流量脉动对针栓式喷嘴雾化特性影响的仿真分析

针栓式喷嘴在变推力液体火箭中有重要应用。使用连续相到离散相方法和基于树形数据结构的自适应算法研究了气液针栓式喷嘴的雾化破碎过程,重点关注了液体流量脉动的影响。通过施加周期性变化的质量流量入口边界来模拟上游流量脉动下的雾化过程,对比了有无流量脉动条件下的雾化特性,研究了脉动频率对针栓式喷嘴雾化特性的影响。结果表明：当液体流量不变时,在气体的撞击作用下,液膜上剥落出较长的液丝,长液丝二次破碎为小液丝和大量液滴,破碎距离较长,液膜破碎过程比较有序;当流量脉动幅值为0.15,脉动频率的范围为500～3 000 Hz时,液膜破碎距离会缩短,液膜会形成明显的环状表面波,破碎后在环形液丝周围出现液滴聚集现象,雾化锥角受脉动频率影响较小;脉动频率会显著降低液滴的粒径,当频率较高(3 000 Hz)时,可能会产生数目较少的极大液滴粒径;液体流量脉动会使得液滴分布出现局部聚集现象,喷雾形态出现明显的“鼓包”结构。     

真空环境中压电激励对射流破碎特性的影响

针对真空环境中压电激励液滴生成技术,采用实验方法研究了压电激励波形、频率和位移等参数对射流破碎特性的影响规律。实验结果表明,对0.5 mm的射流在理论最优频率下施加振幅3μm的压电激励作用后,射流破碎距离缩短至90 mm左右;相对于正弦波与三角波,方波激励获得的射流破碎距离最短;在最优频率附近,随着激励频率增大,液滴粒径减小,射流破碎长度先减小后增大;随着压电装置位移幅值增大,射流破碎长度略有减小。结果表明:在压电作用下,激励频率对射流特性影响较大,并且射流最短破碎距离对应的激励频率大于理论最优频率;激励波形和位移振幅等参数对射流破碎特性的影响相对较小。     

射流撞击雾化液滴运动过程与粒径分布特性的试验研究

在大气环境下,以水为介质,采用PDPA和高速动态分析系统,针对直流撞击式喷注单元的雾场结构进行试验研究,获得了雾化液滴速度分布、粒径分布等试验参数。从液滴运动及液滴大小分布的角度针对撞击雾化液膜破碎成液滴的过程进行了分析,发现水平面上雾化液滴的径向速度以原点为中心对称,且随离原点距离增大而增大;初始雾化阶段的粒径大小分布则与径向速度分布相反。分析认为是液膜运动过程赋予了雾化液滴的初始速度,并影响了初始雾化液滴的分布特性。     

液滴发生器均匀液滴生成过程的动态特性

为了提高液滴发生器生成均匀液滴的稳定性,研究了液滴生成过程的动态特性。在传统射流表面波不稳定性理论的基础上,考虑液滴发生器动态特性的影响,建立了组合动力学模型,确定了传递函数与传递矩阵,并就Re数与We数等对射流表面波增长率的影响以及喷嘴长径比对液滴生成过程动态特性的影响规律进行了分析。采用丙二醇作为液体工质进行了计算与试验校验,结果表明当生成的液滴速度大于19m/s时,组合动力学模型计算得到的最优无量纲波数较射流表面波不稳定性模型结果偏差超过6%;而对于液滴速度30m/s设计工况,两种模型计算结果偏差近10%,此时液滴发生器动态特性的影响不能忽略。     

亚/超临界环境下航天煤油液滴燃烧理论研究

目前大推力液氧煤油火箭发动机稳定工作时燃烧室达到超临界环境,而现有的液滴蒸发燃烧模型仅适用于亚临界环境,无法用于超临界环境。建立了亚/超临界环境下煤油液滴燃烧仿真计算模型,开展了亚/超临界环境下环境参数对煤油液滴燃烧特性的影响研究。结果表明:随着环境温度的升高,火焰温度大幅增加,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命均缩短。随着环境压力的增大,煤油液滴燃烧的无量纲火焰半径减小,火焰温度小幅度增大,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命均缩短。压力振荡环境下,煤油液滴燃烧的液滴蒸发速率、无量纲火焰半径和火焰温度随时间变化曲线的振荡频率与环境压力振荡的频率一致,火焰温度对环境压力振荡尤为敏感。     

压力振荡环境下液滴非平衡蒸发过程的理论分析及试验研究

对压力振荡环境下液滴蒸发过程进行了理论分析与试验研究。结果表明,压力振荡会引起液滴周围表面边界层内蒸气质量分数的振荡,从而导致由扩散控制的蒸发速率发生振荡。此外,压力下降引起的气相场内力的不平衡会驱动蒸气从边界层内流入气相场,使蒸发速率的最大值出现在压力下降的过程中,试验研究结果和理论分析所得结论吻合较好。     

环境压力对气液针栓式喷嘴雾化特性的影响

气液针栓式喷嘴在变推力液体火箭中有重要应用。采取实验与数值计算结合的方法系统研究了不同环境压力下的针栓式喷嘴的液膜破碎过程、喷雾锥角、回流区分布、压力和液滴粒径分布等雾化特性,揭示了环境压力影响液膜破碎的3个因素:气流冲击、环境气体密度和环境压力对液膜挤压作用。结果表明:喷雾锥角会随环境压力增加而增大,但该趋势会随压力的增加而逐渐放缓。喷雾整体形态呈现锥形,喷雾中心区域存在低压回流区,回流区的液滴数目较少,但液滴粒径比较均匀。液滴主要分布在气液作用面,下游的液滴粒径较大,外部的液滴粒径比内部的大。液体火箭在启动的瞬间,燃烧室压力变化剧烈,可能导致喷雾锥角发生大幅变化,引起推进剂空间分布不均匀,对燃烧性能产生影响,因此要避免或减小较差雾化效果的燃烧室设计压力区间。     

全失重液体晃动的固有频率

本文研究失重条件下液滴，带核液体和球腔内液体晃动的固有频率，对于几何球对称系统，本文给出了其解析解；而对于非球对系系统，则采用边界元方法计算得到晃动频率的数值解。     

偏二甲肼液滴燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

设计了一套密闭环境液滴燃烧实验系统,开展了不同实验工况下偏二甲肼(UDMH)液滴在四氧化二氮(NTO)环境中的着火燃烧实验,详细分析了UDMH单液滴着火燃烧特性,考察了燃烧室温度、压力、液滴初始直径及速度对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,液滴燃烧经历了初始燃烧阶段,剧烈燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段3个过程。其中,初始燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段的持续时间均较长。燃烧过程中,燃烧火焰呈现出明显的双火焰峰结构,内层为规则的椭圆形分解火焰峰,外层为带有尾迹火焰的扩散火焰峰。增加燃烧室温度促使液滴表面与内部的燃料快速蒸发,形成了充足的燃料蒸气环境,有助于液滴的着火燃烧;燃烧室压力的增加加快了反应速度,减少了液滴生存时间;增大液滴下落速度导致液滴表面蒸发流率得到增强,更易产生足够的燃料蒸气,促进燃烧的进行,从而有助于液滴生存时间的减小。     

简化雾化器下游喷雾特性及气相的相互作用

详尽研究了一个简化空气雾化器所产生的流场。此雾化器可在复合非涡流及涡流的空气流场中形成环状液膜。合成雾化产生的液滴尺寸及速度由二维多谱勒相位粒子分析仪测量。测量位置沿轴向由喷嘴到下游8mm 至150mm 范围内分布。采用激光测速仪测量了气相参数。同时也试验了此类型空气雾化器涡流对液滴运动的作用。结果表明雾化过程对气相作用显著。     

高温高压环境下煤油液滴蒸发过程实验研究

应用高速摄影系统和图像处理技术研究了煤油液滴在温度473~773 K、压力1.0~4.0 MPa静止气体环境下的蒸发过程,得到了环境温度与环境压力对煤油液滴特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:环境温度低于573 K时,煤油液滴蒸发D2曲线不符合d2定律;环境温度高于673 K低于773 K时,液滴直径变化与d2定律吻合。环境压力对液滴蒸发的影响与环境温度密切相关,环境温度低于473 K时,随着环境压力的升高,液滴蒸发速率变慢;环境温度高于673 K时,随着环境压力的升高液滴蒸发速率加快。     

状态方程对煤油液滴高压蒸发计算的影响

分别基于RK、SRK和PR等不同真实流体状态方程(EoS)建立了包含亚临界和超临界两种不同机制的瞬态液滴高压蒸发模型。针对我国新一代高压补燃液氧/煤油发动机,对煤油液滴在高压N 2 环境下的蒸发过程进行数值研究,重点分析了不同状态方程对N 2 -C 12 H 26 二元系统高压气液相平衡,及进一步对煤油液滴高压蒸发计算的影响。结果表明：对液滴蒸发速率影响最大的参数是液滴表面蒸气质量分数,而对该参数影响最大的则是所选取的状态方程。基于SRK和PR EoSs的高压气液相平衡及液滴高压蒸发计算结果均与试验数据符合较好,可正确描述液滴高压蒸发特性;而基于RK EoS的相平衡计算结果显著高估液滴表面蒸气质量分数和环境气体溶解度,并低估临界混合温度和偏摩尔相变热,进而在亚临界蒸发状态下高估蒸发速率,在超临界蒸发状态下低估蒸发速率。另外,基于RK EoS的计算中液滴发生跨临界转变所需的环境温度显著低于基于SRK和PR EoSs的。     

Ignition of fuel sprays by shock wave mathematical modeling and numerical simulation

The paper presents the results of developing of physical and mathematical model making it possible to take into account the effect of droplets non-uniformity in space and size distribution on ignition conditions for fuel sprays. The influence of condensed phase volume fraction on ignition and combustion of sprays was studied, physical and mathematical models for multi-phase flows, mixture formation and combustion of liquid fuels based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for gas phase accounting for thermal and mechanical interaction with poly-dispersed droplets array. The problems of particulate phase dynamics are regarded accounting for the interaction with gas phase atomization, evaporation and combustion.It was shown that depending on droplet size distribution and aerosol cloud density different flow scenarios were possible.Several ignition zones could be formed behind incident shock wave depending on mixture properties and initiation parameters. The possibility of numerical simulation permitting variation of definite parameters only made it possible to explain this fact.     

时变等离子鞘套相位抖动对GPS导航的影响

飞行器再入过程中产生的时变等离子鞘套会引起信号的时变衰减和相位抖动,其产生的相位抖动对调相体制的GPS导航系统必然产生影响。探讨了时变等离子鞘套引起信号相位抖动的机理,通过传输矩阵法计算了由时变等离子鞘套引起GPS导航信号的相位抖动的统计特性,结合Hilbert方法建立了受到相位抖动影响的GPS信号模型,研究了黑障发生前等离子鞘套的相位抖动对GPS导航的影响。仿真结果表明GPS导航受到影响的程度和相位抖动方差大小密切相关。在NASA数据下相位抖动方差为0.1142时,定位变化大于10m的最大比例超出了1.5%,大于5m的最大比例超出了14%。     

湍流、喷雾模型对氢氧火箭发动机燃烧仿真的影响

基于完善的压力隐式算子分裂(PISO)算法,通过改变κ-ε两方程湍流模型和喷雾模型,对氢氧火箭发动机不稳定燃烧进行数值仿真。比较理论分析和数值仿真的结果得出,在二维情况下,液滴碰撞模型和TAB液滴破碎模型不适于模拟氢氧火箭发动机不稳定燃烧;TVB液滴破碎模型与κ-ε两方程湍流模型的组合情况能够捕捉到燃烧室中的压力振荡,但不能体现出振荡频率;而采用Realizableκ-ε湍流模型不考虑液滴雾化模型时不但能够捕捉燃烧室内压力振荡情况,还能够很好地得出振荡频率的分布情况。     

Numerical investigation on gas–particle flows in horizontal channel under the reduced gravity environments

A unified second-order-moment gas–particle two-phase turbulent model incorporated with kinetic theory of granular flows (USM-θ) is developed to study the particle dispersion behavior of dense gas–particle flows in horizontal channel with 6.96 μm wall roughness and with earth, lunar and microgravity environments, respectively. Anisotropy of gas and particle two-phase stresses and the interaction between two-phase stresses are fully considered by constructing two-phase Reynolds stress model and the transport equation of two-phase stress correlation. The flow behavior of particles in a horizontal channel of Kussin and Sommerfeld [12] experiments is numerically simulated. Results show that the reduced gravity conditions affect the particle concentration distribution, particle velocity and fluctuation velocity, particle temperature, axial–axial fluctuation velocity correlation of gas and particle and particle collision frequency. Under microgravity conditions, particle temperature and collision frequency are much less than those of earth and lunar gravity. Compared with earth gravity, anisotropic of two-phase flow and sedimentation are weaker.     

Eddy currents induced migration of droplets in electrically conducting fluid in microgravity environments

Electrical eddy currents induced migration of droplets, whose conductivity differs from that of surrounding fluid, is analysed. Eddy currents in a dilute suspension under consideration, which fills the dielectric tube, are induced by alternating magnetic field parallel to the tube axis. In the case where the droplet radius is small as compared to the skin depth, the distributions of magnetic fields, currents and electromagnetic forces inside and outside the droplet have been calculated. For small Reynolds numbers, with neglecting inertial and thermocapillary effects and the gravity, the flow of fluids around the droplet and inside it, caused by electromagnetic forces, has been studied. The formula is obtained, which relates the droplet migration velocity to the electro-magnetic field, the droplet size and physical properties of fluids.     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.