any initial solution guess and is closed-form and computationally attractive.More importantly,simulations show that the proposed algorithm can provide estimation mean square error close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) at moderate noise levels with significantly lower estimation bias than the conventional pseudo-linear least square (PLS) estimator.     

Observability Criteria for Bearings-Only Target Motion Analysis

The observability requirements for bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) are rigorously established by solving a third-order nonlinear differential equation. Closed form expressions are developed and subsequently used to specify necessary and sufficient conditions on own-ship motion that insure a uniquetracking solution. It is shown that for certain types of maneuvers the estimation process remains unobservable, even when the associated bearing rate is nonzero. Such maneuvers are frequently overlooked in heuristic discussions of TMA observability, which may account for some common misconceptions regarding the characteristics of acceptable own-ship motion.     

高速对称刚性转子碰摩运动的稳定性分析

分析了高速对称刚性转子圆柱形和圆锥形碰摩运动。当转子两端的轴承同时发生不良润滑,造成转子两端同时与轴承接触,产生圆柱形碰摩运动,给出了发生圆柱形碰摩运动时系统的稳定范围,讨论了摩擦系数、轴承径向间隙、碰摩发生时的初始角度与失稳涡动角速度的关系。当转子一端的轴承发生不良润滑,而另一端的轴承正常工作时发生圆锥形碰摩运动,分析发现其碰摩运动的稳定性取决于其系统本身物理参数,进行了分岔分析。      

轴向受载的高速球轴承的拟动力学分析

提出了对仅受轴向载荷的高速球轴承进行拟动力学分析以掌握滚动元件运动特性的方法。首先确定了钢球和套圈的滚动速度以及套圈相对于钢球的滑动速度，建立了各滚动元件的润滑模型，阐述了建立高速球轴承运动特性分析基本方程的一般原理。通过求解这些基本方程可得到高速球轴承中各滚动元件的运动状态、受力情况、弹流油膜厚度和疲劳寿命，从而可确定高速球轴承不打滑的最小轴向力。     

Data fusion and tracking using HMMs in a distributed sensor network

This work deals with the problem of multiple target tracking, from the measurements made on a field of passive sonars activated by an active sonar (multistatic network). The difficulties encountered then are of two kinds: each sensor alone does not provide full observability of a target, and multiple, possibly maneuvering targets moving in a cluttered environment must be dealt with. The algorithm presented here is based on a discrete Markovian modelization of the targets evolution in time. It starts with a fusion of the detections obtained at each measurement time. Tracking and target motion analysis (TMA) are next achieved thanks to dynamic programming (DP). This approach leads to multiple and maneuvering target tracking, with few assumptions; for instance, the use of deterministic target state models are avoided. Simulation results are presented and discussed.     

确定相干机器多噪声源位置的方法研究

提出利用均匀线阵接收的数据构造一种矩阵进行奇异值（SVD）分解,以实现对相干噪声源的方位估计。利用这种方法,通过改变阵列中心位置便可确定机器多噪声源位置。计算机模拟和声学实验证实了这种方法的可行性。     

无定心弹簧刚性转子—SFDB系统非同步稳态响应的稳定性分析

本文用谐波平衡法研究了无定心弹簧刚性转子—挤压油膜阻尼器轴承 (SFDB)系统的稳态响应和稳定性,其中通过二个耦合的二阶微分方程来近似模拟运动,非线性油膜力作用处的非同步稳态响应通过运动微分方程的周期解求得。本文建立了油膜力的等效线性化模型。提出了新的稳定性分析方法。利用导出的等效动力特性系数建立了稳定性分析的判据,证明满足此判据的稳态响应是稳定的。      

Three-dimensional target motion analysis using angle and frequency measurements

It is well known that passive target tracking by a single observer, commonly referred to as target motion analysis (TMA), can be done using angle and/or frequency measurements. Depending on the measurement set, different passive tracking procedures result: angle-only tracking (AOT), frequency-only tracking (FOT), and angle/frequency tracking (AFT). Whereas the two-dimensional passive tracking problem has been solved for a multitude of scenarios, thus giving a good insight into the parametric dependences, the three-dimensional problem has been discussed only in a few specific cases. To get a deeper insight into the parametric dependences of three-dimensional TMA, this work analyzes AOT and AFT in typical three-dimensional Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) scenarios. A Cramer Rao (CR) analysis of the problem reveals the parametric dependences of both methods and gives a clear idea of the increase in estimation accuracy by using AFT instead of AOT. The results obtained in this way are well confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations taking maximum likelihood (ML) as estimation procedure.     

Tracking multiple objects with particle filtering

We address the problem of multitarget tracking (MTT) encountered in many situations in signal or image processing. We consider stochastic dynamic systems detected by observation processes. The difficulty lies in the fact that the estimation of the states requires the assignment of the observations to the multiple targets. We propose an extension of the classical particle filter where the stochastic vector of assignment is estimated by a Gibbs sampler. This algorithm is used to estimate the trajectories of multiple targets from their noisy bearings, thus showing its ability to solve the data association problem. Moreover this algorithm is easily extended to multireceiver observations where the receivers can produce measurements of various nature with different frequencies.     

利用时延相关解调法诊断滚动轴承的故障

为诊断滚动轴承的故障,常常对其振动信号进行包络解调,以获取故障特征。但所测振动信号中,包含大量的噪声,严重地影响解调结果,使得滚动轴承的故障特征难以凸现。为此,利用时延相关解调法以实现降噪解调。该方法利用相关函数的降噪特性,首先对振动信号进行相关分析,得信号的自相关函数。然后对自相关函数适当延迟以尽量避开噪声影响,再进行Hilbert变换,以求得解调结果。实验证明在滚动轴承故障诊断中时延相关解调法与直接解调法相比,噪声影响大幅减小,故障信息得以凸现。     

齿轮故障诊断的时延相关解调法

为诊断齿轮与滚动轴承的故障,常常对其振动信号进行包络解调,以获取故障特征。但所测振动信号中,包含大量的噪声,严重地影响解调结果,使得齿轮或滚动轴承的故障特征难以凸现。为此,本文提出了时延相关解调法以实现降噪解调。该方法利用相关函数的降噪特性,首先对振动信号进行相关分析,得信号的自相关函数。然后对自相关函数适当延迟以尽量避开噪声影响,再进行Hilbert变换,以求得解调结果。本文进行了仿真信号验证和实验验证,证明时延相关解调法与直接解调法相比,噪声影响大幅减小,故障信息得以凸现。      

Observability in passive target motion analysis

The nature of observability of nonlinear systems encountered in passive target motion analysis (TMA) is carefully examined. The approach proposed here is based upon a well-chosen criterion which allows us to answer the major observability questions     

基于在高原机场降落的喷气运输机QAR数据的飞行特性分析(英文)

Flight data of a twin-jet transport aircraft in revenue flight are analyzed for potential safety problems.Data from the quick access recorder (QAR) are first filtered through the kinematic compatibilit...     

Walker Model for Radar Sensing of Rigid Target Fields

The objective of this primarily tutorial item is to describe a general model for the observable data and the appropriate data processing involved in sensing rigid target fields with coherent radars. Any number of radars may be involved, and the scene and each radar may be in any kind of motion-with no restrictions on motion through resolution cells during the coherent processing time of the radars. The motions are assumed to be known. To some extent motion parameters can be estimated from the radar data, e.g., by adaptive parameter adjustments in the data processing; however, this subject is beyond the scope of this discussion. In large measure, the analysis in this item highlights the central conceptual result obtained by J.L. Walker as described in [1] -a major work in radar theory.     

航空发动机滚动轴承-双转子系统动态特性分析

在滚动轴承动力学和转子动力学分析基础上,建立了含滚动轴承动力学与转子动力学耦合以及高、低压转子间耦合的滚动轴承-双转子系统动力学方程,采用精细积分法和预估-校正Adams-Bashforth-Moulton多步法相结合的算法,对航空发动机滚动轴承-双转子系统非线性动力学方程进行求解,并对滚动轴承结构参数与转子动态特性的关系进行了理论分析.分析结果表明:①中介轴承径向游隙较小时转子系统振动量较小且转子运行较平稳,但中介轴承保持架打滑率会有所提高,应合理选取中介轴承的径向游隙值;中介轴承滚子数量对转子运转稳定性有较大影响,减小中介轴承滚子数量可降低保持架打滑率,但转子系统的振动量会增大;②支承轴承内、外沟曲率半径系数及径向游隙较小时转子系统的振动量较小,转子运转较稳定;支承轴承滚动体数量对转子运转稳定性有较大影响,滚动体数量增多有利于转子系统运行的平稳性.      

基于内圈滚道廓形的圆柱滚子轴承旋转精度

在轴承几何关系和运动关系分析基础上,建立了考虑内圈滚道廓形的圆柱滚子轴承径向跳动数学模型,分析了内圈滚道圆度误差幅值、谐波阶次、滚子个数以及径向游隙对轴承旋转精度的影响规律,并验证了模型的正确性.结果表明:内圈滚道的圆度误差对轴承旋转精度的影响较大,内圈滚道圆度误差幅值对轴承旋转精度影响较大,内圈滚道低阶谐波对轴承旋转精度的影响较高阶谐波显著;当内圈滚道谐波阶次为滚子个数的整数倍时,轴承旋转精度显著下降;减小内圈滚道圆度误差幅值能有效提高圆柱滚子轴承的旋转精度.